R-7 (keluarga roket)

Keluarga roket R-7 (Rusia: Р-7) adalah serangkaian roket, berasal dari R-7 Semyorka Soviet, ICBM pertama di dunia. Lebih roket R-7 telah diluncurkan daripada keluarga roket besar lainnya.

R-7 ternyata tidak praktis sebagai rudal balistik, tetapi menemukan aplikasi panjang di Soviet dan program ruang Rusia kemudian. Keluarga R-7 terdiri dari kedua rudal, dan roket pembawa orbital. Derivatif termasuk Vostok, Voskhod dan roket Soyuz, yang telah digunakan untuk semua Soviet, dan kemudian spaceflights berawak Rusia. Jenis ini memiliki konfigurasi yang unik di mana empat mesin berbahan bakar cair break-away mengelilingi inti pusat. Inti bertindak sebagai "tahap kedua" berlaku setelah empat mesin yang lain dibuang.

Varian

Data dibawah merupakan data pengenalan. Sebagian besar roket R 7 telah pensiun. Versi aktif berwarna hijau.

Nama	GRAU index	Fungsi	N° Core Stages^[a]	Penerbangan perdana	Penerbangan final	Peluncuran^[b]			Keterangan
Nama	GRAU index	Fungsi	N° Core Stages^[a]	Penerbangan perdana	Penerbangan final	Total	Sukses	Gagal (+ partial)	Keterangan
R-7 Semyorka	8K71	ICBM	1	15 May 1957	27 February 1961	27	18	9	World's first ICBM
Sputnik-PS	8K71PS	Carrier rocket	1	4 October 1957	3 November 1957	2	2	0	World's first carrier rocket Launched Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2
Sputnik	8A91	Carrier rocket	1	27 April 1958	15 May 1958	2	1	1	Launched Sputnik 3
Luna	8K72	Carrier rocket	2	23 September 1958	16 April 1960	9	2	7	Launched first Lunar probes
R-7A Semyorka	8K74	ICBM	1	23 December 1959	25 July 1967	21	18	3
Vostok-L	8K72L	Carrier rocket	2	15 May 1960	1 December 1960	4	3	1
Molniya	8K78	Carrier rocket	3	20 January 1960	3 December 1965	26	12	14
Vostok-K	8K72K	Carrier rocket	2	22 December 1960	10 July 1964	13	11	2	Used for manned Vostok missions First rocket to launch a man into space
Molniya-L	8K78L	Carrier rocket	4	Unbuilt
Vostok-2	8A92	Carrier rocket	2	1 June 1962	12 May 1967	45	40	5
Polyot	11A59	Carrier rocket	1	1 November 1963	12 April 1964	2	2	0
Voskhod	11A57	Carrier rocket	2	16 November 1963	29 June 1976	300	277	23	Launched manned Voskhod 1 and Voskhod 2 missions
Molniya-M	8K78M	Carrier rocket	3	19 February 1964	30 September 2010^[1]	297	276	21
Vostok-2M	8A92M	Carrier rocket	2	28 August 1964	29 August 1991	94	92	2
Soyuz/Vostok	11A510	Carrier rocket	3	27 December 1965	20 July 1966	2	2	0
Soyuz	11A511	Carrier rocket	2	28 November 1966	24 May 1975	30	28	2	Launched several manned Soyuz missions
Soyuz-B	11K55	Carrier rocket	2	Unbuilt
Soyuz-V	11K56	Carrier rocket	2	Unbuilt
Soyuz-R	11A514	Carrier rocket	2	Unbuilt
Soyuz-L	11A511L	Carrier rocket	2	24 November 1970	12 August 1971	3	3	0
Soyuz-M	11A511M	Carrier rocket	2	27 December 1971	31 March 1976	8	8	0
Soyuz-U	11A511U	Carrier rocket	2 or 3	18 May 1973	Active	783	763	21^[2]	Single most launched carrier rocket ever built Used for a number of manned Soyuz launches
Soyuz-U2	11A511U2	Carrier rocket	2	23 December 1982	3 September 1995	72	72	0	Used for a number of manned Soyuz launches
Soyuz-FG	11A511U-FG	Carrier rocket	2 or 3	20 May 2001	Active	56	56	0	Used for current manned Soyuz launches
Soyuz-2.1a / STA	14A14A	Carrier rocket	2 or 3	8 November 2004	Active	28	26	1+1p
Soyuz-2.1b / STB	14A14B	Carrier rocket	2 or 3	27 December 2006	Active	30	28	1+1p
Soyuz-2-1v	14A15	Carrier rocket	2	28 December 2013	Active	2	1	1p
^ Not including boosters ^ As of May 7, 2016

Referensi

^ Mu, Xuequan (1 October 2010). "Russia sends military satellite into space". Xinhua. Diakses tanggal 30 September 2010.
^ In 1983, flight Soyuz T-10a took fire on the launch pad before the end of the countdown, so it is not counted in the list of launches; this is why adding successes and failures yields 778 launches instead of 777.

McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch List - R-7 Family". Jonathan's Space Page. Diakses tanggal 2008-12-21.
Wade, Mark. "Soyuz". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Diakses tanggal 2008-12-21.