Raga (musik)

Raga atau raag (IAST: rāga; juga raaga atau ragam^[1][2]) adalah sebuah kerangka melodi untuk improvisasi mode melodi dalam musik klasik India.^[3] Rāga adalah sebuah unsur unik dan utama dari tradisi musik India klasik, dan tak memiliki terjemahan langsung untuk konsep dalam musik Eropa klasik.^[4][5] Setiap rāga adalah serangkaian struktur melodi dengan motif msuikal, yang dianggap dalam tradisi India memiliki kemampuan untuk "mewarnai pikiran" dan berdampak pada emosi para pendengarnya.^[1][2][5]

• Beck, Guy (1993). Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0872498556. 
• Beck, Guy L. (2012). Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-61117-108-2. 
• Bhatkhande, Vishnu Narayan (1968–73). Kramika Pustaka Malika. Hathras: Sangeet Karyalaya. 
• Bor, Joep; Rao, Suvarnalata; Van der Meer, Wim; Harvey, Jane (1999). The Raga Guide. Nimbus Records. ISBN 978-0-9543976-0-9. <
• Brown, Sara Black (2014). "Krishna, Christians, and Colors: The Socially Binding Influence of Kirtan Singing at a Utah Hare Krishna Festival". Ethnomusicology. 58 (3): 454–80. doi:10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454. 
• Caudhurī, Vimalakānta Rôya (2000). The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1708-1. 
• Dace, Wallace (1963). "The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory". Educational Theatre Journal. 15 (3): 249–254. doi:10.2307/3204783. JSTOR 3204783. 
• Daniélou, Alain (1949). Northern Indian Music, Volume 1. Theory & technique; Volume 2. The main rāgǎs. London: C. Johnson. OCLC 851080. 
• Dalal, Roshen (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9. 
• Dehejia, Vidya (2013). The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51266-4. 
• Fabian, Dorottya; Renee Timmers; Emery Schubert (2014). Expressiveness in music performance: Empirical approaches across styles and cultures. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-163456-7. 
• Forster, Cris (2010). Musical Mathematics: On the Art and Science of Acoustic Instruments. Chronicle. ISBN 978-0-8118-7407-6.  Indian Music: Ancient Beginnings – Natyashastra
• Hast, Dorothea E.; James R. Cowdery; Stanley Arnold Scott (1999). Exploring the World of Music: An Introduction to Music from a World Music Perspective. Kendall Hunt. ISBN 978-0-7872-7154-1. 
• Jairazbhoy, Nazir Ali (1995). The Rāgs of North Indian Music: Their Structure & Evolution (edisi ke-first revised Indian). Bombay: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7154-395-3. 
• Kane, Pandurang Vaman (1971). History of Sanskrit Poetics. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0274-2. 
• Kaufmann, Walter (1968). The Ragas of North India. Oxford & Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253347800. OCLC 11369. 
• Khan, Hazrat Inayat (1996). The Mysticism of Sound and Music. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-0-8348-2492-8. 
• Kapoor, Sukhbir S. (2005). Guru Granth Sahib – An Advance Study. Hemkunt Press. ISBN 978-81-7010-317-2. 
• Kelting, M. Whitney (2001). Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803211-3. 
• Lal, Ananda (2004). The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-564446-3. 
• Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-1815-9. 
• Lidova, Natalia (2014). "Natyashastra". Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071. 
• Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, 2 Volume Set. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0823922871. 
• Martinez, José Luiz (2001). Semiosis in Hindustani Music. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1801-9. 
• Mehta, Tarla (1995). Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1057-0. 
• Monier-Williams, Monier (1899), A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press 
• Moutal, Patrick (2012). Hindustani Raga Index. Major bibliographical references (descriptions, compositions, vistara-s) on North Indian Raga-s. ISBN 978-2-9541244-3-8. 
• Moutal, Patrick (2012). Comparative Study of Selected Hindustani Ragas. ISBN 978-2-9541244-2-1. 
• Nettl, Bruno (2010). "Raga, Indian Musical Genre". Encyclopædia Britannica. 
• Nettl, Bruno; Ruth M. Stone; James Porter; Timothy Rice (1998). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8240-4946-1. 
• Powers, Harold S. (1984). "Review: Sangita-Ratnakara of Sarngadeva, Translated by R.K. Shringy". Ethnomusicology. 28 (2): 352–355. doi:10.2307/850775. JSTOR 850775. 
• Raja, Deepak S. "Marwa, Pooriya, and Sohini: The Tricky Triplets". Shruti. ^{[perlu rujukan lengkap]}
• Randel, Don Michael (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music (edisi ke-fourth). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01163-2. 
• Ries, Raymond E. (1969). "The Cultural Setting of South Indian Music". Asian Music. 1 (2): 22–31. doi:10.2307/833909. JSTOR 833909. 
• Rowell, Lewis (2015). Music and Musical Thought in Early India. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73034-9. 
• Salhi, Kamal (2013). Music, Culture and Identity in the Muslim World: Performance, Politics and Piety. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-96310-3. 
• Sastri, S.S., ed. (1943). Sangitaratnakara of Sarngadeva. Adyar: Adyar Library Press. ISBN 978-0-8356-7330-3. 
• Schwartz, Susan L. (2004). Rasa: Performing the Divine in India. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13144-5. 
• Staal, Frits (2009). Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights. Auckland: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-309986-4. 
• Te Nijenhuis, Emmie (1974). Indian Music: History and Structure. BRILL Academic. ISBN 978-90-04-03978-0. 
• Tenzer, Michael (2006). Analytical Studies in World Music. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517789-3. 
• Titon, Jeff Todd; Cooley; Locke; McAllester; Rasmussen (2008), Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples, Cengage, ISBN 978-0-534-59539-5 
• van der Meer, W. (2012). Hindustani Music in the 20th Century. Springer. ISBN 978-94-009-8777-7. 
• Vatsyayan, Kapila (1977). Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts. Sangeet Natak Akademi. OCLC 233639306. , Table of Contents
• Vatsyayan, Kapila (2008). Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 978-8187586357. OCLC 286469807. 
• Wilke, Annette; Moebus, Oliver (2011). Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-024003-0. 
• Winternitz, Maurice (2008). History of Indian Literature Vol 3 (Original in German published in 1922, translated into English by VS Sarma, 1981). New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120800564. 

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Raga.

• A step-by-step introduction to the concept of rāga for beginners
• Rajan Parrikar Music Archive – detailed analyses of rāgas backed by rare audio recordings
• Comprehensive reference on rāgas
• Hindustani Raga Sangeet Online A rare collection of more than 800 audio & video archives from 1902. Radio programs dedicated to famous ragas.
• Online quick reference of rāgams Diarsipkan 2015-01-14 di Wayback Machine. in Carnatic music.