Operasi Passage to Freedom
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Operasi Passage to Freedom adalah sebuah istilah yang digunakan oleh Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat untuk menyebut bantuannya dalam membawa 310,000 warga sipil Vietnam, prajurit dan anggota Angkatan Darat non-Vietnam dari negara komunis Vietnam Utara (Republik Demokratik Vietnam) ke Vietnam Selatan (Negara Vietnam, kemudian menjadi Republik Vietnam) pada 1954–55. Prancis dan negara lainnya membawa 500,000 orang tambahan.[1][2][3]
Antara 600,000 dan satu juta warga wilayah utara berpindah ke selatan, termasuk lebih dari 200,000 warga negara dan prajurit Prancis dalam angkatan darat Prancis [4] sementara antara 14,000 - 45,000 warga sipil dan sekitar 100,000 pejuang Viet Minh berpindah ke arah sebaliknya.[1][5][6]
Catatan
- ^ a b Frankum, Ronald (2007). Operation Passage to Freedom: The United States Navy in Vietnam, 1954–55. Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-608-6.
- ^ Prados, John (Januari 2005). "The Numbers Game: How Many Vietnamese Fled South In 1954?". The Veteran. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2006-05-27. Diakses tanggal 2015-12-11.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamal5557 - ^ Lindholm, p. 49; Prados
- ^ Ruane, Kevin (1998). War and Revolution in Vietnam. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85728-323-5.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaTran
Referensi
- Frankum, Ronald (2007). Operation Passage to Freedom: The United States Navy in Vietnam, 1954–55. Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-608-6.
- Hansen, Peter (2009). "Bắc Di Cư: Catholic Refugees from the North of Vietnam, and Their Role in the Southern Republic, 1954–1959". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 4 (3). Berkeley, California: University of California Press: 173–211. doi:10.1525/vs.2009.4.3.173.
- Jacobs, Seth (2004). America's Miracle Man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem, Religion, Race, and U.S. Intervention in Southeast Asia, 1950–1957. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3440-2.
- Jacobs, Seth (2006). Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-4447-8.
- Jones, Howard (2003). Death of a Generation: How the Assassinations of Diem and JFK Prolonged the Vietnam War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505286-2.
- Karnow, Stanley (1997). Vietnam: A History. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-84218-4.
- Lindholm, Richard (1959). Viet-nam, The First Five Years: An International Symposium. Michigan State University Press.
- Ruane, Kevin (1998). War and Revolution in Vietnam. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85728-323-5.
- Tran, Thi Lien (November 2005). "The Catholic Question in North Vietnam: From Polish Sources, 1954–56". Cold War History. 5 (4). London: Routledge: 427–449. doi:10.1080/14682740500284747.
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