Bencana Aberfan

Bencana Aberfan
	Besaran longsor Aberfan beberapa hari usai bencana
Tanggal	21 Oktober 1966
Lokasi	Aberfan, Glamorgan, Wales Selatan
Koordinat	51°41′41″N 3°20′51″W / 51.69472°N 3.34750°W
Tewas	144 (28 dewasa, 116 anak)
Penyelidikan	Aberfan Disaster Tribunal
	Bencana ini menjadi alasan utama pengesahan Mines and Quarries (Tips) Act 1969 (Undang-Undang (Timbunan) Tambang 1969)

Bencana Aberfan terjadi ketika timbunan limbah galian tambang batu bara longsor sekitar pukul 09:15 tanggal 21 Oktober 1966. Limbah galian ditimbun di atas mata air alami di lereng gunung yang menghadap desa Aberfan, Merthyr Tydfil, Wales. Musim hujan berkepanjangan membuat timbunan ini sarat air dan longsor ke bawah, menerjang sekolah dasar dan beberapa bangunan. Bencana ini menewaskan 116 anak dan 28 orang dewasa. Timbunan tersebut merupakan tanggung jawab National Coal Board (NCB). Tim penyidik pemerintah menyalahkan NCB dan sembilan pegawai tambang atas peristiwa ini.

Ada tujuh timbunan limbah galian (spoil tip) di lereng gunung yang menghadap Aberfan; Tip 7—timbunan yang longsor ke desa—mulai ditimbun pada tahun 1958. Saat bencana terjadi, tingginya sudah mencapai 111 kaki (34 m). Tip 7 ditimbun di atas sumber mata air, dan ini melanggar peraturan resmi NCB. Setelah hujan selama tiga minggu, timbunannya jenuh dengan air. Kurang lebih 140.000 yard kubik (110.000 m³) limbah galian lengser ke arah Pantglas di pusat desa Aberfan. Bangunan penting yang diterjang longsor adalah Sekolah Dasar Pantglas. Saat bencana terjadi, jam pelajaran baru saja dimulai; 5 guru dan 109 murid menjadi korban jiwa.

Ketua Hakim Pengadilan Banding, Edmund Davies, memimpin tim penyidik pemerintah. Laporan penyelidikan menyalahkan NCB sepenuhnya. Ketuanya, Lord Robens, dikritik karena mengeluarkan pernyataan pers palsu dan tidak memberitahu bahwa NCB mengetahui keberadaan mata air di bukit. NCB maupun pegawainya tidak didakwa dan NCB sendiri tidak didenda.

Aberfan Disaster Memorial Fund (ADMF) dibentuk langsung pada hari itu juga. Kurang lebih 88.000 orang menyumbang £1,75 juta. Enam timbunan lainnya dibongkar setelah warga Aberfan melawan habis-habisan NCB dan pemerintah yang awalnya menolak pembongkaran karena biaya mahal. Pembongkaran didanai oleh hibah pemerintah dan tambahan wajib sebesar £150.000 dari ADMF. Pada tahun 1997, pemerintah Britania mengembalikan £150.000 ke ADMF. Tahun 2007, Majelis Wales menyumbang £1,5 juta ke ADMF dan £500.000 ke Aberfan Education Charity untuk mengganti uang yang diambil tanpa izin. Banyak warga desa mengidap penyakit. Separuh penyintas bencana mengalami gangguan tekanan pascatrauma (PTSD).

Warisan

Selain liputan berita dan catatan sejarah, bencana Aberfan dan dampaknya diceritakan di berbagai buku (memoar orang-orang yang terlibat dan kumpulan puisi), musik, lagu, dan film.^[1]^[a]

Tambang Batu Bara Merthyr Vale ditutup tahun 1989.^[16] Pada tahun 1997, Ron Davies, Menteri Negara Wales dari Partai Buruh, mengembalikan £150.000 yang sebelumnya ditarik paksa dari dana korban (ADMP) untuk membiayai pembongkaran timbunan galian. Uang yang dikembalikan tidak mempertimbangkan inflasi atau bunga, padahal nilai riilnya mencapai £1,5 juta pada tahun 1997.^[17]^[18] Uang dikembalikan setelah Iain McLean mempelajari ulang dokumen yang dirilis oleh pemerintah.^[19] Pada Februari 2007, Pemerintah Wales menyumbang £1,5 juta ke Aberfan Memorial Charity dan £500.000 ke Aberfan Education Charity sebagai kembalian yang disesuaikan dengan inflasi.^[20] Uang yang diterima Aberfan Memorial Charity dipakai untuk merawat tugu peringatan bencana.^[21]

Pada Mei 1997, Ratu dan Adipati Edinburgh menanam sebatang pohon di Aberfan Memorial Garden.^[22] Pada Oktober 2016, acara peringatan 50 tahun bencana Aberfan diadakan diadakan di taman khusus dan tempat pemakaman korban; Pangeran Wales, mewakili Ratu, dan menteri kabinet hadir dalam acara ini.^[23]^[19] Huw Edwards, wartawan BBC News, mengatakan rakyat dan pemerintah perlu belajar dari musibah Aberfan; ia menulis:

Dalam rangka peringatan 50 tahun ini, setidaknya kita perlu mendorong semua orang di Britania dan dunia untuk belajar dari Aberfan, pelajaran yang tidak lekang oleh waktu. Bencana ini menyinggung persoalan akuntabilitas publik, tanggung jawab, kompetensi, dan transparansi.^[24]

Lagu New York Mining Disaster 1941 milik band asal Australia, Bee Gees, terinspirasi dari bencana Aberfan ini. Tetapi Bee Gees menyamarkan waktu dan lokasinya menjadi New York pada 1941 agar terdengar lebih glamour.

Catatan dan referensi

Catatan

^
Cetak:
- Aberfan: Under the Arc Lights (1966), puisi Keidrych Rhys.^[2]
- Dagrau Tost: Cerddi Aber-fan (bahasa Welsh untuk Bitter Tears: Aberfan Poems; 2016), disunting oleh Christine James dan E. Wyn James, kumpulan lebih dari 80 puisi yang ditulis tahun 1966 sampai 2016.^[3]
- The Riddle of the Pyramids (1974), buku Kurt Mendelssohn, arkeolog yang menemukan metode pembangunan piramida Mesir setelah mempelajari fisika longsor Aberfan.^[4]
- How Far Can You Go? (1980), novel David Lodge.^[5]
Musik:
- "Palaces of Gold" (1968), lagu Leon Rosselson.^[6]
- "Aberfan" (1973), lagu David Ackles.^[7]
- Aberfan (1977), sinetron karya Raymond dan Beverly Pannell.^[8]
- "Not All The Flowers Grow" (2001), lagu Dave Cousins.^[9]
- Cantata Memoria: For the Children (2016), lagu paduan suara Karl Jenkins, libretto oleh Mererid Hopwood, yang ditulis untuk konser peringatan 50 tahun bencana.^[10]
Film dan televisi:
- Aberfan – The Untold Story, dokumenter BBC One Wales yang tayang September 2006.^[11]
- Aberfan: The Fight for Justice, dokumenter BBC One yang tayang 18 Oktober 2016.^[12]
- Aberfan: The Green Hollow (2016), film BBC One Wales yang ditulis oleh penyair Owen Sheers.^[13]
- Aberfan: A Concert to Remember, acara konser Cantata Memoria: For the Children.^[10]
- Surviving Aberfan (2016), dokumenter tahun di BBC Four.^[14]
- "Aberfan", episode musim ketiga drama The Crown.^[15]

Referensi

^ McLean, Iain. "Books About Aberfan".
^ Rhys 1966, hlm. 22.
^ "Memories stirred by Aberfan poetry collection", Cardiff University.
^ Davey 1976, hlm. 178–79.
^ Reichardt 2010, hlm. 37.
^ Williams & Williams 2016, hlm. 57.
^ Williamson 2008, hlm. 3.
^ "Aberfan", Stanford University.
^ "Strawbs Revival", South Wales Evening Post.
^ ^a ^b "Aberfan: A Concert to Remember", BBC.
^ "Aberfan: The Untold Story", BBC.
^ "Aberfan: The Fight for Justice", BBC.
^ Sheers 2016.
^ "Surviving Aberfan", BBC.
^ Pearce, Tilly (17 November 2019). "The Crown season 3: Aberfan disaster portrayal proves hard to watch as viewers praise heartbreaking scenes". Metro. Diakses tanggal 17 November 2019.
^ "High Praise for Regeneration of Merthyr Vale Colliery Site", Merthyr Tydfil Council.
^ Aberfan: The Fight for Justice, 18 October 2016, Event occurs at 54:50–56:35.
^ McLean & Johnes 2000, hlm. 146–47.
^ ^a ^b "Aberfan: Prince of Wales among those marking disaster's 50th anniversary", The Guardian.
^ Aberfan: The Fight for Justice, 18 October 2016, Event occurs at 56:35–57:50.
^ Allen 2011.
^ "1997: The Queen revisits Aberfan", BBC.
^ "Aberfan: memorials mark 50 years since tragedy in Wales", The Guardian.
^ Edwards 2016.

Sumber

"1997: The Queen revisits Aberfan". BBC. 3 June 2012. Diakses tanggal 11 September 2017.
"Opening Night! Opera & Oratorio Premieres – Aberfan". Stanford University. Diakses tanggal 13 September 2017.
"Aberfan: A Concert to Remember". BBC. Diakses tanggal 13 September 2017.
"Aberfan Disaster – Financial Support for Individuals". Cabinet Office. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 January 2013. Diakses tanggal 30 July 2015.
"The Aberfan Disaster Fund and Centre". The Charity Commission. Diakses tanggal 24 September 2017.
"The Aberfan Disaster, October 1966" (PDF). South Wales Police Museum. Diakses tanggal 21 August 2017.
Aberfan: The Fight for Justice (Television production). BBC. 18 October 2016.
"Aberfan: The Fight for Justice". BBC. Diakses tanggal 13 September 2017.
"Aberfan Inquiry Powers". The Times. 26 October 1966. hlm. 6.
"The Aberfan Memorial Charity". The Charity Commission. Diakses tanggal 24 September 2017.
"'Aberfan Trauma' Case Settled". BBC News. 8 February 2005.
"Aberfan: The Untold Story". BBC. Diakses tanggal 13 September 2017.
Abernethy, Virginia (2005). Population Pressure and Cultural Adjustment. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-3158-1.
"About Corporate Manslaughter". Health and Safety Executive. Diakses tanggal 6 September 2017.
Abse, Leo, MP (26 October 1966). "Aberfan Disaster". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 1976–1983.
Allen, Becky (1 April 2011). "Aberfan: decent men, led astray". Health and Safety at Work. Diakses tanggal 29 September 2017. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Austin, Tony (1967). Aberfan: The Story of a Disaster. London: Hutchinson & Co. OCLC 751632264.
Clark, Eric; Road, Alan (23 October 1966). "New slip feared as Aberfan hopes fade". The Observer. hlm. 1.
"Committee on Safety and Health at Work (Robens Committee): Report and Papers". The National Archives. Diakses tanggal 17 September 2017.
Couto, Richard A. (June 1989). "Economics, Experts, and Risk: Lessons from the Catastrophe at Aberfan". Political Psychology. 10 (2): 309–324. doi:10.2307/3791650. JSTOR 3791650.
Davey, Christopher J. (1976). "The Structural Failure of the Meidum Pyramid". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 62: 178–179. doi:10.2307/3856360. JSTOR 3856360.
Davies, Edmund (1967). Report of the Tribunal Appointed to Inquire into the Disaster at Aberfan on October 21st, 1966 (PDF). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. OCLC 209323.
"Edmund-Davies, Baron". Who's Who. Diakses tanggal 31 August 2017. (perlu berlangganan)
Edwards, Huw (16 October 2016). "Aberfan was a man-made disaster. 50 years on, we must remember this". The Sunday Telegraph.
Frost, Denis (25 October 1966). "Four big questions at Aberfan". The Guardian. hlm. 1, 16.
Griffiths, Robert (1983). S. O. Davies: A Socialist Faith. Llandysul, Dyfed: Gomer Press. ISBN 978-0-85088-887-4.
"High Praise for Regeneration of Merthyr Vale Colliery Site". Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council. 16 December 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-09-13. Diakses tanggal 11 September 2017.
Howe, Geoffrey (9 May 1968). "The Aberfan Disaster". The Medico-Legal Society. 36 (3): 107–121. doi:10.1177/002581726803600302. PMID 5702074.
"Is it a Resigning Matter?". The Guardian. 7 August 1967. hlm. 6.
Johnson, Dennis (22 October 1966). "'Absolute power' for action". The Guardian. hlm. 1.
Jones, Elwyn, Attorney General for England and Wales (27 October 1966). "Aberfan Disaster (Tribunal)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 1315–1320.
Jordana, Jacint; Levi-Faur, David (2004). The Politics of Regulation: Institutions and Regulatory Reforms for the Age of Governance. Cheltenham, Glos: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84542-067-3.
"Legislation & Policy: Mine Waste". British Geological Survey. Diakses tanggal 17 September 2017.
McLean, Iain; Johnes, Martin (September 1999). "Regulating Gifts of Generosity: the Aberfan Disaster Fund and the Charity Commission". Legal Studies. 19 (3): 380–396. doi:10.1111/j.1748-121X.1999.tb00101.x.
McLean, Iain (1999). "The Last Day Before Half-Term". Nuffield College, University of Oxford. Diakses tanggal 17 September 2017.
McLean, Iain; Johnes, Martin (2000). Aberfan: Government and Disasters. Cardiff: Welsh Academic Press. ISBN 978-1860-570-339.
McLean, Iain (12 February 1999). "How Close Were you to your Dead Child?". Times Higher Education Supplement.
McLean, Iain (5 February 2007). "Aberfan: No End of a Lesson". History and Policy. Diakses tanggal 6 September 2017.
McLean, Iain (January 2009). "Lessons from the Aberfan Disaster and its Aftermath" (PDF). British Academy Review (12): 49–52.
McLean, Iain. "Books About Aberfan". Nuffield College, University of Oxford. Diakses tanggal 12 September 2017.
"Memories stirred by Aberfan poetry collection". Cardiff University. 1 August 2016. Diakses tanggal 12 September 2017.
Miller, Joan (1974). Aberfan: A Disaster and its Aftermath. London: Constable. ISBN 978-0-0946-0360-8.
Mines And Quarries (Tips) Act 1969 (PDF). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1969. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2018.
Morgan, Louise; Scourfield, Jane; Williams, David; Jasper, Anne; Lewis, Glyn (June 2003). "The Aberfan Disaster: 33-Year Follow-Up of Survivors". British Journal of Psychiatry. 182 (6): 532–536. doi:10.1192/bjp.182.6.532.
Morris, Steven (20 October 2016). "Aberfan: memorials mark 50 years since tragedy in Wales". The Guardian.
Morris, Steven (21 October 2016). "Aberfan: Prince of Wales among those marking disaster's 50th anniversary". The Guardian.
Nield, Ted (October 2016). "Tipping point". The Geological Society of London. Diakses tanggal 6 August 2017.
"No hiding by the Coal Board, says Lord Robens". The Observer. 23 October 1966. hlm. 1.
Nunn, Charles (16 October 1987). "The Disaster of Aberfan". Police Review: 2069–2071.
Owen, David (2011). South Wales Collieries: Volume 6: Mining Disasters. Stroud, Glos: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-3564-0.
"Peace Returns To Aberfan". The Times. 31 October 1966. hlm. 12.
Petley, Dave (10 October 2016). "Special Report: Aberfan 50 Years On". New Civil Engineer. Diakses tanggal 29 October 2016.
Reichardt, Mary (2010). Between Human and Divine: The Catholic Vision in Contemporary Literature. Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-1739-0.
Robens, Alfred (1972). Ten Year Stint. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-93874-2.
"The Robens Report". Health and Safety Executive. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-09-16. Diakses tanggal 17 September 2017.
Rhys, Keidrych (28 October 1966). "Aberfan: Under the Arc Lights". The Spectator. Diakses tanggal 1 November 2016.
Sheers, Owen (9 October 2016). "Aberfan 50 years on: how best to remember the tragedy?". The Guardian.
Silver, Eric (8 August 1967). "Lord Robens's offer to resign not accepted yet". The Guardian. hlm. 1.
"Strawbs Revival". South Wales Evening Post. 30 January 2004. hlm. 18.
"Surviving Aberfan". BBC. Diakses tanggal 13 September 2017.
Thatcher, Margaret, MP (26 October 1967). "Aberfan Disaster". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 1991–1996.
Thomas, George, Secretary of State for Wales (7 November 1968). "Mines and Quarries (Tips) Bill". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 1137–1199.
"Trustees Report and Unaudited Financial Statements for the Year Ended 31 March 2017 for the Aberfan Memorial Charity" (PDF). The Charity Commission. Diakses tanggal 25 September 2017. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Turner, Barry (September 1976). "The Organizational and Interorganizational Development of Disasters". Administrative Science Quarterly. 21 (3): 378–397. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.393.67 . doi:10.2307/2391850. JSTOR 2391850.
Tweedale, Geoffrey (2004). "Robens, Alfred, Baron Robens of Woldingham (1910–1999)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/72445.
Watkins, Michael (17 October 1986). "Scarred by the Lost Generation". The Times. hlm. 14.
"Welsh Judge to Head Aberfan Inquiry". The Times. 24 October 1966. hlm. 1.
"Welsh Valleys Mourn the Children of Aberfan". The Times. 28 October 1966. hlm. 9.
Wilkinson, Richard G. (2002). Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-87280-0.
Williams, G. M. J. (1969). "Inquiry into the Aberfan Disaster". Dalam Penman, A. D. M. A Selection of Technical Reports Submitted to The Aberfan Tribunal. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. hlm. 91–116. OCLC 877759092.
Williams, Katherine; Williams, Justin A. (2016). The Cambridge Companion to the Singer-Songwriter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-06364-8.
Williams, R. M.; Parkes, C. Murray (10 May 1975). "Psychosocial Effects of Disaster: Birth Rate in Aberfan" (PDF). The British Medical Journal. 2 (5966): 303–304. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5966.303. PMC 1681910 . PMID 1131520.
Williamson, Nigel (2008). The Rough Guide to the Best Music You've Never Heard. London: Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84836-003-7.
Wroe, Jo (27 October 2016). "The Unsung Heroes of Aberfan". New Statesman. Diakses tanggal 23 August 2017.

Pranala luar

Media terkait Aberfan disaster memorials di Wikimedia Commons

Aberfan: The mistake that cost a village its children oleh BBC News
Series of photographs of the disaster oleh BBC News
Old Merthyr Tydfil: Photographs of the Aberfan Disaster di alangeorge.co.uk
Rekaman liputan berita di Pathé News
Johnes, Martin; McLean, Iain (February 2014). "The Aberfan Disaster Archive". Nuffield College, Oxford.
Welsh Office (1969). Penman, A.D.M., ed. A Selection of Technical Reports Submitted to The Aberfan Tribunal. Internet Archive (Laporan). London: HMSO.
Aberfan Disaster – sumber pengetahuan digital Hwb (Digital Learning for Wales) yang bersumber dari arsip The National Library of Wales, termasuk peta Ordnance Survey yang menunjukkan skala bencana

[16] Cetak:
Aberfan: Under the Arc Lights (1966), puisi Keidrych Rhys.^[2]

Dagrau Tost: Cerddi Aber-fan (bahasa Welsh untuk Bitter Tears: Aberfan Poems; 2016), disunting oleh Christine James dan E. Wyn James, kumpulan lebih dari 80 puisi yang ditulis tahun 1966 sampai 2016.^[3]

The Riddle of the Pyramids (1974), buku Kurt Mendelssohn, arkeolog yang menemukan metode pembangunan piramida Mesir setelah mempelajari fisika longsor Aberfan.^[4]

How Far Can You Go? (1980), novel David Lodge.^[5]
Musik:
"Palaces of Gold" (1968), lagu Leon Rosselson.^[6]

"Aberfan" (1973), lagu David Ackles.^[7]

Aberfan (1977), sinetron karya Raymond dan Beverly Pannell.^[8]

"Not All The Flowers Grow" (2001), lagu Dave Cousins.^[9]

Cantata Memoria: For the Children (2016), lagu paduan suara Karl Jenkins, libretto oleh Mererid Hopwood, yang ditulis untuk konser peringatan 50 tahun bencana.^[10]
Film dan televisi:
Aberfan – The Untold Story, dokumenter BBC One Wales yang tayang September 2006.^[11]

Aberfan: The Fight for Justice, dokumenter BBC One yang tayang 18 Oktober 2016.^[12]

Aberfan: The Green Hollow (2016), film BBC One Wales yang ditulis oleh penyair Owen Sheers.^[13]

Aberfan: A Concert to Remember, acara konser Cantata Memoria: For the Children.^[10]

Surviving Aberfan (2016), dokumenter tahun di BBC Four.^[14]

"Aberfan", episode musim ketiga drama The Crown.^[15]

[2] Aberfan: Under the Arc Lights (1966), puisi Keidrych Rhys.^[2]

[3] Dagrau Tost: Cerddi Aber-fan (bahasa Welsh untuk Bitter Tears: Aberfan Poems; 2016), disunting oleh Christine James dan E. Wyn James, kumpulan lebih dari 80 puisi yang ditulis tahun 1966 sampai 2016.^[3]

[4] The Riddle of the Pyramids (1974), buku Kurt Mendelssohn, arkeolog yang menemukan metode pembangunan piramida Mesir setelah mempelajari fisika longsor Aberfan.^[4]

[5] How Far Can You Go? (1980), novel David Lodge.^[5]

[6] "Palaces of Gold" (1968), lagu Leon Rosselson.^[6]

[7] "Aberfan" (1973), lagu David Ackles.^[7]

[8] Aberfan (1977), sinetron karya Raymond dan Beverly Pannell.^[8]

[9] "Not All The Flowers Grow" (2001), lagu Dave Cousins.^[9]

[10] Cantata Memoria: For the Children (2016), lagu paduan suara Karl Jenkins, libretto oleh Mererid Hopwood, yang ditulis untuk konser peringatan 50 tahun bencana.^[10]

[11] Aberfan – The Untold Story, dokumenter BBC One Wales yang tayang September 2006.^[11]

[12] Aberfan: The Fight for Justice, dokumenter BBC One yang tayang 18 Oktober 2016.^[12]

[13] Aberfan: The Green Hollow (2016), film BBC One Wales yang ditulis oleh penyair Owen Sheers.^[13]

[14] Aberfan: A Concert to Remember, acara konser Cantata Memoria: For the Children.^[10]

[15] Surviving Aberfan (2016), dokumenter tahun di BBC Four.^[14]

[16] "Aberfan", episode musim ketiga drama The Crown.^[15]

[FOOTNOTEMcLean,_Iain._"Books_About_Aberfan"-1] McLean, Iain. "Books About Aberfan".

[FOOTNOTERhys196622-2] Rhys 1966, hlm. 22.

[FOOTNOTE"Memories_stirred_by_Aberfan_poetry_collection",_Cardiff_University-3] "Memories stirred by Aberfan poetry collection", Cardiff University.

[FOOTNOTEDavey1976178–79-4] Davey 1976, hlm. 178–79.

[FOOTNOTEReichardt201037-5] Reichardt 2010, hlm. 37.

[FOOTNOTEWilliamsWilliams201657-6] Williams & Williams 2016, hlm. 57.

[FOOTNOTEWilliamson20083-7] Williamson 2008, hlm. 3.

[FOOTNOTE"Aberfan",_Stanford_University-8] "Aberfan", Stanford University.

[FOOTNOTE"Strawbs_Revival",_''South_Wales_Evening_Post''-9] "Strawbs Revival", South Wales Evening Post.

[FOOTNOTE"Aberfan:_A_Concert_to_Remember",_BBC-10] "Aberfan: A Concert to Remember", BBC.

[FOOTNOTE"Aberfan:_The_Untold_Story",_BBC-11] "Aberfan: The Untold Story", BBC.

[FOOTNOTE"Aberfan:_The_Fight_for_Justice",_BBC-12] "Aberfan: The Fight for Justice", BBC.

[FOOTNOTESheers2016-13] Sheers 2016.

[FOOTNOTE"Surviving_Aberfan",_BBC-14] "Surviving Aberfan", BBC.

[15] Pearce, Tilly (17 November 2019). "The Crown season 3: Aberfan disaster portrayal proves hard to watch as viewers praise heartbreaking scenes". Metro. Diakses tanggal 17 November 2019.

[FOOTNOTE"High_Praise_for_Regeneration_of_Merthyr_Vale_Colliery_Site",_Merthyr_Tydfil_Council-17] "High Praise for Regeneration of Merthyr Vale Colliery Site", Merthyr Tydfil Council.

[FOOTNOTE''Aberfan:_The_Fight_for_Justice'',_18_October_2016Event_occurs_at_54:50–56:35-18] Aberfan: The Fight for Justice, 18 October 2016, Event occurs at 54:50–56:35.

[FOOTNOTEMcLeanJohnes2000146–47-19] McLean & Johnes 2000, hlm. 146–47.

[FOOTNOTE"Aberfan:_Prince_of_Wales_among_those_marking_disaster's_50th_anniversary",_''The_Guardian''-20] "Aberfan: Prince of Wales among those marking disaster's 50th anniversary", The Guardian.

[FOOTNOTE''Aberfan:_The_Fight_for_Justice'',_18_October_2016Event_occurs_at_56:35–57:50-21] Aberfan: The Fight for Justice, 18 October 2016, Event occurs at 56:35–57:50.

[FOOTNOTEAllen2011-22] Allen 2011.

[FOOTNOTE"1997:_The_Queen_revisits_Aberfan",_BBC-23] "1997: The Queen revisits Aberfan", BBC.

[FOOTNOTE"Aberfan:_memorials_mark_50_years_since_tragedy_in_Wales",_''The_Guardian''-24] "Aberfan: memorials mark 50 years since tragedy in Wales", The Guardian.

[FOOTNOTEEdwards2016-25] Edwards 2016.

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Bencana Aberfan

Warisan

Catatan dan referensi

Catatan

Referensi

Sumber

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