East Lynne

East Lynne is an English sensation novel of 1861 by Ellen Wood, writing as Mrs Henry Wood. A Victorian best-seller, it is remembered chiefly for its elaborate and implausible plot, centring on infidelity and double identities. There have been numerous stage and film adaptations.

The much-quoted line "Gone! And never called me mother!" (variant: "Dead! Dead! And never called me mother!") does not appear in the book; both variants come from later stage adaptations.

The book was originally serialised in The New Monthly Magazine between January 1860 and September 1861, being issued as a three-volume novel on 19 September 1861.^[1]

Plot summary

Portrait of Ellen Wood, author of *East Lynne*, by Reginald Easton

Lady Isabel Vane, a beautiful and refined young woman, is distraught when her beloved father dies suddenly; the earldom and all property go to a distant relation, leaving Isabel homeless and penniless. For lack of other options, she marries hard-working lawyer Archibald Carlyle, who buys her former home, "East Lynne".

Unfortunately, Carlyle's elder sister Cornelia comes to live at East Lynne; she hates the marriage and, by taking over the household, makes Isabel's life miserable. Carlyle, a kind man, had previously been friendly with a local lady, Barbara Hare, who had hoped to marry him. Suspicious of the relationship, Isabel leaves her husband and their infant children to elope with aristocratic but poor Captain Francis Levison. However, once abroad with Levison, Isabel realises he has no intention of marrying her, despite her having borne their illegitimate child. He deserts her.

Isabel's cousin, Lord Mount Severn, comes to visit her in Europe and offers to support her. She finds out from him that her husband was not unfaithful. On her way back to England, there is a train accident: Isabel's baby is killed and Isabel, badly injured, is reported dead. Isabel, in disguise and under a new name, takes the position of governess in the household of her former husband and his new wife (Barbara Hare), allowing her to be close to her children.

This situation becomes a source of great misery, however, as the little boy William dies of tuberculosis. Carlyle stands for Parliament, as does Sir Francis Levison, Isabel's seducer. It transpires that under the name Thorn, Levison had been guilty of the murder of a Mr. Hallijohn. But Richard Hare, the brother of Barbara, had been falsely accused of that murder and goes on the run.

When the facts eventually come to light, there is a dramatic trial involving Hallijohn's daughter Afy as a reluctant witness.

The pressure of keeping up a façade (wearing blue glasses, adopting a foreign accent) to disguise her identity, and being constantly reminded that her husband has moved on, physically weakens Isabel. On her deathbed she tells all to Carlyle, who forgives her.

Adaptations

There have been multiple adaptations for stage, radio, films and television.^[2]

East Lynne has been adapted for the stage many times; the play was so popular that stock companies put on a performance whenever they needed guaranteed revenue.^[3] It became so common that theatres stuck with a badly received play famously would assuage audiences with the hopeful promise, "Next week, East Lynne!", which eventually became a punchline in comedies and cartoons, often as a sign outside a theatre. The play was staged so often that critic Sally Mitchell estimates some version was seen by audiences in either England or North America every week for over forty years.^[4]

A particularly effective use of the punchline is at the 59:10 mark of the 1936 movie Libeled Lady. In the scene, Gladys (Jean Harlow's character) is riding in an open car with Haggerty (Spencer Tracy's character). She is rehearsing the scene with which she hopes to trap Connie Allenbury (Myrna Loy's character) into believing she has been trapped in a compromising position with Chandler (William Powell's character). Deliberately overacting, she says, "Connie Allenbury, you've taken from me the only thing I've ever loved. My husband!" She then turns to Haggarty and matter of factly asks, "How's that?" "Great", he replies, sarcastically. "Next week, East Lynne!"

Stage Adaptions

The novel was first staged as Edith, or The Earl's Daughter in New York in 1861^[1] and under its own name on 26 January 1863 in Brooklyn; by March of that year, "three competing versions were drawing crowds to New York theaters."^[4] The most successful version was written by Clifton W. Tayleur for actress Lucille Western, who was paid $350 a night for her performance as Isabel Vane.^[4] Western starred in East Lynne for the next 10 years.^[4] At least nine adaptations were made in all, not including plays such as The Marriage Bells that "used a different title for the sake of some copyright protection."^[5] The work was revived on Broadway in 1926 in a production directed by James Light.^[6]

Film Adaptions

1913 film

There have been many silent film versions of the book including a 1913 film.

1916 film

Another, starring Theda Bara, was made in 1916.

1922

An Australian film was produced six years later in 1922, directed by actor and exhibitor Charles Hardy.

1925 film

In 1925, another version reached the screen which starred Alma Rubens, Edmund Lowe, Lou Tellegen and Leslie Fenton.

1930 film

Leslie Halliwell cited in the 7th edition of 'Halliwell's Film Guide', (page 325), that the 1930 feature film, 'Ex-Flame', (starring Neil Hamilton), was "A modernized version", providing "... Unintentional ...laughs". He went on to quote Variety (magazine)'s contemporary review of it as "..Mush stuff for the women".

1931 film

A film version of East Lynne was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1931.^[7] The movie was adapted from the novel by Tom Barry and Bradley King and directed by Frank Lloyd. The film is a melodrama starring Ann Harding, Clive Brook, Conrad Nagel and Cecilia Loftus.^[8] Only one copy of the film is known to exist. The screenplay was in turn novelized by Arline de Haas.

1952 film

The 1952 film Thai Ullam is a Tamil language adaptation of East Lynne.^[9]

Television

In the 1970s a TV dramatisation was broadcast from The City Varieties Theatre in Leeds, with the audience all in Victorian costume and Queen Victoria in The Royal Box. The famous TV host of The Good Old Days, Leonard Sachs, was present to introduce the proceedings.

The story was filmed in 1982, in a BBC made-for-television production starring amongst Martin Shaw, Gemma Craven, Lisa Eichhorn, Jane Asher, Annette Crosbie and Tim Woodward.^[10]

Radio

A radio serial was produced in Australia in 1939 with Queenie Ashton (as Lady Isabel) and Ronald Morse (as Francis Levison).^[11]

A radio adaptation in seven parts was made for BBC Radio 4 by Michael Bakewell, with Rosemary Leach narrating as Mrs Wood, first broadcast in 1987.

Other adaptations

As the more melodramatic aspects of the story became dated, there were several parodies and burlesques made, including East Lynne in Bugville with Pearl White (1914), Mack Sennet's East Lynne with Variations (1917), and in 1931 the comedy East Lynne on the Western Front in which British soldiers fighting in the World War I stage a burlesqued version of the story.^[2]

Critical assessment

Some of this sort argue that the novel champions middle classes over the lower orders; others, however, find this claim "too simplistic"^[12] and argue that the novel "highlights the shortfalls inherent to bourgeois masculinity."^[12] Sally Mitchell argues that the novel simultaneously upholds and undermines middle-class values.^[3]

Other critics include the late nineteenth century English novelist George Gissing, who read the book whilst staying in Rome in March 1898, wrote in his diary that it was "not at all a bad book, of its sort".^[13] Perhaps the most practical assessment came from one who produced the play many times, Tod Slaughter, the actor and theater manager. Norman Carter "Tod" Slaughter wrote: "No other play in its time has ever been more maligned, more burlesqued, more ridiculed, or consistently made more money".^[14]

Legacy

The town of East Lynne, Missouri took its name from the novel.

Notes

^ ^a ^b Oxford World's Classics edition.
^ ^a ^b Barefoot, Guy (2016). Gaslight Melodrama: From Victorian London to 1940s Hollywood. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9781474290364 – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b Mitchell (1984), vii.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mitchell (1984), xiii.
^ Mitchell (1984), xiv.
^ Leiter, Samuel L.; Hill, Holly (1985). The Encyclopedia of the New York Stage, 1920-1930, Volume 1. Greenwood Press. p. 234. ISBN 9780313236150.
^ "East Lynne". afi.com. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
^ Hall, Mordaunt (21 February 1931). "THE SCREEN; The Soap Bubble Company". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
^ Baskaran, Theodore (1 January 2011). "A daughter's tribute". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
^ "East Lynne (1982)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
^ Teixeira, Carla (23 September 2023). "Women in radio: Queenie Ashton". National Film and Sound Archive of Australia.
^ ^a ^b Mangham (2007), 136.
^ Coustillas, Pierre ed. London and the Life of Literature in Late Victorian England: the Diary of George Gissing, Novelist. Brighton: Harvester Press, 1978, p.485.
^ Pg. 55 "Mr. Murder : The life and times of Tod Slaughter". Denis Meikle 2019

References

Grilli Giorgia, "In volo, dietro la porta. Mary Poppins e Pamela Lyndon Travers". Società Editrice Il Ponte Vecchio. Cesena 1997 (ristampa 2002) 179–182
Hughes, Winifred. The Maniac in the Cellar: Sensation Novels of the 1860s. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.
Mangham, Andrew. Violent Women and Sensation Fiction: Crime, Medicine and Victorian Popular Culture. Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Mitchell, Sally. Introduction. East Lynne. 1861. Reprint. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1984.
Pykett, Lyn. The "Improper" Feminine: The Women's Sensation Novel and the New Woman Writing. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.
Rosenman, Ellen. "'Mimic Sorrows': Masochism and the Gendering of Pain in Victorian Melodrama." Studies in the Novel 35 (March 2003): 22–43.
Trodd, Anthea. Domestic Crime in the Victorian Novel. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.
Wynne, Deborah. The Sensation Novel and the Victorian Family Magazine. Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.
The Ghost Train (1941 comedy film) A female character disparages her older brother, saying that "you sound like something out of East Lynne.'