Atribusi
Atribusi adalah bagaimana kita membuat keputusan tentang seseorang. misalnya seseorang itu baik atau buruk, maka kita akan membuat sebuah atribusi (penilaian) ketika kita merasa dan mendeskripsikan perilaku seseorang dan mencoba menggali pengetahuan mengapa mereka berperilaku seperti itu.[1] Teori atribusi ini sudah sejak lama disusun oleh para ahli Psikologi Sosial seperti Heider; Jones & Davis; serta Kelley sejak tahun 1950-an melalui berbagai macam eksperimen sosial.[2]
Types of attributions
External
External attribution, also called situational attribution, refers to interpreting someone's behavior as being caused by the individual's environment.[3][4] For example, if one's car tire is punctured, it may be attributed to a hole in the road; by making attributions to the poor condition of the highway, one can make sense of the event without any discomfort that it may in reality have been the result of their own bad driving.[5] Individuals are more likely to associate unfortunate events with external factors than with internal factors.[6]
Example: A child attributes his feelings to the weather outside his house; he feels sad because it is raining outside.
Internal
Internal attribution, or dispositional attribution, refers to the process of assigning the cause of behavior to some internal characteristic, likeability and motivation, rather than to outside forces.[7] This concept has overlap with the Locus of control, in which individuals feel they are personally responsible for everything that happens to them.
Example: A child attributes the weather to his feelings; it is raining outside his house because he is feeling sad.
Kelebihan dan kekurangan teori atribusi
Berikut beberapa kelebihan dan kekurangan dari teori atribusi:
Kelebihan
- Teori atribusi memberikan kemampuan dalam membuat suatu prediksi guna membantu kita mengatasi semua halangan dan rintangan yang dapat ditemui dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
- Teori atribusi sangat efisien dalam memprediksi suatu perilaku ketika proses identifikasi penyebabnya dilakukan secara benar.[3]
Kekurangan
- Kesimpulan yang tidak tepat dapat mengakibatkan penilaian yang salah.
- Prediksi yang dibuat dapat menimbulkan pengharapan adanya perilaku tertentu baik dari diri sendiri ataupun orang lain yang bisa saja tidak akan menjadi kenyataan.
- Dalam praktik teori atribusi, berbagai penyebab lain mungkin akan diabaikan.
- Dalam teori atribusi, kesimpulan yang dibuat oleh seseorang kemungkinan besar menjadi bias karena cenderung melestarikan citra dirinya.[3]
Referensi
- ^ "Attribution Can Be Prone to Biases When Explaining Behavior of Others". Verywell Mind (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2021-12-06.
- ^ "Penasaran dengan Alasan di Balik Perilaku Seseorang? Yuk Intip Apa Itu Atribusi!". PSIKOLOGI UNNES (dalam bahasa American English). 2020-12-04. Diakses tanggal 2021-12-06.
- ^ a b c Ambar (2017-10-05). "Teori Atribusi - Pengertian - Jenis - Penerapan". PakarKomunikasi.com. Diakses tanggal 2021-12-06.
- ^ Kelley, Harold H. (1973). "The processes of causal attribution". American Psychologist. 28 (2): 107–128. doi:10.1037/h0034225. ISSN 0003-066X.
- ^ Heider. F (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley. ISBN 9780898592825.
- ^ Hyland, Ruth; Cooper, Merri-Ann (June 1976). "Internal-External Control and Attribution of Responsibility for a Positive Accident". Journal of Social Psychology. 99 (1): 147. doi:10.1080/00224545.1976.9924760.
- ^ Myers, David G. (2010). Social psychology (Edisi 10th). New York, NY. hlm. 104. ISBN 978-0-07-337066-8. OCLC 667213323. Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit (link)
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