The African-American LGBT community, otherwise referred to as the Black American LGBT community, is part of the overall LGBT culture and overall African-American culture. The initialismLGBT stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender.
A landmark event for the LGBT community, and the Black LGBT community in particular, was the Stonewall uprising in 1969, in New York City's Greenwich Village, where Black activists including Stormé DeLarverie (who instigated the uprising) and Marsha P. Johnson (who was in the vanguard of the later pushback against the police) played key roles in the events.
Following Stonewall, the 1996 legal precedent Romer v. Evans also had a major impact. Ruling in favor of Romer, Justice Kennedy asserted in the case commentary that Colorado's state constitutional amendment denying LGBT people protection from discrimination "bore no purpose other than to burden LGB persons".[2] Advancements in public policy, social discourse, and public knowledge have assisted in the progression and coming out of many Black LGBT individuals. Statistics show an increase in accepting attitudes towards lesbians and gays among general society. A Gallup survey shows that acceptance rates went from 38% in 1992 to 52% in 2001.[3] However, when looking at the LGBT community through a racial lens, the Black community lacks many of these advantages.[4]
4.6% of African Americans self-identified as LGBT in 2016,[5] making them heavily over-represented in the LGBT community, compared to White Americans.[5] In 2012, African-Americans were more likely to identify themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender than any other racial or ethnic group in the United States.[6] African American men are particularly over-represented, being 50% more likely than white men to claim an LGBT identity.[7]
Surveys and research have shown that 80% of African-Americans say gays and lesbians endure discrimination compared to 61% of White Americans. Black members of the LGBT community are not only seen as "other" due to their race, but also due to their sexuality, so they sometimes face both racist and anti-LGBT rhetoric.[4][8][9]
The first African-American person known to describe himself as a drag queen was William Dorsey Swann, born enslaved in Hancock, Maryland. Swann was the first American on record who pursued legal and political action to defend the LGBT community's right to assemble.[10] During the 1880s and 1890s, Swann organized a series of drag balls in Washington, D.C. Swann was arrested in police raids numerous times, including in the first documented case of arrests for female impersonation in the United States, on April 12, 1888.[11]
Trans woman Lucy Hicks Anderson, born in 1886 in Waddy, Kentucky, lived her life serving as a domestic worker in her teen years, eventually becoming a socialite and madame in Oxnard, California, during the 1920s and 1930s. In 1945, she was tried in Ventura County for perjury and fraud for receiving spousal allotments from the military, as her dressing and presenting as a woman was considered masquerading. She lost this case but avoided a lengthy jail sentence, only to be tried again by the federal government shortly thereafter. She too lost this case, but she and her husband were sentenced to jail time. After serving their sentences, Lucy and her then husband, Ruben Anderson, relocated to Los Angeles, where they lived quietly until her death in 1954.[12]
The Stonewall riots began when butch lesbian Stormé DeLarverie fought back against the police who were violently brutalizing her. She was very adamant on not allowing the police to discriminate against LGBT people, especially anyone who she considered her family, specifically butch lesbians and street kids. She walked around with a hidden rifle and referred to herself as the "guardian of the lesbians in The Village." Even as an octogenarian she still felt it was her civic duty to protect anyone who she felt was in danger of being brutalized by the police. Oftentimes they would arrest people for violating the "three piece rule." A common law cited during arrests was "three articles," meaning that an individual had to be wearing at least three items of clothing that matched their assigned sex at birth. The police used these as grounds to arrest trans people on multiple occasions. It was still an active law up until recently in 2011 when it was finally repealed. DeLarverie was constantly being arrested for "impersonation of a male" because she was always dressed in masculine presenting clothing. During the '50s and '60s, any hint of homosexuality or gender deviance was grounds for arrest, losing your job and often your life. Stormé DeLarverie was a Black/biracial singer, drag king and MC, originally born and raised in New Orleans. She started singing in New Orleans clubs at 15, and soon after began touring around Europe, eventually landing in New York City and hosted at the Apollo Theater. After the uprising was underway, African-American drag queens Marsha P. Johnson and Zazu Nova were "in the vanguard" of the pushback against the police.
LGBT African Americans and Latinos were among the protestors, notably the LGBT youth and young adults who slept in nearby Christopher Park.[13][14]
It was a rebellion, it was an uprising, it was a civil rights disobedience – it wasn't no damn riot.
In 1979, the Lambda Student Alliance (LSA) was established at Howard University. It was the first openly black LGBT organization on a college campus.[16][17]
In 1989, Kimberlé Crenshaw coined the term "intersectionality," to show how different aspects of one's identity, including race, sexuality, gender, etc., combine to affect their life.[19]
On February 2, 2009, the first episode of RuPaul's Drag Race aired, normalizing and promoting drag, and winning many awards.[21]
On May 19, 2012, the NAACP passed a resolution in support of same-sex marriage.[22] That same month and year, President Obama became the first sitting president to openly support same-sex marriage.[23]
In 2013, the Black Lives Matter movement was established by three black women, two of whom identify as queer. From its inception, the founders of Black Lives Matter have always put black LGBT voices at the center of the conversation.[24]
In 2017, Moonlight, a black queer centric film, won several highly acclaimed awards.[25]
In 2018, the critically acclaimed TV show Pose premiered, which is the first to feature a predominately people of color LGBT cast on a mainstream channel.[citation needed]
"Ball culture", "drag ball culture", the "house-ballroom community", the "ballroom scene" or "ballroom culture" describes a young African-American and Latin American underground LGBTsubculture that originated in New York City, in which people "walk" (i.e., compete) for trophies, prizes, and glory at events known as balls. Ball culture consists of events that mix performance, dance, lip-syncing, and modeling.[29] Attendees dance, vogue, walk, pose, and support one another in numerous drag and performance competition categories. Categories are designed to simultaneously epitomize and satirize various genders and social classes, while also offering an escape from reality.[30][31]
The culture extends beyond the extravagant events as many participants in ball culture also belong to groups known as "houses," a longstanding tradition in LGBT communities, where chosen families of friends live in households together, forming relationships and community to replace families of origin from which they may be estranged.[30][31]
Stud
A stud is a term used for black lesbians who dress or are perceived as masculine.[32]
Voguing is a style of dance that arose from Harlemballroom cultures, as danced by African-American and Latino gay/trans people, from the early 1960s through the 1980s.[44] The drag competitions that began during this time eventually shifted from elaborate pageantry to vogue dance battles.[44] Inspired by the style of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and the famous images of models in Vogue magazine, voguing is characterized by striking a series of poses as if one is modeling for a photo shoot. Arm and leg movements are angular, linear, rigid, and move swiftly from one static position to another.[45]
Dance competitions often involved throwing "shade," or subtle insults directed at one another to impress the judges and the audience. The competition style was originally called "presentation" and later "performance."[46] Over the years, the dance evolved into the more intricate and acrobatic form that is now called "vogue".[4][47][48]
It has been asserted that the African-American community is largely homophobic.[49][50] Reasons for this include the image young, black males are expected to convey in the public sphere;[51] that homosexuality is seen as antithetical to being black in the African-American community;[52][53][54][55] and the high association of the African-American community with the church in the United States.[56]
African Americans disagree with LGBT civil liberties more than their white counterparts; some theorize this is because of conservative churches' role in advocating for African-American civil liberties and that this advocacy has expanded into the LGBT population.[57] African-American LGBT people tend to identify more with their racial/ethnic category rather than their sexual orientation as a main identity reference group. Black LGBT people are often hesitant about revealing their sexuality to their friends and families because of homosexuality's incompatibility with cultural gender roles.[58]
In addition to facing discrimination for being black from outside their racial community, Black LGBTQ people have to deal with discrimination for being LGBTQ from inside their religious community, a.k.a the black church.[59] The black church is often noted as a pillar of the black community.[59]
Due to the history of slavery in the United States, black people were often denied the freedom to choose their sexual partners.[59] Sticking to these heteronormative ideas set by slave owners fostered a notion of "respectability politics".[59] Specifically, to be respected, one must not stray from typical gender and sexuality.[59] Additionally, the black church continued to emphasize heterosexual marriage.[59] Despite the emphasis of "personal freedom and social justice" in the black church, members tend to stick to this conservative family view, which is "linked to intolerance of gays and lesbians".[60]
Studies have found that Black LGBTQ individuals raised around homophobic themes developed increased internalized homonegativity.[61] Additionally, being exposed to homophobic imagery impacts the mental development of Black LGBTQ youth.[61]
Education
Education has an impact on homophobic attitudes and views of sexuality within the Black community.[62] This follows a nationwide trend; more educated people are likely to be more accepting of non-heterosexual sexuality. Better education typically means less affiliation to conservative religions or denominations, which limits the influence of socially conservative ideas.[63]
Barack Obama acknowledged homophobia within the African-American community and said; "If we are honest with ourselves, we'll acknowledge that our own community has not always been true to Martin Luther King's vision of a beloved community ... We have scorned our gay brothers and sisters instead of embracing them".[64]
Hip hop has long been one of the least LGBT-friendly genres of music, with a significant body of the genre containing homophobic views and anti-gay lyrics.[65] Attitudes towards homosexuality in hip hop culture have historically been negative. Gay slurs like "no homo", and "pause" can be heard in hip hop lyrics from the industry's biggest stars.[66] According to the Los Angeles Times, these slurs were used to put "queerness as a punchline".[66] Artists like Lil Nas X and Kevin Abstract have been changing the face of hip-hop to make it more inclusive. On March 9, 2021, Lil Nas X released the song and music video for the song "Montero." Both the song and music video depict the struggles of being gay while within a homophobic culture and society.[67]
Economic disparities
The current federal law, that is enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, prohibits employment discrimination. The federal law specifies no discrimination because of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or genetic information. The current federal law does not specify sexual orientation. There is legislation currently being proposed to congress known as the ENDA (Employment Non-Discrimination Act) that would include hindering discrimination based on sexual orientation, too. Most recently, the Equality Act would do this as well. However, current policies do not protect sexual orientation and affect the employment rates as well as LGBT individual's incomes and overall economic status. The Black population in the United States of America as of the 2010 consensus is 14,129,983 people.[68] Out of that, it is estimated that 4.60 percent of the black population identify as LGBT.
Within the Black LGBT community many face economic disparities and discrimination. Statistically black LGBT individuals are more likely to be unemployed than their non-black counterparts. According to the Williams Institute, the vast difference lies in the survey responses of "not in workforce" from different populations geographically. Black LGBT individuals, nonetheless, face the dilemma of marginalization in the job market. As of 2013, same-sex couples' income is lower than those in heterosexual relationships with an average of $25,000 income.[69]
For opposite-sex couples, statistics show a $1,700 increase. Analyzing economic disparities on an intersectional level (gender and race), a black man is likely to receive a higher income than a woman. For men, statistics shows approximately a $3,000 increase from the average income for all black LGBT identified individuals, and a $6,000 increase in salary for same-sex male couples.[69]
Female same-sex couples receive $3,000 less than the average income for all black LGBT individuals and approximately $6,000 less than their male counterparts. (Look at Charts below) The income disparity among black LGBT families affects the lives of their dependents, contributing to poverty rates. Children growing up in low-income households are more likely to remain in the poverty cycle. Due to economic disparities in the black LGBT community, 32% of children raised by gay black men are in poverty. However, only 13% of children raised by heterosexual black parents are in poverty and only 7% for white heterosexual parents.
Median Incomes for African American Individuals[69]
Chart of unemployment percentages of couples and single African American individuals.[69]
Comparatively looking at gender, race, and sexual orientation, black women same-sex couples are likely to face more economic disparities than black women in an opposite sex relationship. Black women in same-sex couples earn $42,000 compared to black women in opposite-sex relationships who earn $51,000, a twenty-one percent increase in income. Economically, black women same-sex couples are also less likely to be able to afford housing. Approximately fifty percent of black women same-sex couples can afford to buy housing compared to white women same-sex couples who have a seventy-two percent rate in home ownership.[70]
Black transgender people
Black transgender individuals face higher rates of discrimination than black gay, lesbian and bisexual individuals. While policies have been implemented to inhibit discrimination based on gender identity, transgender individuals of color lack legal support. Transgender individuals are still not supported by legislation and policies like the wider LGBT community is. New reports show vast discrimination to the black transgender community. Reports show in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey that black transgender individuals, along with gender non-conforming individuals, have high rates of poverty.[45]
Statistics shows a 34% rate of households receiving an income less than $10,000 a year. According to the data, that is twice the rate when looking at transgender individuals of all races and four times higher than the general black population. Many face poverty due to discrimination and bias when trying to purchase a home or apartment. 38% of black trans individuals report in the Discrimination Survey being turned down property due to their gender identity. 31% of the black individuals were evicted due to their identity.[45]
Black transgender individuals also face disparities in education, employment, and health. In education, black transgender and non-conforming persons face brutish environments while attending school. Reporting rates show 49% of black transgender individuals being harassed from kindergarten to twelfth grade. Physical assault rates are at 27% percent, and sexual assault is at 15%. These drastically high rates have an effect on the mental health of black transgender individuals.[45]
As a result of high assault/harassment and discrimination, suicide rates are at the same rate (49%) as harassment to black transgender individuals. Employment discrimination rates are similarly higher. Statistics show a 26% rate of unemployed black transgender and non-conforming persons. Many black trans people have lost their jobs or have been denied jobs due to gender identity: 32% are unemployed, and 48% were denied jobs.[45]
Black lesbian culture and identity
Black lesbian identity
There has historically been a lot of racism and racial segregation in lesbian spaces.[71] Racial and class divisions sometimes made it difficult for black and white women to see themselves as on the same side in the feminist movement.[72] Black women faced misogyny from within the black community even during the fight for black liberation. Homophobia was also pervasive in the black community during the Black Arts Movement because "feminine" homosexuality was seen as undermining black power.[73]
Black lesbians especially struggled with the stigma they faced within their own community.[72] With unique experiences and often very different struggles, black lesbians have developed an identity that is more than the sum of its parts – black, lesbian, and woman.[74] Some individuals may rank their identities separately, seeing themselves as black first, woman second, lesbian third, or some other permutation of the three; others see their identities as inextricably interwoven.
Gender roles and presentation
The gender relations perspective is a sociological theory which proposes that gender is not just a state of being but rather a system of behavior created through interactions with others, generally to fill various necessary social roles.[71] Same-sex-attracted individuals are just as impacted by the societally reinforced need for these 'gendered' roles as heterosexuals are. Within black lesbian communities, gender presentation is often used to indicate the role an individual can be expected to take in a relationship, though many may also simply prefer the presentation for its own sake, assigning less significance to its association with certain behaviors or traits. According to sociologist Mignon Moore, because black lesbians generally existed "outside" of the predominantly white feminist movement of the 1960s and 70s, the community was less affected by the non-black lesbian community's increased emphasis on androgyne as a rejection of "heterosexual" gender norms.[72]
Instead, they adapted the existing butch/femme dichotomy to form three main categories:
The terms stud or aggressive (AG) was used to refer to more masculine-presenting lesbians. Stud fashion is generally more in-line with trends popular among black men, rather than the styles typical to non-black butches.
Individuals now commonly called stems – whom Moore referred to as "gender blenders" – differed from androgynous lesbians by combining aspects of both masculinity and femininity instead of de-emphasizing them.
Black fems were generally more consistent with white femmes in their feminine expression, though in the modern day, their styles also often align more with the fashion of other black women.
Health disparities
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(June 2017)
Black LGBT individuals face many health risks due to discriminatory policies and behaviors in medicine. Due to lack of medical coverage and adequate medical treatment, many are faced with heath risks. There is no current legislation fully protecting LGBT individuals from discrimination in the public sphere concerning health care. President Barack Obama has recently written a memo to the Department of Health and Human Services to enact regulations on discrimination of gay and transgender individuals receiving Medicare and Medicaid, as well as to permit full hospital visitation rights to same-sex couples and their families. The United States of Housing and Urban Development proposed policies that would allow access and eligibility to core programs regardless of sexual orientation and gender identity.[75] The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is currently working to be inclusive, as courts have recently passed interpretation of the ACA to prohibit discrimination against transgender individuals and gender non-conforming persons.
HIV/AIDS
One of the major concerns in the Black LGBT community are the high rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and one of the most problematic STDs impacting the Black LGBT community are HIV/AIDS. In 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) predicted 50% of Black LGBT men will contract HIV in their lifetime which is the highest predicted rate among any racial group of men.[76] Black people account for 44% of new HIV infections in both adults and adolescents. For Black LGBT men, 70% of the population accounts for new HIV infections for both adults and adolescents. The rates of HIV for Black LGBT men are notably higher than their non-black counterparts.[77] The high infection rates are caused by a high lack of usage of antiretroviral therapy among Black LGBT men.[78]
Black trans women also have a high likelihood of contracting HIV/AIDS in the U.S. In a 2021 CDC study, 62% of Black trans women surveyed had contracted HIV/AIDs which was the highest rate for any demographic group. Black trans women have a high likelihood of contracting HIV/AIDs mainly due to their high participation in sex work.[79] There are several prominent HIV/AIDs control and prevention programs that focuses on helping and educating Black LGBT people.[80][81]
Mental Health
Black LGBTQ individuals are disproportionately affected by mental illness compared to other LGBTQ people.[82] Black LGBTQ individuals are also more likely to experience poor mental health than Black heterosexual people.[83] Although researchers have stated a need for more research in this area, several studies have shown links between the minority stress that comes from belonging to these two marginalized groups and mental illnesses such as anxiety or depression.[82]
This occurs for reasons such as difficulty navigating their communities and similarly a lack of acceptance.[84] Research tends to show that the less social support Black LGBTQ individuals receive, the higher chance that they will report symptoms of depression.[84] Additionally, LGB Black people reported higher rates of "suicidal ideation, suicide planning and substance use than Black heterosexual participants."[83] These trends were observed even stronger for emerging adults in the Black LGBTQ community, as they have to cope with the stress of adulthood along with their sexual and racial identity.[82][84] Research also suggests a link between general and cyber based victimisation in these low mental health outcomes for young Black LGBTQ people.[83]
In addition to being disproportionately affected by mental illnesses, Black LGBTQ people were among the least likely to pursue mental health services.[82] This was due to multiple factors such as care providers' lack of proficiency in treating patients with sexual identity and racial identity struggles.[82][83][84] Additionally, due to these disparities being rooted in systematic racism, large-scale "structural and systematic interventions" are needed to address these poor mental health outcomes.[83]
Queen Sugar, a critically acclaimed show about the black experience in America that ran from 2016 to 2022, depicted several Black LGBT characters, including one of the first trans male characters to be played by a transgender actor on television.[86]
In 2018, the critically acclaimed TV show Pose premiered. It is the first to feature a predominately people of color LGBT cast on a mainstream channel.
Adodi is one of the oldest Black gay organizations in the United States. It was founded by Clifford Rawlins.
National
Association of Black Gays
1975–1979
The ABG was a radical gay activist group that used education, political engagement, and grassroots activism to improve conditions for the city's African American gays and lesbians.[87]
At The Beach, Los Angeles (ATBLA) is the organization that promotes and administers the Los Angeles Black gay pride.
Los Angeles, CA
Arkansas Black Gay Men's Forum
Arkansas Black Gay Men's Forum's mission is to empower, uplift and unite same-gender-loving men through interactive dialogue on pressing economic, health, and social issues.
Atlanta Black Pride is the largest official black gay pride event in the world and one of two officially recognized festivals for the African-American LGBT community in the US.
A non-profit charitable organization founded in 1999 by Phill Wilson to promote awareness and prevent the spread of HIV and AIDS by targeting African American communities.
The oldest and largest community-based movement in the U.S. devoted to promoting healthy self-concept and behavior, cultural affirmation, and critical consciousness among SGL, gay-identified and bisexual African-descended males and their allies.
National
Brave Space Alliance
2017–present
The first Black-led, trans-led LGBT Center located on the South Side of Chicago.[89]
Brother to Brother organization was a support group for the Black Community of and by gay Black men exclusively. They produced a newsletter called "Brothers."[91]
The Center for Black Equity (known until 2012 as International Federation of Black Prides) is a coalition of Black gay pride organizers formed to promote a multinational network of LGBT/SGL (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender/Same Gender Loving) Prides and community-based organizations.
National
Colours
1991–present
Colours started as a social justice magazine centered on the Black LGBTQ community. It has since become a community organization, funded mainly through the Philadelphia Department of Health. It provides space, hosts programming, and offers sexual health resources.[92][93]
Created during the World Gay Conference in Washington, DC, the committee was interested in creating a national network for and by Black gay men. They held a national conference in Atlanta in 1980.[47]
National
Counter Narrative Project (CNP)
2014–present
The Counter Narrative Project uses education, advocacy, and community mobilization to raise awareness about and support the city's community of Black gay men.[94]
Deviant is an organization focused on creating inclusive circuit parties for queer men of color. Deviant also promotes and facilitate forums and conversations focused on uplifting the queer men of color community.[95]
D.C. (District of Columbia) Black Pride is the first official black gay pride event in the United States and one of two officially recognized festivals for the African-American LGBT community.
Dallas Black Pride (also known as Dallas Southern Pride) is an annual five-day event to celebrate the emerging black LGBT community in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex.
Gaye Magazine is a digital news, entertainment, fashion and lifestyle publication dedicated to providing underrepresented groups (primarily African-Americans) within the LGBTQ community more limelight in mainstream media.[96]
Co-founded by Derrick Hicks, The Greater Chicago Committee was a social organization with a civic mission for African American gay men and lesbians.[97]
HBGC works to inspire and empower Latinos, Hispanic and Black LGBT individuals to improve their livelihood through activism, education, community outreach, and counseling.[98]
Ladies at Play is one of the most well-known facilitators of black lesbian social events which include various types of parties, bike rides, game nights, book club meetings, fitness camps, and speed dating.[99]
LGBT Detroit is a Michigan nonprofit organization serving the African American lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) population of Detroit, and nearby communities
The Foundation advocates for the Black LGBTQ community in Chicago. Intersectional community caucuses bring issues to leadership and a direct action organizing group works to address them.[100]
The two major goals of the Boston chapter of MACT were to continue combating racism, particularly within the LGBT community, while simultaneously fighting to end homophobia in society as a whole
The National Coalition of Black Lesbians and Gays (formerly The National Coalition of Black Gays) was the United States' first national organization for African American and Third Worldgay rights.
The Okra Project is an American grassroots mutual aid collective that provides support to black trans, non-binary, and gender-nonconforming people. The organization is based in New York City.
POCC provided HIV/AIDS prevention and intervention efforts to Black men and women. The organization notably evaluated and demonstrated the efficacy of the Many Men, Many Voices (3MV) intervention among black men who have sex with men (MSM).[103]
Pomo Afro Homos, short for "Postmodern African American Homosexuals" and founded by Brian Freeman, Eric Gupton and Djola Branner was part comedy, part performance art, part activism.[104]
The Salsa Soul Sisters, Third World Wimmin Inc Collective is a group for lesbians who are also womanists and women of color, in New York City. The group is the oldest black lesbian organization in the United States.
Splash is considered the official annual Black LGBT pride celebration in the Houston area. At its peak, the event saw nearly 10,000 Black LGBT people from around the world patronizing events in Houston and Galveston Beach. The first predominately Black Splash was held in 1988 but it was officially trademarked and rebranded in 1995.[105][106]
^Crenshaw, Kimberle (2013). "Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis". University of Chicago Press. 38: 784–810 – via JSTOR.
^ abStuart, Baker (January 1, 2011). Voguing and the house ballroom scene of New York City 1989–92. Soul Jazz Records. ISBN9780955481765. OCLC863223074.
^Green, Jonathon (2006). Cassell's Dictionary of Slang. Sterling Publishing. p. 893. ISBN978-0-304-36636-1. Retrieved 2008-03-19. down low n. [1990s+] (US Black) a state of secrecy. down low adj. [1990s+] () covert, secret (i.e. keeping a low profile)
^Fields, Errol Lamont (2009). Racial identity, masculinity and homosexuality in the lives of young Black men who have sex with men: Implications for HIV risk (Thesis). p. 203. ProQuest304913731.
^ ab"A Brief History of Voguing". The National Museum of African American History & Culture. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
^ abcdeGrant, Jaime; Mottet, Lisa; Tanis, Justin; Harrison, Jack; Herman, Jody; Keisling, Mara (2011). "Injustice at Every Turn"(PDF). National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2015-05-06. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^Jackson, Jonathan David (Autumn 2002). "The Social World of Voguing"(PDF). Journal for the Anthropological Study of Human Movement. 12 (2): 26–42. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2015-12-28. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
^Mitchell, Travis (2021-02-16). "7. Gender, sexuality and religion". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
^Buttaro, A. Jr.; Battle, J. (2012). "More Than Meets the Eye: An Ecological Perspective on Homophobia within the Black America". Black Women, Gender + Families. 6 (1): 1–22. doi:10.5406/blacwomegendfami.6.1.0001. S2CID37805786.
^Bridges, S.K.; Selvidge, M.M.D.; Matthews, C.R. (2003). "Lesbian women of color: Therapeutic issues and challenges". Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development. 31 (2): 113–130. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2003.tb00537.x.
^Harris, A. C. (2010). Sex, Stigma, and the Holy Ghost: The Black Church and the Construction of AIDS in New York City. Journal of African American Studies,14(1), 21–43.
^ abKennedy, Gerrick D. (July 31, 2019). "Lil Nas X came out, but has hip-hop? A macho culture faces a crossroads". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2019-08-01. ...d one would be hard pressed to not find a gay slur embedded in the lyrics of any of the genre's most famous architects. In fact, an entire lexicon dedicated to pointing out discomfort with gay men has permeated rap lyrics. Slang such as "sus" and "No homo" and "Pause" that use queerness as a punchline have been thrown around casually for years.
^Dang, Alain; Frazer, Somjen (December 2005). "Black Same-Sex Households in the United States"(PDF). National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute National Black Justice Coalition. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
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Bộ SẻThời điểm hóa thạch: Thế Eocen-Gần đây, 52.5–0 triệu năm trước đây TiềnЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Chiều kim đồng hồ từ góc phải trên: chim mặt trời Palestine (Cinnyris osea), giẻ cùi lam (Cyanocitta cristata), sẻ nhà (Passer domesticus), bạc má lớn (Parus mmajor), quạ đội mũ trùm đầu (Corvus cornix), rồng rộc mặt nạ phương Nam (Ploceus velatus)Tiếng hót của chim hồng tước tiên vương miện tím (…
Airlangga Hartarto Ketua Umum Partai Golkar ke-11PetahanaMulai menjabat 4 Desember 2019[1] PendahuluSetya NovantoPenggantiPetahanaMenteri Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian Indonesia ke-17PetahanaMulai menjabat 23 Oktober 2019PresidenJoko Widodo PendahuluDarmin NasutionPenggantiPetahanaMenteri Perindustrian Indonesia ke-25Masa jabatan27 Juli 2016 – 20 Oktober 2019PresidenJoko Widodo PendahuluSaleh HusinPenggantiAgus Gumiwang KartasasmitaAnggota Dewan Perwakila…
I cento passiPoster Film Asli untuk I cento passiSutradaraMarco Tullio GiordanaProduserFabrizio Mosca (produser) Guido Simonetti (produser alur)Ditulis olehClaudio FavaMarco Tullio GiordanaMonica ZapelliPemeranLuigi Lo CascioLuigi Maria BurruanoLucia SardoPaolo BrigugliaTony SperandeoSinematograferRoberto ForzaStefano ParadisoPenyuntingRoberto MissiroliTanggal rilis1 September 2000 (Italia)Durasi114 menitNegaraItaliaBahasaItaliaSisilia One Hundred Steps (Bahasa Italia: I cento passi) adalah sebu…
Cupressaceae Cupressus sempervirens Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae Divisi: Pinophyta Kelas: Pinopsida Ordo: Pinales Famili: CupressaceaeBartlett[1] Subfamili[2] Cunninghamhioideae Taiwanioideae Athrotaxidoideae Sequoioideae Taxodioideae Callitroideae Cupressoideae Incertae sedis: †Mesocyparis †Cunninghamites Cupressaceae adalah sebuah keluarga tumbuhan runjung, keluarga saru, dengan persebaran di seluruh dunia. Keluarga tersebut meliputi 27–30 genera (17 monotipik), y…
Prosopocera gahani Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Genus: Prosopocera Spesies: Prosopocera gahani Prosopocera gahani adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang berasal dari famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Prosopocera, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia. Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu …
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Google TrafficBerkas:Google Traffic screenshot.pngURLmaps.google.comTipeWeb mappingRegistration (en)NoLangueMultilingualBagian dariGoogle Maps PemilikGoogleService entry (en)28 Februari 2007; 17 tahun lalu (2007-02-28)[1]KeadaanActiveGoogle …
County in Colorado, United States County in ColoradoEl Paso CountyCountyEl Paso County Justice Center FlagSealLocation within the U.S. state of ColoradoColorado's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 38°50′N 104°31′W / 38.84°N 104.52°W / 38.84; -104.52Country United StatesState ColoradoFoundedNovember 1, 1861Named forSpanish name for The PassSeatColorado SpringsLargest cityColorado SpringsArea • Total2,130 sq mi (5,500 km2)…
Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Lembayung (disambiguasi). Lembayung Phlox subulata Koordinat warnaTriplet hex#6A0DADsRGBB (r, g, b)(106, 13, 173)CMYKH (c, m, y, k)(39, 92, 0, 32)HSV (h, s, v)(275°, 92%, 68%)SumberWarna webB: Dinormalkan ke [0–255] (bita)H: Dinormalkan ke [0–100] (ratusan) Lembayung adalah jenis warna antara ungu dan patma. Lembayung dalam bahasa Inggris dinamakan purple dan berasal dari bahasa Latin purpura. Lihat p…
Mix 106.5Wilayah siarSydneyMerekMix 106.5SloganSydney's #1 Hit Music StationFrekuensi106.5 MHz FMMulai mengudaraApril 1994FormatMainstream CHR (pop, rock, Hip/Hop)Pancaran daya efektif150,000 wattKetinggian di atas medan224 m[1]Koordinat transmisi33°48′20″S 151°10′51″E / 33.80556°S 151.18083°E / -33.80556; 151.18083Kode panggil sebelumnya2UW (hingga April 1994)PemilikAustralian Radio Network Mix 106.5 (kode panggil resmi: 2WFM) adalah sebuah stasiun ra…
The Woman Who RanPoster filmNama lainHangul도망친 여자 Alih Aksara yang Disempurnakandomangchin yeoja SutradaraHong Sang-sooProduserHong Sang-sooDitulis olehHong Sang-sooPemeranKim Min-heeSeo Young-hwaSong Seon-mi Kim Sae-byukPenata musikHong Sang-sooSinematograferKim Su-minPenyuntingHong Sang-sooPerusahaanproduksiJeonwonsa Film Co.Tanggal rilis 25 Februari 2020 (2020-02-25) (Berlin) Durasi77 menit[1]NegaraKorea SelatanBahasaKorea The Woman Who Ran (Hangul:&…
Court case relating to January 6 Capitol attack Thompson v. TrumpCourtUnited States District Court for the District of ColumbiaFull case nameBennie G. Thompson, et al v. Donald J. Trump et al Citation(s)No. 1:21-cv-00400Court membershipJudge(s) sittingAmit Mehta Thompson v. Trump is an ongoing federal civil case filed in February 2021 on behalf of U.S. House Representative Bennie Thompson against former U.S. president Donald Trump. The lawsuit claims that Trump and others conspired to incite the…
كونتيسة باري جين بيكو (بالفرنسية: Jeanne Bécu, Comtesse du Barry) مدام دو باري بريشة إليزابيث لويز فيغ لوبرون معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة (بالفرنسية: Jeanne Bécu) الميلاد 19 أغسطس 1743 [1][2][3] الوفاة 8 ديسمبر 1793 (50 سنة) [4][1][3] باريس سبب الوفاة قطع الرأس مواطن…
Ny-Friesland is a peninsula located at the northern side of Spitsbergen, between Wijdefjorden and Hinlopen Strait. Newtontoppen, the highest mountain of Svalbard, is located at Ny-Friesland Ny-Friesland is the land area between Wijdefjorden and Hinlopen Strait on Spitsbergen, Svalbard.[1] The area is named after the Dutch province of Friesland.[2] References ^ Henriksen, Petter (ed.). Ny-Friesland. Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 13 Novemb…
Puerto Rican guitarist and songwriter Omar Rodriguez redirects here. For other people with the same name, see Omar Rodríguez (disambiguation). Omar Rodríguez-LópezRodríguez-López in 2011Background informationBirth nameOmar Alfredo Rodríguez-LópezBorn (1975-09-01) September 1, 1975 (age 48)Bayamón, Puerto RicoOriginEl Paso, Texas, U.S.Genres Progressive rock[1][2] post-hardcore[3] experimental rock jazz fusion Occupation(s) Musician record producer filmmaker I…
25°22′52″N 83°01′17″E / 25.3811°N 83.0214°E / 25.3811; 83.0214 Sarnath Pemandangan Sarnath, India.Stupa Dhamek, Sarnath Sarnath Negara Bagian Uttar Pradesh Koordinat 25°22′52″N 83°01′17″E / 25.3811°N 83.0214°E / 25.3811; 83.0214 Luas Zona waktu IST (UTC+5:30) Populasi - Kepadatan - Ziarah keTempat-tempat suciBuddhisme Empat Tempat Utama Lumbinī Buddhagayā Isipatana Kusinārā Empat Tempat Tambahan Raj…