Parsifal
Parsifal[a] (WWV 111) adalah drama musik dalam tiga babak karya komposer Jerman Richard Wagner dan komposisi terakhirnya. Libretto Wagner sendiri untuk karya tersebut didasarkan pada romansa kesatria Jerman Pertengahan Tinggi abad ke-13 Parzival karya Minnesänger Wolfram von Eschenbach dan romansa kesatria Prancis Kuno Perceval ou le Conte du Graal karya trouvère Chrétien de Troyes abad ke-12, yang menceritakan kisah berbeda tentang ksatria Arthurian Parzival (Percival) dan pencarian spiritualnya akan Holy Grail.
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Wagner menggagas karya tersebut pada bulan April 1857, tetapi baru menyelesaikannya 25 tahun kemudian. Dalam mengarangnya, ia memanfaatkan akustik khusus dari Bayreuth Festspielhaus yang baru dibangunnya. Parsifal pertama kali diproduksi di Festival Bayreuth kedua pada tahun 1882. Festival Bayreuth mempertahankan monopoli atas produksi Parsifal hingga tahun 1903, ketika opera tersebut dipentaskan di Metropolitan Opera di New York.
Wagner menggambarkan Parsifal bukan sebagai opera, tetapi sebagai Ein Bühnenweihfestspiel (drama panggung festival sakral).[5] Di Bayreuth muncul tradisi bahwa penonton tidak bertepuk tangan di akhir babak pertama. Naskah asli karya tersebut disimpan di Yayasan Richard Wagner.
Lihat pula
Catatan
- ^ Ejaan Wagner untuk Parsifal alih-alih Parzival yang digunakannya hingga tahun 1877 didasarkan pada salah satu teori tentang nama Percival, yang menyatakan bahwa nama tersebut berasal dari bahasa Persia, Parsi (atau Parseh) Fal yang berarti "orang bodoh yang murni (atau miskin)".[1][2][3][4]
Referensi
- ^ Joseph Görres, "Einleitung", p. vi, in: Lohengrin, ein altteutsches Gedicht, nach der Abschrift des Vaticanischen Manuscriptes by Ferdinand Gloeckle. Mohr und Zimmer, Heidelberg 1813.
- ^ Richard Wagner, Das braune Buch. Tagebuchaufzeichnungen 1865 bis 1882, ed. Joachim Bergfeld, Atlantis Verlag, Zürich and Freiburg im Breisgau 1975, p. 52.
- ^ Danielle Buschinger, Renate Ullrich, Das Mittelalter Richard Wagners, Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-8260-3078-9, p. 140.
- ^ Unger, Max (1932-08-01). "The Persian Origins of 'Parsifal' and 'Tristan'". The Musical Times. 73 (1074): 703–705. doi:10.2307/917595. ISSN 0027-4666. JSTOR 917595.
The correct spelling of Parzival is Parsi-wal. ... the word means Persian flower.
Unger draws on the abstract of a book by Friedrich von Suhtscheck which was never published. - ^ "Parsifal Synopsis". Seattle Opera House. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 25 June 2014. Diakses tanggal 11 January 2014.
Sumber
- Aberbach, Aland David (2003). The Ideas of Richard Wagner. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-2524-X.
- Beckett, Lucy (1981). Richard Wagner: Parsifal. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29662-5.
- Berger, Karol (2017). Beyond Reason: Wagner contra Nietzsche. Oakland, California: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520966130.
- Bell, Richard (2013). Wagner's Parsifal: An Appreciation in the Light of His Theological Journey. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books. ISBN 978-1-62032-885-9.
- Borchmeyer, Dieter (2003). Drama and the World of Richard Wagner. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11497-8.
- Carnegy, Patrick (2006). Wagner and the Art of the Theatre. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10695-5.
- Cohn, Richard (1996). "Maximally smooth cycles, hexatonic systems, and the analysis of Late-Romantic triadic progressions". Music Analysis. 15 (1): 9–40. doi:10.2307/854168. JSTOR 854168.
- Deathridge, John (2008). Wagner: Beyond Good and Evil. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25453-4.
- Fauser, Annegret (2008). "Wagnerism". Dalam Thomas S. Grey (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Wagner. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 221–234. ISBN 978-0-521-64439-6.
- Gregor-Dellin, Martin (1983). Richard Wagner: His Life, His Work, His Century. William Collins. ISBN 0-00-216669-0.
- Gutman, Robert (1990) [1968]. Richard Wagner: The Man, His Mind and His Music. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-677615-4.
- Hartford, Robert (1980). Bayreuth: The Early Years. Victor Gollancz. ISBN 0-575-02865-3.
- Hofmann, Peter (2003). Richard Wagners Politische Theologie: Kunst zwischen Revolution und Religion. Paderborn, Germany: Ferdinand Schöning. ISBN 3-506-73929-8.
- Kienzle, Ulrike. "Parsifal and Religion: A Christian Music Drama?". Dalam Kinderman & Syer (2005), pp. 81-130.
- Kinderman, William; Syer, Katherine R., ed. (2005). A Companion to Wagner's Parsifal. Camden House Companion Volumes. New York: Camden House. ISBN 978-157113-457-8.
- Kinderman, William (2013). Wagner's Parsifal. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536692-1.
- Kinderman, William. "The Genesis of the Music". Dalam Kinderman & Syer (2005), pp. 133-175.
- Magee, Bryan (2002). The Tristan Chord. New York: Owl Books. ISBN 0-8050-7189-X. (UK title: Wagner and Philosophy, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-029519-4)
- Millington, Barry, ed. (1992). The Wagner Compendium: a Guide to Wagner's Life and Music. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-02-871359-1.
- Newman, Ernest (1976). The Life of Richard Wagner. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29149-6.
- Rose, Paul Lawrence (1992). Wagner: Race and Revolution. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06745-3.
- Shengold, David (2012). "Martha Mödl: 'Portrait of a Legend'". Opera News. 77 (5).
- Spencer, Stewart (2000). Wagner Remembered. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19653-5.
- Spotts, Frederic (1994). Bayreuth: a History of the Wagner Festival. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05777-6.
- Thorau, Christian (2009). "Guides for Wagnerites: leitmotifs and Wagnerian listening". Dalam Thomas S. Grey (ed.). Wagner and His World. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. hlm. 133–150. ISBN 978-0-691-14366-8.
- Weiner, Marc A. (1997). Richard Wagner and the Anti-Semitic Imagination. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9792-0.
- Zelinsky, Hartmut (1982). "Rettung ins Ungenaue: zu M. Gregor-Dellins Wagner-Biographie". Dalam Heinz-Klaus Metzger; Rainer Riehn (ed.). Richard Wagner: Parsifal. Musik-Konzepte. Vol. 25. Munich: Text & Kritik. hlm. 74–115.
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Burbidge, Peter; Sutton, Richard, ed. (1979). The Wagner Companion. Faber and Faber Ltd., London. ISBN 0-571-11450-4.
- Konrad, Ulrich (2020). "Through compassion, knowing: the pure fool". Dalam Ulrich Konrad (ed.). Richard Wagner: Parsifal. Autograph Score. Facsimile. Commentary. Documenta musicologica. Vol. II, 55. Kassel: Bärenreiter. hlm. I–X. ISBN 978-3-7618-2418-4.
- Magee, Bryan (1997). The Philosophy of Schopenhauer. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-823722-7.
- Melitz, Leo [in Jerman] (2001). The Opera Goer's Complete Guide. London: Best Books. ISBN 0-7222-6262-0.
- Nietzsche, Friedrich (1989). On the Genealogy of Morals. Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-72462-1.
- Schopenhauer, Arthur (1966). The World as Will and Representation. New York: Dover. ISBN 0-486-21762-0.
- Syer, Katherine R. (2005). "Parsifal on Stage". Dalam William Kinderman; Katherine R. Syer (ed.). A Companion to Wagner's Parsifal. Camden House Companion Volumes. New York: Camden House. hlm. 277–338. ISBN 978-157113-457-8.
- Vernon, David (2021). Disturbing the Universe: Wagner's Musikdrama. Edinburgh: Candle Row Press. ISBN 978-1527299245.
Pranala luar
- Parsifal. Wagner's autograph in the Richard Wagner Foundation
- Parsifal: Partitur pada International Music Score Library Project
- Complete vocal score of Parsifal
- Complete German and English libretti and Wagner's own stage descriptions, kutipan skor, rwagner.net
- English libretto
- Parsifal on TV: Met and Festspielhaus oleh Alunno Marco, mediamusic-journal.com, 26 March 2013
- Monsalvat, Situs web Derrick Everett yang luas tentang semua aspek Parsifal
- Essay by Rolf May, pandangan teosofis tentang Parsifal, dari Sunrise, 1992/1993
- Programme notes for Parsifal Diarsipkan 2020-07-16 di Wayback Machine. oleh Luke Berryman
- Wagner Operas. Situs web lengkap yang menampilkan foto-foto produksi, rekaman, libretto, dan berkas suara.
- Summary of Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival
- Parsifal on Stage: sebuah PDF oleh Katherine R. Syer
- Richard Wagner – Parsifal Diarsipkan 2019-08-13 di Wayback Machine., galeri kartu pos bersejarah dengan motif visual dari opera Richard Wagner
- Reviews of Parsifal on record, oleh Geoffrey Riggs
- List of all Parsifal conductors at Bayreuth
- Parsifal Suite, constructed by Andrew Gourlay, dipublikasikan oleh Schott Music
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