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Hipokalemia

Hipokalemia
EKG pada seseorang dengan kadar potasium 1,1 meq/L menunjukkan perubahan klasik dari depresi segmen ST, gelombang T terbalik, gelombang U yang besar, dan interval PR yang sedikit memanjang.
Informasi umum
Nama lainHypokalaemia, hypopotassaemia, hypopotassemia
SpesialisasiPengobatan perawatan intensif
PenyebabDiare, obat-obatan seperti furosemide dan steroid, dialisis, diabetes insipidus, hiperaldosteronisme, hipomagnesemia, tidak cukup asupan dalam diet[1]
Aspek klinis
Gejala dan tandaMerasa lelah, kram kaki, lemah, sembelit, irama jantung tidak normal[1]
KomplikasiHenti jantung[1]
DiagnosisPotasium darah < 3.5 mmol/L[1][2]
PerawatanPerubahan pola makan, suplemen potasium, berdasarkan penyebab yang mendasarinya[3]
Prevalensi20% orang yang dirawat di rumah sakit[4]

Hipokalemia adalah kondisi kadar potasium (K+) yang rendah dalam serum darah.[1] Hipokalemia ringan biasanya tidak menimbulkan gejala.[3] Gejala hipokalemia mungkin melibatkan kelelahan, kram kaki, lemas, dan sembelit.[1] Kalium yang rendah juga meningkatkan risiko irama jantung abnormal, sering kali menyebabkan bradikardia, dan dapat menyebabkan henti jantung.[1][3]

Penyebab hipokalemia antara lain muntah, diare, obat-obatan seperti furosemide dan steroid, dialisis, diabetes insipidus, hiperaldosteronisme, hipomagnesemia, dan kurangnya asupan potasium dalam makanan.[1] Kadar potasium normal adalah antara 3,5 dan 5,0 mmol/L (3,5 dan 5,0 mEq/L) kadar di bawah 3,5 mmol/L didefinisikan sebagai hipokalemia.[1][2] Hipokalemia diklasifikasikan sebagai hipokalemia parah bila kadar potasium kurang dari 2,5 mmol/L.[1] Tingkat potasium yang rendah juga dapat dicurigai dari hasil elektrokardiogram (EKG).[1] Hiperkalemia adalah kondisi kadar potasium yang tinggi dalam serum darah.[1]

Kecepatan penggantian potasium tergantung pada ada atau tidaknya gejala atau kelainan pada elektrokardiogram.[1] Kadar potasium yang hanya sedikit di bawah kisaran normal dapat dikelola dengan perubahan pola makan.[3] Kadar potasium yang lebih rendah memerlukan penggantian dengan suplemen baik yang diminum atau diberikan secara intravena.[3] Jika diberikan secara intravena, potasium umumnya diganti dengan kecepatan kurang dari 20 mmol/jam.[1] Larutan yang mengandung potasium konsentrasi tinggi (>40 mmol/L) umumnya harus diberikan menggunakan kateter vena sentral.[3] Penggantian magnesium mungkin juga diperlukan.[1]

Hipokalemia adalah salah satu ketidakseimbangan air-elektrolit yang paling umum dijumpai.[4] Hipokalemia mempengaruhi sekitar 20% orang yang dirawat di rumah sakit.[4] Kata hipokalemia berasal dari hipo- 'bawah' + kalium 'kalium atau potasium' + -emia 'kondisi darah'.[5]

Referensi

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Soar, J; Perkins, GD; Abbas, G; Alfonzo, A; Barelli, A; Bierens, JJ; Brugger, H; Deakin, CD; Dunning, J; Georgiou, M; Handley, AJ; Lockey, DJ; Paal, P; Sandroni, C; Thies, KC; Zideman, DA; Nolan, JP (October 2010). "European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution". Resuscitation. 81 (10): 1400–33. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015. PMID 20956045. 
  2. ^ a b Pathy, M.S. John (2006). "Appendix 1: Conversion of SI Units to Standard Units". Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine. 2 (edisi ke-4.). Chichester: Wiley. hlm. Appendix. doi:10.1002/047009057X.app01. ISBN 9780470090558. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f Zieg, J; Gonsorcikova, L; Landau, D (July 2016). "Current views on the diagnosis and management of hypokalaemia in children". Acta Paediatrica. 105 (7): 762–72. doi:10.1111/apa.13398. PMID 26972906. 
  4. ^ a b c Marx, John; Walls, Ron; Hockberger, Robert (2013). Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-8). Elsevier Health Sciences. hlm. 1639. ISBN 978-1455749874. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-08-15. 
  5. ^ Herlihy, Barbara (2014). The Human Body in Health and Illness (dalam bahasa Inggris). Elsevier Health Sciences. hlm. 487. ISBN 9781455756421. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-10-01. 

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