The Bocskai uprising, known in Hungary as Bocskai's War of Independence (Hungarian: Bocskai szabadságharc, Bocskai-felkelés) was a revolt which took place in Hungary, Transylvania and modern Slovakia during the Long Turkish War (between 1604 and 1606) against Emperor Rudolf II. The rebel leader was Stephen Bocskai, a Protestant Hungarian nobleman. The Ottoman wars had burdened the Kingdom of Hungary for years, causing famine and disease, and the armies of the Christian states had been weakened by losses to Ottoman and Tatar forces.
Rudolf II persecuted the Protestants, and the wealthy Hungarian noblemen were falsely accused of treason. Bocskai organized the revolt and persuaded the Hungarian military Hajduks to join, defeating the imperial forces and foreign mercenaries. The Hungarian nobility, soldiers and peasants (including the minorities) joined Bocskai's Hajduk army. Although he was supported by the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate, Moldavia, Transylvania, he prevented an Ottoman siege of Vienna. Bocskai was declared Prince of Transylvania and Hungary, but recognized that total Hungarian independence impossible against the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. He blazed a political trail for his supporters: the preservation of an independent Transylvania, a potential base for the unification of Hungary.
Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1556, had centralized the military and finances of the Habsburg Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary (which had lost territory) was governed by the Hofkriegsrat, the Hofkammer [de], the Hofkanzlei and the Secret Council, based in Vienna. The border fortress system was imported from Vienna during the 16th century. Pozsony and Szepes (Spiš) were governed from Vienna, and the Court Chamber (Hofkammer) had no Hungarian members.
Complaints in the national parliaments included the behavior of foreign officials and mercenaries and the fact that the Habsburgs spent little time in Hungary. Rudolf moved his residence from Vienna to Prague in 1583; it was safer from the Ottomans, but further from Hungary. After the 1562 death of PalatineTamás Nádasdy, his position remained vacant until 1608.
Prelude
In 1591, the Long Turkish War began. The Habsburg Monarchy (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Croatia, and Moravia) joined the Transylvanian and Ottoman vassal states of Moldavia and Wallachia. Several European states also sent troops to Hungary. The Papal State primarily recruited foreign Walloon and Italian mercenaries for the war. The Habsburg and Spanish kings also employed Walloon mercenaries in addition to German, Italian and Spanish soldiers.[1]
The Christian forces suppressed the Ottomans early in the war until the Battle of Keresztes (1596), when they were defeated. The war then dragged on, wearing out Hungary, Transylvania, and Croatia. The Habsburgs spent their military budget, and the unpaid mercenaries (particularly the Walloons) ventured into Hungary and Transylvania. The Tatar auxiliary of the Ottoman army wrought havoc in Hungary, and several thousand men died of hunger and disease.[2]
The Long Turkish War's effects on Transylvanian domestic policy
With minor clashes escalating along the border, the Long Turkish War began as early as 1591. More serious combat took place in 1593, when Sultan Murad III nullified the 1568 Treaty of Adrianople and declared war on the Habsburgs. Although the sultan called on Zsigmond Báthory to join the Ottoman army, he decided to join the anti-Ottoman league on the advice of his uncle Stephen Bocskai (captain of Várad, present-day Oradea) and the Jesuit priest Alonso Carrillo. Most of the Transylvanian Assembly feared that Turkish troops would loot Transylvania before the Christian army arrived, however, and the prince's plan was not adopted. Zsigmond Báthory resigned from the principality in the summer of 1594 in favor of his cousin, Boldizsár Báthory, who represented the Turks.
Bocskai began working behind the scenes to reverse this. After visiting the prince's trustees, he asked for soldiers. The Assembly of Kolozsvár passed a resolution dissolving the Turkish alliance and supporting the emperor. On orders from Sigismund, the opposition lords, the prince (Boldizsár Báthory), his cousin, chancellor Farkas Kovacsóczy, councilor Sándor Kendy (father-in-law of Boldizsár Báthory and Farkas Kovacsóczy), Ferenc Kendy (brother of Sándor János Kendy), Gábor Kendy Gergely and László Szalánczy from Branyicska were captured and executed. Others were imprisoned because prince Sigismund Bathory had pardoned János Gerendi, Albert Lónyai, György Szalánczi and Boldizsár Szilvásy.[3]
The war was indecisive, and the Kingdom of Hungary was destroyed by German and Walloon mercenaries. Transylvania suffered the most from the war, which became a long-term civil war as a result of Zsigmond (Sigismund) Báthory's repeated resignations and returns. Rudolf appointed Michael the BraveVoivode of Transylvania; Michael overthrew the principality, briefly uniting Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia under one single ruler. Rudolf allowed him to be assassinated, replacing him with general Giorgio Basta.[4]
The financial problems of the Habsburg Empire
At the turn of the 17th century, the Long Turkish War led to the empire accumulating millions of Rhine forints in annual debt. In some years of the 15-year war,[5] expenditures were five million forints; this created annual budget deficits of 800,000 to 1.5 million forints, which could only be resolved with credit. Annual revenue during the 1570s was 2–2.5 million Rhine forints, and the debt was sometimes 1,500 percent of that. Rudolf, his advisors and nobility tried to alleviate the fiscal problems by confiscating the property of the Hungarian aristocracy. Infringement (high treason) and betrayal lawsuits were brought against the wealthiest Hungarian barons and families, usually with the loss of property and goods. The idea originated with local Catholic priests, whose targets were Protestant. Legal proceedings were even brought against soldiers in the Long Turkish War: Sigismund Rákóczi, Tamás Nádasdy, Mihály Telekessy, and the Alaghy, Balassa, Drugeth and Kállay families from Homonna. The first verdict was handed down in March 1603 in the case of Istvan Illésházy, whose castles and estates were confiscated; however, he escaped to Poland.[6]
Religion conflict
Unlike Emperor Maximilian I, who was tolerant of Protestants, Rudolf II supported the enforced conversion of Protestants to the Catholic faith. The Counter-Reformation began in the Habsburg Austrian and Styrian provinces (where Lutheranism was dominant) and Hungary (where Calvinism prevailed, although the cities of Upper Hungary were Lutheran). During the Long Turkish War, Rudolf turned Protestant churches over to Catholics.[7][8]
Gabriel Bethlen's letter
Gabriel Bethlen wrote to ask Stephen Bocskai to lead them against the illegitimate king. On behalf of those who fled to Turkish territory, Bethlen encouraged Bocskai to spearhead an anti-Habsburg uprising with the prospect of a Turkish alliance. Bocskai had a key position when he supported his nephew Sigismund Báthory and was a battle-hardened leader. Their correspondence was intercepted by Giovan Giacomo Barbiano di Belgioioso, captain of Kassa. Bocskai had to hire former Hajduks to defend himself from an imperial attempt to prevent his arrest for treason and save his property from consfication.[9]
Uprising
Beginning
Some of Bocskai's men betrayed him[10] about Turkish relations. Cyprian Concini (vice-captain of Varad) made a deal with him; Concini reported it to Giovan Giacomo Barbiano di Belgioioso, who ordered Bocskai to his camp in Rakamaz.[11] The traitors (Szentjobb captain Ferenc Székely, judge Dáz Lázár Posgai, and István Fráter) handed Szentjobb to Concini. The following day, Concini attacked Bocskai's fortress in Nagykereki. Bocskai had recruited 300 Hajduks; the Hajduks of Kölesér and the castle soldiers under the command of Örvéndy formed the core of his army, and many others served under Belgioioso.
Bocskai resisted, retreating two days later with considerable losses before the emperor's three-column army. Several Hajduk captains in Belgioioso's army (Balázs Lippai, Ferenc Ibrányi, Mihály Dengeleghy, Mátyás Szénássy, and Balázs Németi) were willing to change sides.[12] One of the three imperial columns, led by Colonel Pezzen, joined Belgioioso's main army. The decisive battle of the first phase of the campaign took place at night in the woods between Álmosd[13] and Diószeg. Bocskai encountered Pezzen's loose, stretched column of infantry, cavalry and cannons.
Bocskai's men surrounded Varad, but had few supplies. Belgioioso retreated towards Tokaj,[14][15] and many of his soldiers had deserted.[16]
Intervention of Giorgio Basta
Giorgio Basta, whose armies had successfully fought the Ottomans, marched from Esztergom against Bocskai's insurgents.[17] Balázs Németi attacked him with his soldiers and peasant insurgents at Osgyán, but had been captured and executed by Basta.[18]
After his victory in Osgyán, Basta marched to Edelény and the valley near Ládbesenyő; he was surrounded by Bocskai's armies and Turkish auxiliary troops. Although Basta burned his supplies, but two days later he found a weak link[19] in the direction of Kassa.[20] Kassa, defended by Miklós Segnyei's Hajduks, repelled him. Basta then marched to Eperjes, where he remained until April 1605.[21]
Spreading across Hungary
Bocskai realized that he could not win in battle, but he could cut his opponent's supply lines. Headquartered in Kassa, he carefully organized his army, dissolved opposition from the Hajduks, serfs and nobility, and formulated plans for the operation with Ferenc Rhédey.[22][23] Balazs Lippai killed many mercenaries and civilians, and Bocskai had him assassinated in January 1605.[24]
Basta broke out of Eperjes once before April 1605,[25] but found no opposition; he strengthened Tokaj (which remained loyal to the emperor) with food and ammunition, before retreating back to Eperjes. In early spring, he realized that he could not regain Hungary and retreated to Pozsony.[26][27]
In May 1605, Gergely Némethy's Hajduks began to conquer the Transdanubian castles. They soon reached the Sopron–Kőszeg defensive line and, reinforced by Turkish auxiliaries, ventured into Austria. Némethy unsuccessfully tried to enlist Styrian and Croatian troops. The region had a tradition of anti-Turkish sentiment due to the devastation brought by Akinji raids, and Némethy was unable to conquer the western cities protecting Vienna. Although imperial troops in Western Transdanubia counterattacked in September, Némethy held back a significant force.
The emperor's armies counterattacked in the districts of Komárom, Érsekújvár and Esztergom, and Mátyás Somogyi transferred his three thousand western-Hungarian troops to the imperial side. Most of the country's fortresses, however, were captured by the insurgents.
A battle for Transylvania began in October; Szatmar was besieged, falling to the insurgents at the end of January after the imperial supply line was cut. László Gyulaffy was Bocskai's first governor of the region until his death the following July. On February 21, 1605, Bocskai was elected Prince of Transylvania by the Szekelys and the county nobility in Nyárádszereda.The Serbian and Romanian soldiers in the imperial pay were defeated by the Szekelys near Solymos back in May. Segesvár was already under the Hasburgs, which surrendered in September The Estates occupied Transylvania without a major battle.[28]
In April, the Assembly of Szerencs appointed him Prince of Hungary.[29] He refused to negotiate with Rudolf's peace envoys at first, finally agreeing to do so that year.[30][31]
Treaties
The Treaty of Vienna, concluded on June 23, 1606, ensured Hungarian rights and gave the counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa to Transylvania for the life of its descendants. The most important point of the peace is that it recognized the independent.Principality of Transylvania .September 24, Rudolf issued a proclamation that he would hand over Ugocsa, Bereg, Szatmár and Szabolcs counties, Tokaj castle, and the market towns of Tarcal, Bodrogkeresztúr and Olaszliszka to Bocskai. The Peace of Zsitvatorok,[32] signed later that year, ended the Long Turkish War.[33]
Timeline
1604
Colonel Concini attacks Kereki
October 14–15: Battle of Álmosd
October 15: Debrecen captured by Bocskai
Late October: Battle of Tokaj against Belgioioso
October 31: Lippai-Nemeti manifesto
November 11: Bocskai enters Kassa
November 14: Battle of Ostyan Basta; Balazs Nemeti captured and executed[34]
End of November: Battle of Edelény
December: Kassa resists Basta, who marches to Eperjes; Rhedey's army loots West-Felvidék and endangers Basta's supply lines.
December 1: Bocskai issues a manifesto in Göncz asking the nobility to join him.
January: Balazs Lippai assassinated by Bocskai; Szatmar captured by Bocskai's troops.
February 21: Bocskai elected Prince Of Transylvania.
April: Basta retreats from Eperjes to Pozsony.
April 17: Manifesto from the Estates who joined Bocskai. Bocskai elected Prince of Hungary in Szerencs; Tachtamis, khan of Crimea, is ordered by the Ottomans to assist him.
Barta, Gábor (1994). "The Emergence of the Principality and its First Crises (1526–1606)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 247–300. ISBN963-05-6703-2.
Benda, Kálmán (1993). Bocskai István [Stephen Bocskai] (in Hungarian). Századvég. ISBN963-8384-40-9.
Cartledge, Bryan (2011). The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN978-1-84904-112-6.
G. Etényi, Nóra; Horn, Ildikó; Szabó, Péter (2006). Koronás fejedelem: Bocskai István és kora [A Crowned Prince: Stephen Bocskai and his Time] (in Hungarian). General Press Kiadó. ISBN963-9648-27-2.
Granasztói, György (1981). "A három részre szakadt ország és a török kiűzése (1526–1605)". In *Benda, Kálmán; Péter, Katalin (eds.). Magyarország történeti kronológiája, II: 1526–1848 [Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: 1526–1848] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 361–430. ISBN963-05-2662-X.
Kontler, László (1999). Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary. Atlantisz Publishing House. ISBN963-9165-37-9.
MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2004). The Reformation: A History. Viking. ISBN0-670-03296-4.
Pálffy, Géza (2009). "Szabadságharc volt-e Bocskai István mozgalma? [Was Stephen Bocskai's movement a war for independence?]" (PDF). História (in Hungarian). 30 (1): 7–10. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
References
^Finkel, Caroline (1988). The Administration of Warfare: The Ottoman Military Campaigns in Hungary, 1593-1606. Vienna: VWGÖ. ISBN3-85369-708-9
^Acsady, Ignacz: Magyarország három részre oszlásának története (1526–1608)[History of Hungary 1526-1608.]In:
Szilagyi, Sándor [editor] :A magyar nemzet története[History of the Hungarian nation] Ötödikik köteyvFifth S voluok] Budapest.1898. Atheneu http://mek.oszk.hu/00800/00893/html/
^Benda Kálmán: Habsburg politika és rendi ellenállás a XVII. század elején. [Habsburg policy and resistance of the Estates in the XVII. century in Hungary] Történelmi Szemle,
13. évf. (1970) 404–427.; uő: A Kálvini tanok hatása a magyar rendi ellenállás ideológiájár[Effectaof the Calvinism to the resistance of the Estates] °.
Helikon, 16. évf. (1971) 322–330.
^"1593-ban lett Felső-Magyarország kormányzója és Kassa parancsnoka. A kassai Szent Erzsébet dómot 1604. január 6-án Barbiano segédletével foglalták el a katolikusok. Három nappal később Belgiojoso a kisszebeni templomot is elfoglalta." [about general Barbiano's church consfications]. https://hu.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbian_Belgiojoso
^A hajdúk a magyar történelemben – Benda Kálmán-Kenéz Győző: Barbiano generális jelentése a Bocskai-szabadságharc első hónapjairól. Hadjus in the Hungarian history. General Barbiano's report about the Bocskai uprising. Archiválva 2018. július 5-i dátummal a Wayback Machine-ben. "Scripsit et manifestavit diversis vicibus Betlen Gabor
mentem et voluntatem suam, quarum litterarum quaedam amissae illum in maximam suspicionem manifestae proditionis adduxerunt. Itaque significans haec omnia Bochkaio, admonebat eum, ut cautius in mittendis litteris ageret. Quod etiam Bochkaio maximum scrupulum injecit, accidit etiam illo ipso tempore, quod comes
Dampier volens aggredi Temesvarium, profligaverat Turcarum exercitum, ubi
etiam Betlenus Gabor amissis propriis vestimentis, vix nudus evaserat; qui una
litterarum copia proxime ad Bochkaium scriptarum ab hajdone quodam inventa a
fuit, hoc idem Bochkaium acrius commonebat, quod postea Betlen Gabor animadvertens, Bochkaio citissime significavit. Eodem fere tempore supervenerunt
litterae domini generalis,
n quibus vocavit dominum Bochkaium una cum aliis
illarum partium magnatibus ad castra in Rakamaz, ut cum illis necessaria
regni consultaret; sicuti et quidem tum comparuere dominus Batori per legatum suum, Stephanus Chaky, Sigismundus Racocy, Paulus Melith, Ladislaus
Pete, et Michael Catay,
cum quibus etiam Bochkaio litterae redditae sunt
amici sui cujusdam ex castris datae, in quibus ei significabat, quod nisi veniret,
generalis eum invitum duceret (quae res nunquam cuique in mentem venerat);
et hoc erat supplementum introductionis in desperationem, firmaque penes ipsum opinio universam suam proditionem manifestam esse. Itaque nos omnes et
alios quosdam in Soliomkeo,
ubi tunc erat, ad se vocans, aperuit nobis mentem
suam, ut superinde nostram cognosceret voluntatem. Nos proponentes ei clementiam et benignitatem inclytae domus Austriacae etiam pravissime deliquentibus cum resipiscant, et gratiam petant, illum vero adhuc nihil tale effective
perpetrasse,- nullam provinciam vel l(. ..) ocum in damnum aut periculum induxisse:
nullis expensis occasionem dedisse; ut se quam citissime ad Suam Majestatem
conferret, ibique'prostratus deprecaretur, nihil aliud certe, quam meram gratiam acquisiturum. Quod si secus faceret, tanto magis errori errorem superadditurum, seipsum, amicos, uxorem et illos omnes suos servitores et fideles in
praestantissimum periculum conjecturum.
^NAGY LÁSZLÓ: Okmányok a Bocskai szabadságharc idejéből. Hadtörténelmi Közlemények, I. évf. 1956. pp. 313–315.
^Miklós Nyakas recently reminded in his cited study that according to one of Szamosközy's previously unused data, "one of the first" clashes took place here, but also after the siege of Nagykerek: Ferenc Thuri and his fifty "drabant" heading for Varad He is taken prisoner on or 9. Later they switch to Bocskai. Nyakas Miklós Bocskai birtokszervezéséről és annak esetleges politikai hátteréről, később a Sólyomkő alatti összecsapásról: Nyakas Miklós: Bocskai birtokai Biharban a 16. és 17. század fordulóján. In Bocskai és kora… Tanulmányok a Bocskai-szabadságharc 400. évfordulója alkalmából. Főszerkesztő: Czigány István. Szerkesztők: Bertók Krisztina–Kisteleki Károly. Martin Opitz, Budapest, 2005, [27]–40.
^NAGY LÁSZLÓ: Okmányok a Bocskai szabadságharc idejéből.[Documents of Bocskai uprising] Hadtörténeti Közlemények 1956. I. évf. 315.p
^Gömöry Gusztáv, az álmosdi ütközet [battle of Álmosd] 1604 október 15-én (Hadt. Közl. 1891. évf. 710.)
^NAGY LÁSZLÓ: Okmányok a Bocskai szabadságharc idejéből. HK. 1956. 1. évf. 315–317. Anno 1604 17 Octobris. Missiles Georgii Jacomi Barb[ian]o comitis de Belgi[ojos]o ad comitem Stephanum de Bathori, venditionem et proditionem patriae per Stephanum Bocskay attentatam detegentis et explicantis, scriptae
^Benda Kálmán–Kenéz Győző: Barbiano generális jelentése a Bocskai-szabadságharc első hónapjairól.[Benda, Kalman-Kenez, Győző: Count Barbiano detailed report to the Hofkriegsrat about first month of Bocskai uprising]. In Hajdu Bihar megyei muzeumok kozlemenyei 19.szam. Hajduk a magyar történelemben[Hajdus in the Hungarian history] II. Debrecen 1972. 5-29. p
^Lippay Balázs és Némethy[or Nemeti] Balázs hajdúkapitányok kiáltványa a bányavárosokhoz, hogy fogjanak fegyvert a német iga lerázására[Lippay-Nemeti manifeso to the Hungarian mining towns to join them]. In: Magyar Történeti Szöveggyűjtemény 1526-1790. I. Volume. Editor Istvan Sinkovics 278-279.p
^Basta was ordered to deal with Bocskai's uprising. In: Basta György hadvezér levelezése és iratai.[Giorgio Basta military leader's reports, letters and documents]. Volume II. Editor and translator: Veress, Endre. Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó, 522 pp. https://archive.org/stream/bastagyrgyhadv02bastuoft#page/521/mode/1up
^Basta's letter to San Clemente Spanish Ambassador in Prague about his battles against Bocskai. 18th of December in 1604. In: Basta György hadvezér levelezése és iratai.[Giorgio Basta military leader's reports, letters and documents]. II. Volume. 1602-1607 Editor and translator: Dr. Veress, Endre. Budapest, 1913. Akadémiai Kiadó 543 p
^In: Basta György hadvezér levelezése és iratai.[Giorgio Basta military leader's letters and documents]. II. Volume. 1602-1607 Editor and translator: Dr. Veress, Endre. Budapest, 1913. Akadémiai Kiadó 526 p
^Basta's letter to Prince Matthias about he must leave Eperjes.(5th April 1605). In: Basta György hadvezér levelezése és iratai.[Giorgio Basta military leader's letters and documents]. II. Volume. 1602-1607 Editor and translator: Dr. Veress, Endre. Budapest, 1913. Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 643.
^Basta's letter about his mercenaries are about to disperse. 17. Aprlis 1605. In: Basta György hadvezér levelezése és iratai.[Giorgio Basta military leader's letters and documents]. II. Volume. 1602-1607 Editor and translator: Dr. Veress, Endre. Budapest, 1913. Akadémiai Kiadó 647 p
^Basta's letter from Pozsony (17. June 1605) . In: Basta György hadvezér levelezése és iratai.[Giorgio Basta military leader's letters and documents]. II. Volume. 1602-1607 Editor and translator: Dr. Veress, Endre. Budapest, 1913. Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 689.
^[His oath text is] In: Magyar Országgyűlési Emlékek 11. kötetében a 155 - 157. oldalán, az esküszöveg pedig a Történelmi Tár 1889. évf. 620. oldalán is.
^Szilagyi, Sándor [editor] :A magyar nemzet története[History of the Hungarian nation] . Ötödik kötet. Hatodik könyv.[Seventh volume, 6th book] Budapest.1898. Atheneum"
http://mek.oszk.hu/00800/00893/html/
Bánlaki, József: A magyar nemzet hadtörtenelme. I–XXII. Volume, Budapest, 1928–1942 Grill Károly Könyvkiadó[Volume XV]. https://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0015/1194.html
Basta György hadvezér levelezése és iratai.[Giorgio Basta military leader's letters and documents]. II. Volume. 1602-1607 Editor and translator: Dr. Veress, Endre. Budapest, 1913. Akadémiai Kiadó 974 p
Benda, Kalman: Bocskai 1557–1606. First edition 1942, Second edition 1993. Budapest
Benda, Kalman: Habsburg-abszolutizmus és rendi ellenállás a XVI–XVII. században(The Habsburg absolutism and the resistance of the Estates in Hungary in the XVI-XVII centuries) Tankönyvkiadó, Bp., 1975
Benda Kálmán–Kenéz Győző: Barbiano generális jelentése a Bocskai-szabadságharc első hónapjairól. In: Hajdu Bihar megyei muzeumok kozlemenyei 19.szam. Hajduk a magyar történelemben II. Debrecen 1972. 5-29. p
Benda Kálmán–Péter Katalin: Az országgyűlések a kora újkori magyar történelemben; MTA Történettudományi Int–OPI, Bp., 1987
Benda Kalman:Bocskai szabadsagharc. Budapest, 1955, 159 p
Bocskai István levelei(Letters of Istvan Bocskai) (1992)
Csonka, Ferenc (1988). Bocskai kíséretében a Rákosmezőn. Budapest. ISBN963-07-4647-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Istvánffy, Miklós Historianum de rebus Ungaricis libri. 1622 (Nicolai IsthuanfI Pannoni Historiarum de rebus Vngaricis libri 34, Antoni Hierati, 1622
Nagy László: Hajdúvitézek. Bp. 1986. 160-161
Nagy Laszlo: Bocskai es kora. Tanulmanyok a Bocskai szabadsagharc 400 adik evfordulojara. Martin optik kiado, Budapest, 2005. 114p
Nagy László (1981). Bocskai István a hadak élén. Budapest. ISBN963-326-291-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Nagy, Laszlo(editor): Iratok Bocskai István és kora történetéhez]. Debrecen 2005. 257 p[Documents the time of István Bocskai and his contemporaries. A plenty of letter what connect to Bocskai uprising from 45 p some in Latin]. [1]Archived 2011-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
Papp Sándor (2015). Török szövetség – Habsburg kiegyezés. Budapest. ISBN978-963-236-859-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Sinkovics(editor) :Magyar Történeti Szöveggyűjtemény[History text about the Hungarian History 1526-1790]1526-1790. I. Volume. Editor Istvan Sinkovics. Szeged 1968. Tankönyvkiado. 554.p
Filep Tamas Gusztav: Bocskai koronája (about interest debates how happened deconspiracy of Bocskai before the uprising). In: Kortárs 52 évfolyam 2. szám 2008 Febr.
NaverJenis situsPortal webBahasaBahasa Korea PemilikNaver CorporationSitus webwww.naver.comPeringkat Alexa 48 (Juni 2016[update])[1]KomersialYaDaftar akunOpsionalDiluncurkanJuni 1999; 24 tahun lalu (1999-06)StatusAktif Portal InternetSunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini Naver (Hangul: 네이버) adalah sebuah portal web populer di Korea Selatan, yang dimiliki oleh Naver Corporation. Naver diluncurkan pada bulan Juni 1999 oleh manta…
Peta Yerusalem J1 dengan Lingkungan Arab (warna hijau) Yerusalem J1 adalah sebuah daerah subdistrik di Kegubernuran Yerusalem, Palestina.[1][2] Referensi ^ Locality Profiles and Needs Assessment for Jerusalem Governorate (PDF). The Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem / Society. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2020-04-05. Diakses tanggal 3 February 2019. ^ Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics Release Jerusalem Statistical Yearbook 2012 (PDF). Palestinian Cent…
artikel ini tidak memiliki pranala ke artikel lain. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Bantu kami untuk mengembangkannya dengan memberikan pranala ke artikel lain secukupnya. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Poging atau p…
Henry III di Konsili Sutri Konsili Sutri (atau Sinode Sutri) diserukan oleh Kaisar Romawi Suci Henry III dan dibuka pada 20 Desember 1046, di kota bukit Sutri, di tepi Kadipaten Roma. Gereja Katolik tak menganggapnya sebagai konsili ekumenikal. Referensi Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church: vol. iv Catholic Encyclopedia Engelbert, Pius, Heinrich III. und die Synoden von Sutri und Rom im Dezember 1046, in Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte, V…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Acestrorhynchus altus Status konservasiKekurangan dataIUCN49829889 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasActinopteriOrdoCharaciformesFamiliAcestrorhynchidaeGenusAcestrorhynchusSpesiesAcestrorhynchus altus Naércio Aquino de Menezes, 1969 lbs Acestror…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Daftar seniman, dalam hal ini tokoh yang berkecimpung dalam seni rupa, termasuk daftar menurut kebangsaan, menurut lokasi, menurut disiplin, menurut periode, menurut gerakan asosiasi, menurut subjek dan menurut kontribusi. Daftar seniman menurut kebangsa…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Action. Action du Zoo d'Anvers, Belgique,23 juillet 1843. Action de la Société royale de Zoologie, d’Horticulture et d’Agrément (Zoo de Bruxelles à l'époque), 1874. Action de la Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company (1827) Action de la S. A. de la Franc-maçonnerie bordelaise, 1878. Action de la Société Anonyme du Home-Décor, 1898. Action de la Compagnie Impériale des Chemins de Fer Éthiopiens, 1899. Action de Imprimerie et Publicité Charles Verneau…
Ketua Badan Pemeriksa KeuanganRepublik IndonesiaPetahanaIsma Yatunsejak 21 April 2022Masa jabatan5 tahunDibentuk1947Pejabat pertamaR. Soerasno Ketua Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan Republik Indonesia (Ketua BPK RI) adalah salah satu pimpinan Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan Republik Indonesia dipilih dari dan oleh Anggota BPK dalam sidang Anggota BPK dalam jangka waktu paling lama 1 (satu) bulan terhitung sejak tanggal diresmikannya keanggotaan BPK oleh Presiden. Pemilihan Ketua dilakukan secara musyawara…
Eumenes II SoterRaja PergamumBerkuasa197–159 SMPendahuluAttalus IPenerusAttalus IIInformasi pribadiKelahiranSebelum tahun 220 SMKerajaan PergamumKematian159 SMPergamumWangsaDinasti AttaliaAyahAttalus IIbuApollonisPermaisuriStratoniceAnak Attalus III Eumenes III(?) YunaniΕὐμένηςAgamaPoliteisme Yunani Eumenes II (Yunani: Εὐμένης Βʹ; memerintah 197-159 SM) bergelar Soter yang berarti Penyelamat adalah raja Pergamum, putra Attalus I Soter dan ratu Apollonis dan anggota dinasti At…
Abigail Powers Fillmore Ibu Negara Amerika SerikatMasa jabatan9 Juli 1850 – 4 Maret 1853 PendahuluMargaret Mackall Smith TaylorPenggantiJane Means Appleton PierceIstri Wakil PresidenAmerika SerikatMasa jabatan4 Maret 1849 – 9 Juli 1850 PendahuluSophia DallasPenggantiMary Cyrene Burch Breckinridge Informasi pribadiLahir(1798-03-13)13 Maret 1798Stillwater, Saratoga County, New York, Amerika SerikatMeninggal30 Maret 1853(1853-03-30) (umur 55)Washington, D.C., Amerika Seri…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Trautmann. Catherine Trautmann Catherine Trautmann en 2016. Fonctions Conseillère municipale de Strasbourg En fonction depuis le 13 mars 1983(41 ans et 20 jours) Élection 13 mars 1983 Réélection 19 mars 198918 juin 199518 mars 200116 mars 200830 mars 201428 juin 2020 Maire Marcel RudloffElle-mêmeRoland RiesFabienne KellerJeanne Barseghian Députée européenne 20 juillet 2004 – 30 juin 2014(9 ans, 11 mois et 10 jours) Élection 13…
Запрос «Ключевский» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения. Василий Осипович Ключевский Имя при рождении Василий Осипович Ключевский Дата рождения 16 (28) января 1841[1] Место рождения Воскресеновка, Пензенский уезд, Пензенская губерния, Российская империя Да…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Khalid Yahya Blankinship – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Khalid Yahya BlankinshipBiografiKelahiran1949 (74/75 tahun)Seattle Data pribadiAgamaIslam PendidikanUniversitas Washington The Am…
Two-seat floatplane HE 1 Role Reconnaissance floatplaneType of aircraft National origin Germany Manufacturer Caspar-Werke Designer Ernst Heinkel First flight 1923 Primary user Swedish Navy (Marinen ) Number built 14 The Heinkel HE 1 (aka Caspar S 1) was a two-seat, low-wing monoplane floatplane, designed in 1921 by German designer Ernst Heinkel at Caspar-Werke. The HE 1 was produced under licence in Sweden for the Marinen (Swedish Navy) in 1921 as the Svenska S.2. The HE 1 was powered by a …
Alma VivodaSoprannomeMaria NascitaChiampore, 23 gennaio 1911 MorteTrieste, 28 giugno 1943 Dati militariPaese servitoItalia CorpoCorpo volontari della libertà UnitàGruppi di azione patriottica GuerreResistenza italiana voci di militari presenti su Wikipedia Manuale Amabile Vivoda, conosciuta come Alma Vivoda (Chiampore, 23 gennaio 1911 – Trieste, 28 giugno 1943) è stata una partigiana italiana, considerata la prima partigiana caduta nella guerra di Resistenza.[1] Indice …
جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولميكانيكا الكم i ℏ ∂ ∂ t | ψ ( t ) ⟩ = H ^ | ψ ( t ) ⟩ {\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle } معادلة شرودنغر مقدمة معجم تاريخ خلفية ميكانيكا كلاسيكية النظرية الكمومية القديمة ترميز برا-كيت هاملتوني تداخل أساسيات مكاملة إز…
Traditional blues song Bottle It Up and GoSingle by Tommy McClennanA-sideWhiskey Headed WomanReleased1939 (1939)RecordedNovember 22, 1939StudioRCA Studio A, ChicagoGenreBluesLength2:46LabelBluebirdSongwriter(s)Unknown Bottle Up and Go or Bottle It Up and Go is a song that is a standard of the blues.[1] Based on earlier songs, Delta bluesman Tommy McClennan recorded Bottle It Up and Go in 1939. The song has been interpreted and recorded by numerous artists, sometimes using alternate …
Dichloroacetylene Dichloroacetylene (with tetrachloroethylene as the stabiliser) Names IUPAC name Dichloroethyne Other names DCA, dichloroethyne Identifiers CAS Number 7572-29-4 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 22649 ECHA InfoCard 100.149.197 PubChem CID 24227 RTECS number AP1080000 UNII 95I833JV4S Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID7020429 InChI InChI=1S/C2Cl2/c3-1-2-4Key: ZMJOVJSTYLQINE-UHFFFAOYSA-NInChI=1/C2Cl2/c3-1-2-4Key: ZMJOVJSTYLQINE-UHFFFAOYAO SMILES C(#C…
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