Zab Hilir

Zab Hilir
Arab: الزَّاب الْكَبِيْر (al-Zâb al-Kabîr),[1] Kurdi: Zêy Badînan / Zêyê Mezin,[1] Turki: Zap Suyu,[1] Syriac: ܙܒܐ ܥܠܝܐ zāba ʻalya, Armenian: Մեծ Զավ Mets Zav, Yunani Romawi Timur: μέγας Ζβαω,[1] Classical Greek: Λύκος,[1] Akkadia: Zabu ēlū[1]
Landscape of a section of the Great Zab in Erbil, Northern Iraq (Kurdistan region).
Peta (dalam bahasa Prancis) yang menunjukkan aliran Sungai Zab Besar (Grand Zab) di Irak dan lokasi Bendungan Bekhme (Barrage de Bekhme).
Peta OpenStreetMap
PetaKoordinat: 35°59′28.0″N 43°20′37.0″E / 35.991111°N 43.343611°E / 35.991111; 43.343611
Lokasi
NegaraTurki, Irak (Daerah Kurdistan)
KotaAmadiya, Barzan
Ciri-ciri fisik
Hulu sungai 
 - lokasiPegunungan Taurus, Turki
 - elevasi3.000 m (9.800 ft)approx.
Muara sungai 
 - lokasiSungai Tigris, Irak
 - koordinat35°59′28″N 43°20′37″E / 35.99111°N 43.34361°E / 35.99111; 43.34361
Panjang400 km (250 mi)approx.
Debit air 
 - rata-rata419 m3/s (14.800 cu ft/s)
 - maksimum1.320 m3/s (47.000 cu ft/s)
Daerah Aliran Sungai
Luas DAS40.300 km2 (15.600 sq mi)approx.
Anak sungai 
 - kiriRubar-i-Shin, Rukuchuk, Rubar-i-Ruwandiz, Rubat Mawaran, Bastura Chai
 - kananKhazir


Zab Besar or Zab Hilir (Arab: الزَّاب الْكَبِيْر, romanized: ez-Zâb el-Kebîr; Kurdi: Zêy Badînan atau Zêyê Mezin; Turki: Zap; Syriac: ܙܒܐ ܥܠܝܐ, romanized: zāba ʻalya) adalah sungai dengan panjang sekitar 400-kilometer (250 mi) yang mengalir melalui Turki dan Irak. Sungai ini berhulu di Turki dekat Danau Van dan bergabung dengan Sungai Tigris di Irak selatan Mosul. Sepanjang alirannya, sungai ini mengumpulkan air dari banyak anak sungai dan daerah aliran sungai Zab Hilir mencakup sekitar 40.300 kilometer persegi (15.600 sq mi). Sungai dan anak sungainya terutama dialiri oleh air hujan dan lelehan salju – akibatnya, debit air sangat berfluktuasi sepanjang tahun. Setidaknya enam bendungan telah direncanakan di Great Zab dan anak sungainya, tetapi pembangunan hanya satu, yaitu Bendungan Bekhme, yang telah dimulai tetapi dihentikan setelah Perang Teluk I.

Pegunungan Zagros telah dihuni setidaknya sejak Paleolitikum Awal, dan pendudukan Neanderthal di lembah Zab Hilir telah dibuktikan di situs arkeologi Gua Shanidar. Catatan sejarah untuk wilayah ini tersedia sejak akhir milenium ketiga SM dan seterusnya. Pada periode Kekaisaran Asyur Baru, Zab Hilir menyediakan air untuk irigasi bagi lahan di sekitar ibu kota Nimrud. Pertempuran Zab – yang mengakhiri Kekhalifahan Umayyah – terjadi di dekat anak sungai Zab Besar, dan lembah-lembah sungai tersebut menyediakan tempat berlindung bagi para pengungsi dari penaklukan Irak oleh Mongol. Selama abad ke-19 dan ke-20, lembah Great Zab menyaksikan pemberontakan yang sering terjadi dari Kurdi setempat yang berjuang untuk otonomi.

Referensi

Kutipan

  1. ^ a b c d e f Bosworth 2010

Daftar pustaka

  • Al-Soof, Abu (1968), "Distribution of Uruk, Jamdat Nasr and Ninevite V Pottery as Revealed by Field Survey Work in Iraq", Iraq, 30 (1): 74–86, doi:10.2307/4199840, ISSN 0021-0889, JSTOR 4199840, S2CID 131371983
  • Benlic, S. (1990), "Underground works at the Bekhme Scheme", International Water Power and Dam Construction, 42 (6): 12–14, OCLC 321079949
  • Biglari, Fereidoun; Shidrang, Sonia (2006), "The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran", Near Eastern Archaeology, 69 (3–4): 160–168, doi:10.1086/NEA25067668, ISSN 1094-2076, JSTOR 25067668, S2CID 166438498
  • Bosworth, C.E. (2010), "AL-Zāb", dalam Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Leiden: Brill Online, OCLC 624382576
  • Braidwood, Robert J.; Howe, Bruce (1960), Prehistoric investigations in Iraqi Kurdistan (PDF), Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, vol. 31, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, OCLC 395172, diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-10-07, diakses tanggal 2010-08-26
  • Buringh, P. (1960), Soils and soil conditions in Iraq, Baghdad: Ministry of Agriculture, OCLC 630122693
  • Davey, Christopher J. (1985), "The Negūb Tunnel", Iraq, 47: 49–55, doi:10.2307/4200231, ISSN 0021-0889, JSTOR 4200231, S2CID 192209982
  • Frenken, Karen (2009), Irrigation in the Middle East region in figures. AQUASTAT survey 2008, Water Reports, vol. 34, Rome: FAO, ISBN 978-92-5-106316-3
  • Hunt, Will (2010), Arbil, Iraq Discovery Could be Earliest Evidence of Humans in the Near East, Heritage Key, diakses tanggal 4 August 2010
  • Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works (2006), "Volume I: Overview of present conditions and current use of the water in the marshlands area/Book 1: Water resources", New Eden Master Plan for integrated water resources management in the marshlands areas, New Eden Group
  • Isaev, V.A.; Mikhailova, M.V. (2009), "The hydrology, evolution, and hydrological regime of the mouth area of the Shatt al-Arab River", Water Resources, 36 (4): 380–395, doi:10.1134/S0097807809040022, ISSN 0097-8078, S2CID 129706440
  • Kliot, Nurit (1994), Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East, Milton Park: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-09752-5
  • Kolars, John (1994), "Problems of International River Management: The Case of the Euphrates", dalam Biswas, Asit K. (ed.), International Waters of the Middle East: From Euphrates-Tigris to Nile, Oxford University Press, hlm. 44–94, ISBN 978-0-19-854862-1
  • Kozłowski, Stefan Karol (1998), "M'lefaat. Early Neolithic site in northern Iraq", Cahiers de l'Euphrate, 8: 179–273, OCLC 468390039
  • Maunsell, F.R. (1901), "Central Kurdistan", Geographical Journal, 18 (2): 121–141, doi:10.2307/1775333, ISSN 0016-7398, JSTOR 1775333
  • Mohammadifar, Yaghoub; Motarjem, Abbass (2008), "Settlement continuity in Kurdistan", Antiquity, 82 (317), ISSN 0003-598X
  • Naval Intelligence Division (1944), Iraq and the Persian Gulf, Geographical Handbook Series, OCLC 1077604
  • Nováček, Karel; Chabr, Tomáš; Filipský, David; Janiček, Libor; Pavelka, Karel; Šída, Petr; Trefný, Martin; Vařeka, Pavel (2008), "Research of the Arbil Citadel, Iraqi Kurdistan, First Season", Památky Archeologické, 99: 259–302, ISSN 0031-0506
  • Oates, David (2005), Studies in the Ancient History of Northern Iraq, London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, ISBN 0-903472-19-8
  • Shahin, Mamdouh (2007), Water Resources and Hydrometeorology of the Arab Region, Dordrecht: Springer, Bibcode:2007wrha.book.....S, ISBN 978-1-4020-5414-3
  • Sharon, Moshe (1983), Black banners from the East, The Max Schloessinger memorial series, Jerusalem: Hebrew University, OCLC 65852180
  • Solecki, Ralph S. (1997), "Shanidar Cave", dalam Meyers, Eric M. (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Ancient Near East, vol. 5, New York: Oxford University Press, hlm. 15–16, ISBN 0-19-506512-3
  • Solecki, Ralph S. (2005), "The Bekhme Dam Project in Kurdistan Iraq. A Threat to the Archaeology of the Upper Zagros River Valley", International Journal of Kurdish Studies, 19 (1/2): 161–224, ISSN 1073-6697
  • US Air Force Combat Climatology Center (2009), Climate of Iraq, NOAA, diakses tanggal 4 August 2010
  • van de Mieroop, Marc (2007), A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–323 BC. Second Edition, Blackwell History of the Ancient World, Malden: Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4051-4911-2
  • Villard, Pierre (2001), "Arbèles", dalam Joannès, Francis (ed.), Dictionnaire de la civilisation mésopotamienne, Bouquins (dalam bahasa Prancis), Paris: Robert Laffont, hlm. 68–69, ISBN 978-2-221-09207-1
  • Wright, Herbert E. (2007). "Pleistocene glaciation in Iraq". Developments in Quaternary Science. Developments in Quaternary Sciences. 3 (2): 215–216. doi:10.1016/S1571-0866(04)80126-X. ISBN 9780444515933.

Templat:Tigris

Content Disclaimer

Informasi ini disarikan dari Wikipedia dan disajikan kembali untuk tujuan edukasi. Konten tersedia di bawah lisensi CC BY-SA 3.0. Kami tidak bertanggung jawab atas ketidakakuratan data yang bersumber dari kontribusi publik tersebut.

  1. The information displayed on this website is sourced in part or in whole from Wikipedia and has been adapted for the purpose of restating it. We strive to provide accurate and relevant information, however:
  2. There is no guarantee of absolute accuracy. Wikipedia is an open, collaborative project that can be edited by anyone, so information is subject to change.
  3. It is not intended to constitute professional advice. The content displayed is for informational and educational purposes only. For important decisions (e.g., medical, legal, or financial), please consult a professional.
  4. Content copyright. Wikipedia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA). This means that content may be reused with appropriate attribution and shared under a similar license.
  5. Responsible use. Any risk arising from the use of information from this website is entirely the responsibility of the user.