Paravar
| Paravar | |
|---|---|
| Agama | Hindu, Katolik Roma, Islam |
| Bahasa | Tamil, Malayalam, Inggris, Sinhala, bahasa India lainnya |
| Kelompok terkait | Nelayan, orang Tamil |
Parava atau Paravar, yang juga dikenal sebagai Parathavar, Paradavar, Bharathar, Bharathakula Pandyar[1][2] atau Bharathakula Kshathriyar[3][4] adalah sebuah kasta di selatan India dari para nelayan pesisir zaman kuno dan penguasa subordinat dari wangsa Pandya[5][6] Terdapat beberapa teori tentang asal muasal mereka tetapi mereka telah tercatat sejak zaman kuno di wilayah Tamil Nadu dan Kerala.
Asal muasal
Berdasarkan teori, asal muasal mereka diyakini berasal dari:
- Bangsa Dravida, pemukim kuno dari wilayah pesisir.[7]
- Nelayan Naga yang bermukim di wilayah pesisir sebelum diinvasi oleh Tamil.[8]
- Suku Lembah Indus.[9]
Referensi
- ^ Iyengar p. 139
- ^ Reddy, Krishna (2006). Indian History (Edisi 3rd). Tata McGraw-Hill. hlm. A-242, A-247. ISBN 978-0-07-063577-7.
- ^ Census of India, 1971: A general report. Vol. 1. Office of the Registrar General.
- ^ Subrahmanian p. 151
- ^ "Arittapatti inscription throws light on Jainism". The Hindu. 15 September 2003. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 13 Oktober 2003. Diakses tanggal 7 Oktober 2015.
- ^ Sarat, Chandra Roy. Caste, race and religion in India. hlm. 269.
- ^ Iyengar p. 36
- ^ Thurston p. 148
- ^ Heras, Henry (1953). Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean culture. Vol. 1. Indian Historical Research Institute.
Catatan
Daftar pustaka
- Bayly, Susan (2004). Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian society, 1700 – 1900 (Edisi Reprinted). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89103-5.
- Donkin, Robin A. (1998). "Beyond price: pearls and pearl-fishing: origins to the age of discoveries". Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. 224. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-224-5.
- Iyengar, P. T. Srinivasa (1929). History of the Tamils: from the earliest times to 600 A.D. (Edisi 4th, reprinted). Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0145-1.
- Maynard, Theodore (1936). The odyssey of Francis Xavier. Longsman, Green.
- Neill, Stephen (2004). A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 (Edisi Reprinted). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54885-4.
- Subrahmanian, N. (1980). Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils (Edisi Revised). Ennes.
- Thurston, Edgar; Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. Vol. 6. Madras: Government Press.
Pranala luar
- Our lady of Snows Basilica Diarsipkan 2017-12-31 di Wayback Machine.
- About Alanthalai Diarsipkan 2009-02-27 di Wayback Machine.
- "A Navarrese in Yamaguchi". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 1 Oktober 2006. Diakses tanggal 7 Oktober 2015.
- St. Francis Xavier
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