نقد الاقتصاد السياسي

نقد الاقتصاد السياسي أو نقد الاقتصاد (بالإنجليزية: Critique of political economy)‏ هو نقد يطرح تساؤلات حول موضوع الاقتصاد ذاته، ومن ثم يرفض البديهيات والمؤسسات والفئات الاجتماعية وكذلك النموذج الكامل لما يشار إليه عادة باسم الاقتصاد.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

يميل نقاد الاقتصاد إلى الاتفاق على أن الممارسات والافتراضات والمفاهيم الشائعة في مجال الاقتصاد غير علمية.^[6]^[7]^[8] بالإضافة إلى الادعاء بأن هذه الظواهر ناتجة عن ممارسات مجتمعية أو معيارية أكثر من أي قوانين بديهية.^[4]^[9] لذلك ينظر منتقدو الاقتصاد السياسي عموماً إلى ما يشار إليه عادة باسم الاقتصاد على أنه حزم من المفاهيم فوق الطبيعية والممارسات المجتمعية.^[10]^[5] نقاد الاقتصاد السياسي لا ينظرون إلى الاقتصاد أز الفئات ذات الصلة على أنها عابرة في التاريخ،^[11]^[12]^[13] ولكن بالأحرى على أنها جديدة نسبياً في التاريخ ونشأت جنباً إلى جنب مع الحداثة الرأسمالية.^[7]^[14] يهدف نقاد الاقتصاد السياسي إلى نقد الاقتصاد نفسه وبالتالي لا يهدفون إلى خلق نظريات تتعلق بكيفية إدارة الاقتصادات كما هو الحال في علم الاقتصاد التقليدي.^[4]^[15]

هناك انتقادات متعددة للاقتصاد السياسي اليوم لكن القاسم المشترك بينهم هو نقد العقيدة التي تدعي أن «الاقتصاد» فئة مجتمعية ضرورية.^[16]^[4] يُعتبر النقد الماركسي المعاصر مصحوباً بشكل عام برفض للقراءات الأكثر تأثراً بالطبيعية بالإضافة إلى قراءات اعتُبرت لاحقًا ماركسية النظرة العالمية (بالإنجليزية: weltanschaaungsmarxismus)‏،^[17]^[18]^[19] والتي انتشرت حتى نهاية القرن العشرين.^[17] وفقًا لبعض الباحثين الماركسيين فإن الانتقادات المعاصرة للاقتصاد السياسي والألمانية المعاصرة (بالألمانية: Ökonomiekritik) أُهملت جزئياً على الأقل في العالم الناطق بالإنجليزية.^[20]

المراجع

بلغات أجنبية

^ "Toward a critique of political economy | MR Online". mronline.org (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). 10 Dec 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-12-31.
^ Ruskin, John. "Unto This Last, and Other Essays on Political Economy". https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36541/36541-h/36541-h.htm (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2021-12-31. {{استشهاد ويب}}: روابط خارجية في |موقع= (help)
^ "Marx Ekonomikritik". Fronesis (بالسويدية) (28). Archived from the original on 2021-09-01. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
^ ^ا ^ب ^ج ^د Balibar & Althusser 1979.
^ ^ا ^ب Postone 1993.
^ Patterson، Orlando؛ Fosse، Ethan. "Overreliance on the Pseudo-Science of Economics". The New York Times. [...] the real-world implementation of mainstream economic ideas has been a string of massive failures. Economic thinking undergirded the "deregulation" mantra leading up to the Great Recession of 2007-2009 and has fared no better in attempts to "fix" the ongoing crisis in Europe. [...] nowhere is the discipline's failure more apparent than in the area of development economics. In fact, the only countries that have effectively transformed from the "Third" to the "First World" since World War II violated the main principles of current and previous economic orthodoxies: [...] Only recently have economists come to accept the primacy of institutions in explaining and promoting economic growth, a position long held by sociologists [...]{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: url-status (link) (مقالة رأي ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏)
^ ^ا ^ب Badeen، Dennis؛ Murray، Patrick. "A Marxian Critique of Neoclassical Economics' Reliance on Shadows of Capital's Constitutive Social Forms" (PDF). crisiscritique.org. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-11-16.
^ Murray، Patrick (مارس 2020). "The Illusion of the Economic: Social Theory without Social Forms". Critical Historical Studies. ج. 7 ع. 1: 19–27. DOI:10.1086/708005. ISSN:2326-4462. S2CID:219746578. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-11-19. "Bourgeois or capitalist production . . . is consequently for [Ricardo]," Marx writes, "not a specific definite mode of production, but simply the mode of production." [...] The illusion of the economic arises within what Marx calls the "bourgeois horizon," which trades in phenomenologically false bifurcations such as the purely subjective versus the purely objective, form versus content, forces versus relatisusons of production, the labor process versus the valorization process, distribution versus production, and more.
^ Peperell، Nicole. "Beyond reification: Reclaiming Marx's Concept of the Fetish Character of the Commodity" (PDF). Kontradikce: A Journal for Critical Thought. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-10-08. The critical edge of Marx's analysis does not derive, therefore, from any sort of declaration that this impersonal social relation does not exist, or is not 'truly' impersonal. Instead, it derives from the demonstration of how such a peculiar and counter-intuitive sort of social relation – one that possesses qualitative characteristics more normally associated with our interactions with non-social reality – comes to be unintentionally generated in collective practice.
^ "The Poverty of Philosophy - Chapter 2.1". www.marxists.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-09-16.
^ Fareld، Victoria؛ Kuch، Hannes (2020)، From Marx to Hegel and Back، Bloomsbury Academic، ص. 182، DOI:10.5040/9781350082700.ch-001، ISBN:978-1-3500-8267-0، S2CID:213805975، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-17، اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-09-17
^ Postone 1993، صفحات 44,192–216.
^ Ruccio، David (10 ديسمبر 2020). "Toward a critique of political economy | MR Online". mronline.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-05-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-09-20. Second, Marx's concern is always with social and historical specificity, as against looking for or finding what others would consider being given and universal.
^ "Economic Manuscripts: Engels' Review of Marx's Critique of Political Economy". www.marxists.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-10-12.
^ "Marx's Critique of Classical Economics". www.marxists.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-10-02. These points made here by Marx are particularly important in view of the fact that it is almost a commonplace amongst those sympathetic to, as well as those hostile to, Marx to assume that he shared a basically similar value theory with that of his classical forerunners, namely a labour theory of value. I believe, however, this notion – of a 'labour theory of value' in Marx – is at best confusing and at worst quite wrong.
^ Ruda، Frank؛ Hamza، Agon (2016). "Introduction: Critique of Political Economy" (PDF). Crisis and Critique. ج. 3 ع. 3: 5–7. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-11-16.
^ ^ا ^ب "Läs kapitalet - igen" [Capital - again] (PDF). Fronesis. ج. 28: 12 (p.5 in the pdf). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-10-08. [His striving to develop a materialist ontology and a unitary theory, which could speak on all parts of reality, made a wider use for the schools and parties in the east which far into the sixties and seventies stood for different forms of worldview marxism.]
^ Ramsay، Anders. "Marx? Which Marx? Marx's work and its history of reception". www.eurozine.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-11-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-09-16. During a second phase, a less "economistic" Marx emerged. The publication of the writings of the young Marx, above all the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, revealed a different Marx, one less preoccupied with technology, and less deterministic. It became possible to criticise "Marx through Marx", a critique which had particular importance in the eastern European state socialist systems.
^ "Läs kapitalet - igen" [Read Capital - again] (PDF). Fronesis. ج. 28: 10 (p.3 in the pdf). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-10-08.
^ O’Kane، Chris (29 يناير 2018). "On the Development of the Critique of Political Economy as a Critical Social Theory of Economic Objectivity: A Review of Critical Theory and the Critique of Political Economy by Werner Bonefeld". Historical Materialism. ج. 26 ع. 1: 175–193. DOI:10.1163/1569206X-12341552. ISSN:1465-4466. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-28. [...] a number of important critical- theoretical approaches to the critique of political economy [...] have been largely neglected in the anglophone world.

[1] "Toward a critique of political economy | MR Online". mronline.org (بالإنجليزية الأمريكية). 10 Dec 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-12-31.

[2] Ruskin, John. "Unto This Last, and Other Essays on Political Economy". https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36541/36541-h/36541-h.htm (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2021-12-31. {{استشهاد ويب}}: روابط خارجية في |موقع= (help)

[Ekonomikritik-3] "Marx Ekonomikritik". Fronesis (بالسويدية) (28). Archived from the original on 2021-09-01. Retrieved 2021-09-01.

[FOOTNOTEBalibarAlthusser1979-4] ا ^ب ^ج ^د Balibar & Althusser 1979.

[FOOTNOTEPostone1993-5] ا ^ب Postone 1993.

[6] Patterson، Orlando؛ Fosse، Ethan. "Overreliance on the Pseudo-Science of Economics". The New York Times. [...] the real-world implementation of mainstream economic ideas has been a string of massive failures. Economic thinking undergirded the "deregulation" mantra leading up to the Great Recession of 2007-2009 and has fared no better in attempts to "fix" the ongoing crisis in Europe. [...] nowhere is the discipline's failure more apparent than in the area of development economics. In fact, the only countries that have effectively transformed from the "Third" to the "First World" since World War II violated the main principles of current and previous economic orthodoxies: [...] Only recently have economists come to accept the primacy of institutions in explaining and promoting economic growth, a position long held by sociologists [...]{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: url-status (link) (مقالة رأي ^{[لغات أخرى]}‏)

[Murray-3-7] ا ^ب Badeen، Dennis؛ Murray، Patrick. "A Marxian Critique of Neoclassical Economics' Reliance on Shadows of Capital's Constitutive Social Forms" (PDF). crisiscritique.org. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-11-16.

[8] Murray، Patrick (مارس 2020). "The Illusion of the Economic: Social Theory without Social Forms". Critical Historical Studies. ج. 7 ع. 1: 19–27. DOI:10.1086/708005. ISSN:2326-4462. S2CID:219746578. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-11-19. "Bourgeois or capitalist production . . . is consequently for [Ricardo]," Marx writes, "not a specific definite mode of production, but simply the mode of production." [...] The illusion of the economic arises within what Marx calls the "bourgeois horizon," which trades in phenomenologically false bifurcations such as the purely subjective versus the purely objective, form versus content, forces versus relatisusons of production, the labor process versus the valorization process, distribution versus production, and more.

[:0-9] Peperell، Nicole. "Beyond reification: Reclaiming Marx's Concept of the Fetish Character of the Commodity" (PDF). Kontradikce: A Journal for Critical Thought. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-10-08. The critical edge of Marx's analysis does not derive, therefore, from any sort of declaration that this impersonal social relation does not exist, or is not 'truly' impersonal. Instead, it derives from the demonstration of how such a peculiar and counter-intuitive sort of social relation – one that possesses qualitative characteristics more normally associated with our interactions with non-social reality – comes to be unintentionally generated in collective practice.

[Poverty-10] "The Poverty of Philosophy - Chapter 2.1". www.marxists.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-25. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-09-16.

[11] Fareld، Victoria؛ Kuch، Hannes (2020)، From Marx to Hegel and Back، Bloomsbury Academic، ص. 182، DOI:10.5040/9781350082700.ch-001، ISBN:978-1-3500-8267-0، S2CID:213805975، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-17، اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-09-17

[FOOTNOTEPostone199344,192–216-12] Postone 1993، صفحات 44,192–216.

[Ruccio-13] Ruccio، David (10 ديسمبر 2020). "Toward a critique of political economy | MR Online". mronline.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-05-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-09-20. Second, Marx's concern is always with social and historical specificity, as against looking for or finding what others would consider being given and universal.

[14] "Economic Manuscripts: Engels' Review of Marx's Critique of Political Economy". www.marxists.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-29. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-10-12.

[15] "Marx's Critique of Classical Economics". www.marxists.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-10-02. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-10-02. These points made here by Marx are particularly important in view of the fact that it is almost a commonplace amongst those sympathetic to, as well as those hostile to, Marx to assume that he shared a basically similar value theory with that of his classical forerunners, namely a labour theory of value. I believe, however, this notion – of a 'labour theory of value' in Marx – is at best confusing and at worst quite wrong.

[RudaHamza-16] Ruda، Frank؛ Hamza، Agon (2016). "Introduction: Critique of Political Economy" (PDF). Crisis and Critique. ج. 3 ع. 3: 5–7. مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-11-16.

[igen1-17] ا ^ب "Läs kapitalet - igen" [Capital - again] (PDF). Fronesis. ج. 28: 12 (p.5 in the pdf). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-10-08. [His striving to develop a materialist ontology and a unitary theory, which could speak on all parts of reality, made a wider use for the schools and parties in the east which far into the sixties and seventies stood for different forms of worldview marxism.]

[Ramsay-18] Ramsay، Anders. "Marx? Which Marx? Marx's work and its history of reception". www.eurozine.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-11-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2021-09-16. During a second phase, a less "economistic" Marx emerged. The publication of the writings of the young Marx, above all the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, revealed a different Marx, one less preoccupied with technology, and less deterministic. It became possible to criticise "Marx through Marx", a critique which had particular importance in the eastern European state socialist systems.

[19] "Läs kapitalet - igen" [Read Capital - again] (PDF). Fronesis. ج. 28: 10 (p.3 in the pdf). مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 2021-10-08.

[20] O’Kane، Chris (29 يناير 2018). "On the Development of the Critique of Political Economy as a Critical Social Theory of Economic Objectivity: A Review of Critical Theory and the Critique of Political Economy by Werner Bonefeld". Historical Materialism. ج. 26 ع. 1: 175–193. DOI:10.1163/1569206X-12341552. ISSN:1465-4466. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2021-09-28. [...] a number of important critical- theoretical approaches to the critique of political economy [...] have been largely neglected in the anglophone world.

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نقد الاقتصاد السياسي

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