After 1919, he became a critic of modern art, studied traditional painting techniques, and later worked in a neoclassical or neo-Baroque style, while frequently revisiting the metaphysical themes of his earlier work. In 2018 it was suggested that de Chirico may have suffered from Alice in Wonderland syndrome.
Life and works
Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico was born in Volos, Greece, as the eldest son of Gemma Cervetto and Evaristo de Chirico.[4] His mother was a baroness[5] of Genoese-Greek origins[6] (likely born in Smyrna) and his father a Sicilianbarone[3][7] of Greek origin (the Kyriko or Chirico family was of Greek origin, having moved from Rhodes to Palermo in 1523 together with 4,000 other Greek Catholic families).[6][8][9] De Chirico's family was in Greece at the time of his birth because his father, an engineer, was in charge of the construction of a railroad.[10] His younger brother, Andrea Francesco Alberto, became a famous writer, painter and composer under the pseudonym Alberto Savinio.
De Chirico returned to Italy in the summer of 1909 and spent six months in Milan. By 1910, he was beginning to paint in a simpler style with flat, anonymous surfaces. At the beginning of 1910, he moved to Florence where he painted the first of his 'Metaphysical Town Square' series, The Enigma of an Autumn Afternoon, after the revelation he felt in Piazza Santa Croce. He also painted The Enigma of the Oracle while in Florence. In July 1911 he spent a few days in Turin on his way to Paris. De Chirico was profoundly moved by what he called the 'metaphysical aspect' of Turin, especially the architecture of its archways and piazzas.
The paintings de Chirico produced between 1909 and 1919, his metaphysical period, are characterized by haunted, brooding moods evoked by their images. At the start of this period, his subjects were motionless cityscapes inspired by the bright daylight of Mediterranean cities, but gradually he turned his attention to studies of cluttered storerooms, sometimes inhabited by mannequin-like hybrid figures.
De Chirico's conception of Metaphysical art was strongly influenced by his reading of Nietzsche, whose style of writing fascinated de Chirico with its suggestions of unseen auguries beneath the appearance of things.[14] De Chirico found inspiration in the unexpected sensations that familiar places or things sometimes produced in him: In a manuscript of 1909 he wrote of the "host of strange, unknown and solitary things that can be translated into painting ... What is required above all is a pronounced sensitivity."[15] Metaphysical art combined everyday reality with mythology, and evoked inexplicable moods of nostalgia, tense expectation, and estrangement.[16] The picture space often featured illogical, contradictory, and drastically receding perspectives. Among de Chirico's most frequent motifs were arcades, of which he wrote: "The Roman arcade is fate ... its voice speaks in riddles which are filled with a peculiarly Roman poetry".[17]
De Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea. Through his brother he met Pierre Laprade, a member of the jury at the Salon d'Automne, where he exhibited three of his works: Enigma of the Oracle, Enigma of an Afternoon and Self-Portrait. During 1913 he exhibited paintings at the Salon des Indépendants and Salon d'Automne; his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso and Guillaume Apollinaire, and he sold his first painting, The Red Tower. His time in Paris also resulted in the production of de Chirico's Ariadne. In 1914, through Apollinaire, he met the art dealer Paul Guillaume, with whom he signed a contract for his artistic output.
At the outbreak of World War I, he returned to Italy. Upon his arrival in May 1915, he enlisted in the army, but he was considered unfit for work and assigned to the hospital at Ferrara. The shop windows of that town inspired a series of paintings that feature biscuits, maps, and geometric constructions in indoor settings.[18] In Ferrara he met with Carlo Carrà and together they founded the pittura metafisica movement.[13] He continued to paint, and in 1918, he transferred to Rome. Starting from 1918, his work was exhibited extensively in Europe.
Return to order
In November 1919, de Chirico published an article in Valori plastici entitled "The Return of Craftsmanship", in which he advocated a return to traditional methods and iconography.[19] This article heralded an abrupt change in his artistic orientation, as he adopted a classicizing manner inspired by such old masters as Raphael and Signorelli, and became part of the post-war return to order in the arts. He became an outspoken opponent of modern art.[20]
In the early 1920s, the Surrealist writer André Breton discovered one of de Chirico's metaphysical paintings on display in Guillaume's Paris gallery, and was enthralled.[21] Numerous young artists who were similarly affected by de Chirico's imagery became the core of the Paris Surrealist group centered around Breton. In 1924 de Chirico visited Paris and was accepted into the group, although the surrealists were severely critical of his post-metaphysical work.[22]
De Chirico met and married his first wife, the Russian ballerina Raissa Gurievich (1894-1979) in 1925, and together they moved to Paris.[23] His relationship with the Surrealists grew increasingly contentious, as they publicly disparaged his new work; by 1926 he had come to regard them as "cretinous and hostile".[24] They soon parted ways in acrimony. In 1928 he held his first exhibition in New York City and shortly afterwards, London. He wrote essays on art and other subjects, and in 1929 published a novel entitled Hebdomeros, the Metaphysician. Also in 1929, he made stage designs for Sergei Diaghilev.[13]
Later work
In 1930, de Chirico met his second wife, Isabella Pakszwer Far (1909–1990), a Russian, with whom he would remain for the rest of his life. Together they moved to Italy in 1932 and to the US in 1936,[13] finally settling in Rome in 1944. In 1948 he bought a house near the Spanish Steps; now the Giorgio de Chirico House Museum, a museum dedicated to his work.
In 1939, he adopted a neo-Baroque style influenced by Rubens.[23]
This artistic phase, which lasted until the late 60s, is sometimes referred to as the 'Baroque season'. During this time, de Chirico draws inspiration from artists such as Tintoretto, Dürer, Raphael, Delacroix and Renoir. The artist, far from willing to achieve realism in his paintings, strives to create images charged with myths and visions, for an art that is still literally "metaphysical", beyond reality. During these years, De Chirico also studied and rediscovered the painting techniques adopted by old masters, such as Titian: "So I started doing copies of the old masters. In Rome… in Florence… and then I also got interested in their techniques, I consulted numerous treatises on painting, both ancient and modern."[25]
De Chirico's later paintings never received the same critical praise as did those from his metaphysical period. He resented this, as he thought his later work was better and more mature. He nevertheless produced backdated "self-forgeries" both to profit from his earlier success, and as an act of revenge—retribution for the critical preference for his early work.[26] He also denounced many paintings attributed to him in public and private collections as forgeries.[27] In 1945, he published his memoirs.[13]
He remained extremely prolific even as he approached his 90th year.[28] During the 1960s, Massimiliano Fuksas worked in his atelier. In 1974 de Chirico was elected to the French Académie des Beaux-Arts. He died in Rome on 20 November 1978. In 1992 his remains were moved to the Roman church of San Francesco a Ripa.[29]
Style
De Chirico's best-known works are the paintings of his metaphysical period. In them he developed a repertoire of motifs—empty arcades, towers, elongated shadows, mannequins, and trains among others—that he arranged to create "images of forlornness and emptiness" that paradoxically also convey a feeling of "power and freedom".[30] According to Sanford Schwartz, de Chirico—whose father was a railroad engineer—painted images that suggest "the way you take in buildings and vistas from the perspective of a train window. His towers, walls, and plazas seem to flash by, and you are made to feel the power that comes from seeing things that way: you feel you know them more intimately than the people do who live with them day by day."[31]
could condense voluminous feeling through metaphor and association ... In The Joy of Return, 1915, de Chirico's train has once more entered the city ... a bright ball of vapor hovers directly above its smokestack. Perhaps it comes from the train and is near us. Or possibly it is a cloud on the horizon, lit by the sun that never penetrates the buildings, in the last electric blue silence of dusk. It contracts the near and the far, enchanting one's sense of space. Early de Chiricos are full of such effects. Et quid amabo nisi quod aenigma est? ("What shall I love if not the enigma?")—this question, inscribed by the young artist on his self-portrait in 1911, is their subtext.[32]
In this, he resembles his more representational American contemporary, Edward Hopper: their pictures' low sunlight, their deep and often irrational shadows, their empty walkways and portentous silences creating an enigmatic visual poetry.[33]
De Chirico was unaware of his condition, although in Memoirs of my Life, he writes of suffering from abdominal pain and speaks of "colic saturnine", referring to a Renaissance theory according to which genes are born under the sign of Saturn.[34] Moreover, in a short piece dedicated to Carlo Carrà, he recounts the experience of headache through a lucid dream: "I sleep. I'm wearing a diver's helmet. The throbbing of my brain splits into many bubbles on the lacquered platform of my seventh ceiling."[34]
De Chirico's autobiography and essays, as well as his first metaphysical painting, for example The Enigma of an Autumn Afternoon (1909), are evidence that migrainevisual aura phenomena, associated with paramnesias (jamais and déjà vu) could be interpreted as the start of the painter's creative process.[37] Suggestive elements of de Chirico's metaphysical works are the immense squares without human presence, where bizarre elements emerge such as mannequins, marble busts and classic columns. It has been suggested that these paintings reveal a sense of loneliness and restlessness, as if one lived in a strange dream.[38]
In his painting Piazza d'Italia there is a long perspective where some people are very small compared to tall colonnaded buildings, while the mannequins have an oval shaped head, without eyes, ears, mouth, representing a visual depersonalization.[34] It has also been suggested that de Chirico suffered from a personality disorder with narcissistic and paranoid traits and had suffered from somatization disorders, in the period between 1909 and 1918.[39]
Legacy
De Chirico won praise for his work almost immediately from the writer Guillaume Apollinaire, who helped to introduce his work to the later Surrealists. De Chirico strongly influenced the Surrealist movement: Yves Tanguy wrote how one day in 1922 he saw one of de Chirico's paintings in an art dealer's window, and was so impressed by it he resolved on the spot to become an artist—although he had never even held a brush. Other Surrealists who acknowledged de Chirico's influence include Max Ernst, Salvador Dalí, and René Magritte, who described his first sighting of de Chirico's The Song of Love as "one of the most moving moments of my life: my eyes saw thought for the first time."[40] Other artists as diverse as Giorgio Morandi, Carlo Carrà, Paul Delvaux, Carel Willink, Harue Koga, Philip Guston, Andy Warhol and Mark Kostabi were influenced by de Chirico.
De Chirico's style has influenced several filmmakers, particularly in the 1950s through 1970s. The visual style of the French animated film Le Roi et l'oiseau, by Paul Grimault and Jacques Prévert, was influenced by de Chirico's work, primarily via Tanguy, a friend of Prévert.[41] The visual style of Valerio Zurlini's film The Desert of the Tartars (1976) was influenced by de Chirico's work.[42]Michelangelo Antonioni, the Italian film director, also said he was influenced by de Chirico. Some comparison can be made to the long takes in Antonioni's films from the 1960s, in which the camera continues to linger on desolate cityscapes populated by a few distant figures, or none at all, in the absence of the film's protagonists.
In 1958, Riverside Records used a reproduction of de Chirico's 1915 painting The Seer (originally painted as a tribute to French poet Arthur Rimbaud) as the cover art for pianist Thelonious Monk's live album Misterioso. The choice was made to capitalize on Monk's popularity with intellectual and bohemian fans from venues such as the Five Spot Café, where the album had been recorded, but Monk biographer Robin Kelley later observed deeper connections between the painting and the pianist's music; Rimbaud had "called on the artist to be a seer in order to plumb the depths of the unconscious in the quest for clairvoyance ... The one-eyed figure represented the visionary. The architectural forms and the placement of the chalkboard evoked the unity of art and science—a perfect symbol for an artist whose music has been called 'mathematical.'"[43]
Writers who have appreciated de Chirico include John Ashbery, who has called Hebdomeros "probably ... the finest [major work of Surrealist fiction]."[44] Several of Sylvia Plath's poems are influenced by de Chirico.[45] In his book Blizzard of OneMark Strand included a poetic diptych called "Two de Chiricos": "The Philosopher's Conquest" and "The Disquieting Muses".
The cover art of New Order's single "Thieves Like Us" is based on de Chirico's painting The Evil Genius of a King.[53]
The music video for the David Bowie song "Loving the Alien" was partly influenced by de Chirico. Bowie was an admirer of his genderless tailors' dummies.[54]
Melanconia, The Enigma of the Arrival and La Matinée Angoissante (1912)
The Soothsayers Recompense, The Red Tower, Ariadne, The Awakening of Ariadne, The Uncertainty of the Poet, La Statua Silenziosa, The Anxious Journey, Melancholy of a Beautiful Day, Le Rêve Transformé, and Self-Portrait (1913)
The Anguish of Departure (begun in 1913), Portrait of Guillaume Apollinaire, The Nostalgia of the Poet, L'Énigme de la fatalité, Gare Montparnasse (The Melancholy of Departure), The Song of Love, The Enigma of a Day, The Philosopher's Conquest, The Child's Brain, The Philosopher and the Poet, Still Life: Turin in Spring, Piazza d'Italia (Autumn Melancholy), and Melancholy and Mystery of a Street (1914)
The Evil Genius of a King (begun in 1914), The Seer (or The Prophet), Piazza d'Italia, The Double Dream of Spring, The Purity of a Dream, Two Sisters (The Jewish Angel) and The Duo (1915)
Metaphysical Interior with Large Factory and The Faithful Servitor (both began in 1916), The Great Metaphysician, Ettore e Andromaca, Metaphysical Interior, Geometric Composition with Landscape and Factory and Great Metaphysical Interior (1917)
Metaphysical Muses and Hermetic Melancholy (1918)
Still Life with Salami and The Sacred Fish (1919)
Self-portrait (1920)
Italian Piazza, Maschere and Departure of the Argonauts (1921)
Au Bord de la Mer, Le Grand Automate, The Terrible Games, Mannequins on the Seashore and The Painter (1925)
La Commedia e la Tragedia (Commedia Romana), The Painter's Family and Cupboards in a Valley (1926)
L'Esprit de Domination, The Eventuality of Destiny (Monumental Figures), Mobili nella valle and The Archaeologists (1927)
Temple et Forêt dans la Chambre (1928)
Gladiatori (began in 1927), The Archaeologists IV (from the series Metamorphosis), The return of the Prodigal son I (from the series Metamorphosis) and Bagnante (Ritratto di Raissa) (1929)
The Return of Ulysses, Interno Metafisico con Nudo Anatomico and Mysterious Baths – Flight Toward the Sea (1968)
Il rimorso di Oreste, La Biga Invincibile and Solitudine della Gente di Circo (1969)
Orfeo Trovatore Stanco, Intero Metafisico and Muse with Broken Column (1970)
Metaphysical Interior with Setting Sun (1971)
Sole sul cavalletto (1973)
Mobili e rocce in una stanza, La Mattina ai Bagni misteriosi, Piazza d'Italia con Statua Equestre, La mattina ai bagni misteriosi and Ettore e Andromaca (1973)
Pianto d'amore – Ettore e Andromaca and The Sailors' Barracks (1974)
^Anissia Becerra. "De Chirico"(PDF). marsilioeditori.it (in Italian). Retrieved 7 January 2022.
^ abHassall, Douglas (2020). "The art of Giorgio de Chirico: The modernist who returned to craftsmanship". Quadrant. 64 (5): 100–103. The standard sources record that de Chirico was born in 1888 at Volos in Greece, his mother being a Genoese Greek of Smyrna origins and his father a Sicilian barone of Greek ancestry. The Greek Kyriko family had moved to Palermo from Rhodes in 1523, as part of a migration of some 4000 Greek Catholic families into Sicily and southern Italy.
^Aa.Vv. (2014). Giorgio De Chirico. L'uomo, l'artista, il polemico: Guida alle interviste 1938–1978 (in Italian). Roma: Gangemi. p. 64. ISBN978-8849224320.
^Aa.Vv. (2014). Giorgio De Chirico. L'uomo, l'artista, il polemico: Guida alle interviste 1938–1978 (in Italian). Roma: Gangemi. p. 49. ISBN978-8849224320.
^ abGale, Matthew (2003, January 01). "De Chirico, Giorgio". Grove Art Online. Ed.
^Holzhey, Magdalena. Giorgio de Chirico. Cologne: Taschen, 2005, p. 10. ISBN3-8228-4152-8
^ abcdesee the entry on de Chirico in "Propyläen Kunstgeschichte, Die Kunst des 20. Jahrhunderts 1880–1940", by Giulio Carlo Argan, 1990, p. 201, ISBN978-3-549-05112-2
^Metken, G. (1981). Realismus: zwischen Revolution und Reaktion, 1919–1939 : [Ausstellung im Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, 17. Dezember 1980-20. April 1981 : Ausstellung in der Staatlichen Kunsthalle, Berlin, 16. Mai-28. Juni 1981. München: Prestel-Verlag. pp. 83–84. ISBN3-7913-0540-9.
^Schwartz, Sanford. Artists and Writers. New York: Yarrow Press, 1990, pp. 28–29. ISBN1-878274-01-5
^Cowling, Elizabeth; Mundy, Jennifer. On Classic Ground: Picasso, Léger, de Chirico and the New Classicism, 1910–1930. London: Tate Gallery, 1990, p. 81. ISBN1-854-37043-X
^Hughes, Robert, essay from Nothing If Not Critical: Selected Essays on Art and Artists, 1982, seen at artchive.comArchived 2007-02-14 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved June 19, 2013.
^Wells, Walter, Silent Theater: the Art of Edward Hopper, London/New York: Phaidon, 2007
^Ristić AJ, Petrović I, Vojvodić N, Janković S, Sokić D. Phenomenology and psychiatric origins of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Srp Arh Celok Lek. (2004) 132:22–7.
^Podoll, K.; Nicola, U. (2004). "Pathographie und Neuropsychologie: Die Migräne Giorgio de Chiricos und die Geburt der metaphysischen Malerei". Der Nervenarzt (in German) (75 (Suppl. 2):S258–9).
^Vanni, A.; Biancosino, B.; Grassi, L. (2012). "Diagnostic revision of De Chiricos' case". Riv Psichiatr (47): 345–354. doi:10.1708/1139.12563.
^Selected Prose, p. 89. (Originally in Book Week 4:15 (Dec. 18, 1966))
^Christina Britzolakis, "Conversation amongst the Ruins: Plath and de Chirico", in Connors & Bayley, eds., 'Eye Rhymes: Sylvia Plath's Art of the Visual' (Oxford University Press 2007)
O'Meally, Robert G. (1997). "Jazz Albums as Art: Some Reflections". The International Review of African American Art. 14 (1). Hampton University Museum.
Further reading
Baldacci, Paolo & Fagiolo Dell'Arco, Maurizio (1982), Giorgio de Chirico Parigi 1924–1930, Galleria Philippe Daverio, Milano
Brandani, Edoardo (a cura di), Di Genova, Giorgio, Bonfiglioli, Patrizia (1999), Giorgio de Chirico, catalogo dell'opera grafica 1969–1977, Edizioni Bora, Bologna
Bruni, C., Cat. generale di opere di Giorgio de Chirico, Milano 1971–74
Ciranna, A., Giorgio de Chirico. Cat. delle opere grafiche 1921 a 1969, Milano, 1969
de Chirico, gli anni Venti, curated by Maurizio Fagiolo dell'Arco, exhibition catalogue, Galleria dello Scudo, Verona, 1986-1987; Mazzotta, Milan, 1986
Fagiolo Dell'Arco, Maurizio (1999), L'opera completa di de Chirico 1908–1924, Rizzoli, Milano, 1984
Fagiolo Dell'Arco, Maurizio (1991), Giorgio de Chirico carte, Extra Moenia Arte Moderna, Todi
Fagiolo Dell'Arco, Maurizio, & Cavallo, Luigi (1985), De Chirico. Disegni inediti (1929), Edizioni grafiche Tega, Milano
Gimferrer, Pere (1988), De Chirico, 1888–1978, opere scelte, Rizzoli, Milano
de Chirico, gli anni Trenta, curated by Maurizio Fagiolo dell'Arco, exhibition catalogue, Galleria dello Scudo and Museo di Castelvecchio, Verona, 1998-1999; Mazzotta, Milan, 1998
Merjian, Ara H. (2014) Giorgio de Chirico and the Metaphysical City: Nietzsche, Modernism, Paris, New Haven (Yale University Press), 2014
Mori, Gioia (2007), De Chirico metafisico, Giunti, Firenze
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Katedral AvezzanoKatedral Santo Bartolomeus RasulItalia: Cattedrale di S. Bartolomeo Apostolocode: it is deprecated Katedral AvezzanoLokasiAvezzanoNegaraItaliaDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusKatedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupanKeuskupan Avezzano Katedral Avezzano (Italia: Cattedrale di Avezzano; Cattedrale di San Bartolomeocode: it is deprecated ) adalah sebuah gereja katedral Katolik yang terletak di Avezzano, Abruzzo, Italia.[1] Terdapat gereja-gereja di lok…
Hering Kalkun Status konservasi Risiko Rendah[1] Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Aves Ordo: Ciconiiformes Famili: Cathartidae Genus: Cathartes Spesies: C. aura Nama binomial Cathartes aura(Linnaeus, 1758) Peta persebaran Hering Kalkun. Kuning berarti persebaran saat musim panas, hijau berarti persebaran sepanjang tahun. Hering Kalkun, Cathartes aura adalah burung yang dapat ditemui hampir di seluruh benua Amerika. Hering Kalkun merupakan salah satu dari …
Ali Akbar Velayati Menteri Urusan Luar NegeriMasa jabatan15 Desember 1981 – 20 Agustus 1997PresidenAli KhameneiAkbar Hashemi RafsanjaniPerdana MenteriMir-Hossein Mousavi PendahuluMir-Hossein MousaviPenggantiKamal KharaziAnggota ParlemenMasa jabatan28 Mei 1980 – 15 Desember 1981Daerah pemilihanTehran, Rey dan ShemiranatMayoritas858.305 (52.5%) Informasi pribadiLahir24 Juni 1945 (umur 78)Kabupaten Shemiranat, IranPartai politikAsosiasi Dokter Islam IranPartai Koalisi Isl…
Julung-julung (Ippang, 2023)Rentang fosil: Eocene–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Julung-julung Hemiramphus brasiliensis Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Actinopterygii Ordo: Beloniformes Subordo: Belonoidei Superfamili: Exocoetoidea Famili: HemiramphidaeGill, 1859 Anaksuku dan Marga Hemiramphinae Gill, 1859 Arrhamphus Chriodorus Euleptorhamphus Hemiramphus Hyporhamphus Melapedalion …
Basilika Santa Anna dari KongoGereja Basilika Minor Santa Anna dari Kongo di BrazzavillePrancis: Basilique Sainte-Anne-du-Congocode: fr is deprecated Basilika Santa Anna dari KongoLokasiBrazzavilleNegara Republik KongoDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusBasilika minorStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupan AgungKeuskupan Agung Brazzaville Basilika Santa Anna dari Kongo, Brazzaville (Prancis: Basilique Sainte-Anne-du-Congocode: fr is deprecated ) adalah sebuah gereja basilika mi…
Kolleen ParkLahir01 Mei 1967 (umur 56)Amerika SerikatAlmamaterCalifornia Institute of the ArtsUniversitas Nasional Seoul Nama KoreaHangul박칼린 Alih AksaraBak Kalrin Kolleen Park (lahir 1 Mei 1967) adalah seorang sutradara musik, konduktor dan pemeran asal Korea Selatan kelahiran Amerika, dan juga merupakan juri di acara bakat Korea Korea's Got Talent. Latar belakang Kolleen lahir di Amerika Serikat dari ayah Korea dan ibu Amerika berdarah Lithuania. Kolleen memiliki dua saudari bernama …