Tamilakam
Tamilakam (bahasa Tamil: தமிழகம்) mengacu pada daerah yang dihuni oleh bangsa Tamil Kuno. Tamilakam meliput Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, Lakshadwip, dan bagian selatan Andhra Pradesh dan Karnataka.[1] Catatan tradisional berjudul Tolkāppiyam menyebut wilayah ini sebagai wilayah budaya tunggal, dengan bahasa Tamil sebagai bahasa ibu[catatan 1] dan budaya semua penduduknya.[catatan 2] Negara Tamil kuno dibagi menjadi beberapa kerajaan. Yang paling terkenal dari kerajaan-kerajaan itu adalah Chera, Chola, Pandya, dan Pallawa. Selama Zaman Sangam, budaya Tamil mulai menyebar ke luar Tamilakam.[4]
Catatan
- ^ Thapar menyebutkan adanya bahasa umum dari kelompok Dravida: "Asoka dalam prasastinya mengacu pada orang-orang India Selatan sebagai Chola, Chera, Pandya, dan Satiyaputra - wilayah budaya Tamilakam - disebut demikian pada bahasa utama dari Rumpun bahasa Dravida pada saat itu, Tamil".[2]
- ^ Lihat referensi Kanakasabhai.[3]
Referensi
Catatan kaki
- ^ Iyengar, P. T. Srinivasa (1 January 1929). History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to 600 A.D. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120601451.
- ^ Thapar 2004, hlm. 229.
- ^ Kanakasabhai 1904, hlm. 10.
- ^ Singh 2009, hlm. 384.
Daftar pustaka
- Abraham, Shinu (2003). "Chera, Chola, Pandya: using archaeological evidence to identify the Tamil kingdoms of early historic South India". Asian Perspectives. 42 (2): 207–223. doi:10.1353/asi.2003.0031. hdl:10125/17189. S2CID 153420843.
- John E. Cort, ed. (1998), Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History, SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-3785-X
- Aiyangar, Muttusvami Srinivasa (1986). Tamil studies: essays on the history of the Tamil people, language, religion, and literature. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120600294. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2012.
- Aiyaṅgār, Sākkoṭṭai Krishṇaswāmi (1994). Evolution of Hindu Administrative Institutions in South India. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0966-2.
- Deegalle, Mahinda (2006). "Buddhism, Conflict and Violence in Modern Sri Lanka". Routledge.
- Hanumanthan, Krishnaswamy Ranaganathan (1979). "Untouchability: a historical study upto 1500 A.D. : with special reference to Tamil Nadu". Koodal Publishers.
- Holt, John (2011). "The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics". Duke University Press.
- Indrapala, K. (1969). "Early Tamil settlements in Ceylon". Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1969, XIII:54.
- Kanakasabhai, V (1904). The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120601505.
- Krishnan, Shankara (1999). Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood. University of Minnesota Press. hlm. 172. ISBN 0-8166-3330-4.
- Mahadevan, Iravatham (2002). "Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? – A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995–2000)". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 8 (1). Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 23 Juli 2007.
- Manogaran, Chelvadurai (1987). "Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka". University of Hawaii Press.
- Rajayyan, K. (2005). "Tamil Nadu, a real history". Ratna Publications.
- Ramaswamy, Sumathi (1997). Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20805-6.
- Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5379-9.
- Reddy, L.R. (2003). "Sri Lanka: Past and Present". APH Publishing.
- Singh, Upinder (2009). "A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century". Pearson Education India.
- Smith, Vincent A. (1999). The Early History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-7156-618-1.
- Thapar, Romila (2004). Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520242258.
- Wenzlhuemer, Roalnd (2008). "From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon, 1880-1900: An Economic and Social History". BRILL.
- Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). "The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India". Leiden: Brill.
- Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). "Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature". BRILL.
Content Disclaimer
Informasi ini disarikan dari Wikipedia dan disajikan kembali untuk tujuan edukasi. Konten tersedia di bawah lisensi CC BY-SA 3.0. Kami tidak bertanggung jawab atas ketidakakuratan data yang bersumber dari kontribusi publik tersebut.
- The information displayed on this website is sourced in part or in whole from Wikipedia and has been adapted for the purpose of restating it. We strive to provide accurate and relevant information, however:
- There is no guarantee of absolute accuracy. Wikipedia is an open, collaborative project that can be edited by anyone, so information is subject to change.
- It is not intended to constitute professional advice. The content displayed is for informational and educational purposes only. For important decisions (e.g., medical, legal, or financial), please consult a professional.
- Content copyright. Wikipedia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA). This means that content may be reused with appropriate attribution and shared under a similar license.
- Responsible use. Any risk arising from the use of information from this website is entirely the responsibility of the user.