Abwehr

Abwehr (pelafalan [ˈapveːɐ̯]) adalah dinas intelijen militer Jerman untuk Reichswehr dan Wehrmacht dari tahun 1920 sampai 1945.^[1] Meskipun Perjanjian Versailles melarang Jerman untuk membentuk organisasi intelijen, Jerman membentuk kelompok spionase pada tahun 1920 di bawah Kementerian Pertahanan, menamainya Abwehr.^[2] Tujuan awal Abwehr adalah sebagai pertahanan terhadap spionase asing—peran organisasi yang kemudian berkembang pesat.^[3] Di bawah kepemimpinan Jenderal Kurt von Schleicher, satuan intelijen militer dan individu digabungkan, dan pada tahun 1929, dipusatkan di bawah kendali Kementerian Pertahanan, yang membentuk landasan bagi manifestasi Abwehr.

Setiap markas Abwehr di seluruh Jerman didasarkan pada distrik-distrik militer, dan perwakilan dibuka di negara-negara netral yang dapat menerima dan di wilayah-wilayah pendudukan ketika wilayah kekuasaan Reich mulai berkembang.^[4] Kementerian Pertahanan berganti nama menjadi Kementerian Perang pada tahun 1935, diikuti oleh berkuasanya Adolf Hitler, yang membentuk angkatan bersenjata OKW. OKW menjadi bagian dari "staf pekerja" pribadi Führer sejak bulan Juni 1938 dan Abwehr menjadi agen intelijennya di bawah kendali Wakil Laksamana Wilhelm Canaris.^[5] Kantor pusatnya terletak di 76/78 Tirpitzufer, Berlin, berdekatan dengan kantor OKW.

Kepala

№	Kepala Abwehr	Mulai jabatan	Akhir jabatan	Lama menjabat	Dinas/cabang militer
1	Gempp, FriedrichKolonel Friedrich Gempp (1873–1947)	1 Januari 1921	Juni 1927	6 tahun, 5 bulan	Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar
2	Schwantes, GüntherMeior Günther Schwantes (1881–1942)	Juni 1927	Februari 1929	1 tahun, 8 bulan	Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar
3	Bredow, FerdinandLetnan Kolonel Ferdinand von Bredow (1884–1934)	Februari 1929	2 Juni 1932	3 tahun, 4 bulan	Angkatan Darat Republik Weimar
4	Patzig, ConradLaksamana Muda Conrad Patzig (1888–1975)	6 Juni 1932	1 Januari 1935	7002939000000000000♠2 tahun, 209 hari	Kriegsmarine
5	Canaris, WilhelmLaksamana Wilhelm Canaris (1887–1945)	1 Januari 1935	12 Februari 1944	7003332900000000000♠9 tahun, 42 hari	Kriegsmarine
6	Hansen, GeorgKolonel Georg Hansen (1904–1944)	13 Februari 1944	1 Juni 1944	7002109000000000000♠109 hari	Angkatan Darat Jerman
7	Schellenberg, WalterSS-Brigadeführer Walter Schellenberg (1910–1952)	1 Juni 1944	4 Mei 1945	7002337000000000000♠337 hari	Schutzstaffel
8	Skorzeny, OttoSS-Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny (1908–1975)	5 Mei 1945	8 Mei 1945	7000300000000000000♠3 hari	Schutzstaffel

Lihat juga

Referensi

^ Holmes 2009, hlm. 2.
^ Zentner & Bedürftig 1991, hlm. 2.
^ Dear & Foot 1995, hlm. 1.
^ Taylor & Shaw 1997, hlm. 11.
^ Taylor 1995, hlm. 165.

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Pranala luar

German Espionage and Sabotage Against the USA in WW2 at ibiblio.org. Includes details on structure of Abwehr.
Gross, Kuno, Michael Rolke & András Zboray, Operation SALAM – László Almásy's most daring Mission in the Desert War, Belleville, München, 2013