Hinduism in Russia

Russian Hindus
Total population
	140,000 ; 0.1% of its total population
Religions
	Hinduism; Majority:; Vaishnavism; Minority:; Slavic Vedism and Shaivism
Scriptures
	Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavatam and Vedas
Languages
	Sacred:; Sanskrit; Other:; Russian & Other Russian languages

Hinduism has been spread in Russia primarily due to the work of scholars from the religious organization International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) and by itinerant Swamis from India and small communities of Indian immigrants. While ISKCON appears to have a relatively strong following in Russia, the other organizations in the list have a marginal presence in this country. There is an active Tantra Sangha operating in Russia. According to the 2012 official census, there are 140,010 Hindus in Russia, which accounts for 0.1% of the population of Russia.^[1]

History

Early 19th century engraving depicting Hindu temple in Astrakhan, Russia.

The history of Hinduism in Russia dates back to at least the 16th century. When Astrakhan was conquered in 1556, the small Indian community became part of the Moscow state.^[2]

In the early eighteenth century, the first Russian emperor, Peter the Great, met the head of the Astrakhan Hindus and, at their request, asked the Russian Senate to issue a law protecting Hindu beliefs. This was the first law in Russia that protected a foreign creed.^[2]

In the late eighteenth century, Russian traveller Pallas noted the presence of hundreds of Multani Vaiṣṇava Hindu merchant families at the mouth of the Volga river.^[3]

In 1971 A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), introduced it to Russia. In 1988, ISKCON was first registered as a religion. Later, it was re-registered in 1998. In the same year, there were 120 Krishna communities in Russia.^[4]

Hindu denominations in Russia

Vaishnavism

As of December 2005, the Federal Registration Service recorded 79 Hindu groups with a particular orientation on Krishnaism.^[5] These are the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, ISKCON Revival Movement, Science of Identity Foundation, Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math, Sri Chaitanya Gaudiya Math [ru], Sri Krishna Chaitanya Mission [ru], Sri Gopinatha Gaudiya Math [ru], International Pure Bhakti Yoga Society [ru], among others.

Shaivism

The followers of Shaivism in Russia are the Naths, Lingayats (Veerashaiva), and Tantra Sangha [ru].^[6]

Hindu reform movements

Hindu reform movements which have presence in Russia are the Brahma Kumaris, Ramakrishna Mission, Arya Samaj, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres, Ananda Marga, Ananda Sangha, Self-Realization Fellowship, Sri Ramana Ashram, Sahaja Yoga, Sri Chinmoy Centre, Sanatan Sanstha, Sathya Sai Baba movement, Science of Identity Foundation, Shri Prakash Dham, the organizations associated with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and Haidakhan Babaji (Haidakhandi Samaj [ru]), and others. Brahma Kumaris have 20 centres, Ramakrishna Mission has one centre, Ananda Marga has a centre in Barnaul, Tantra Sangha has one registered branch in Moscow and another in Nizhniy Novgorod was officially recognized in 1993.^[5]^[7]^[6]

Demography

According to the 2012 official census, Hinduism is practised by 140,000 people, or 0.1% of the total population. It constitutes 12% of the population in the Altai Republic, 5% in Samara Oblast, 4% in Khakassia, Kalmykia, Bryansk Oblast, Kamchatka, Kurgan Oblast, Tyumen Oblast and Chelyabinsk Oblast, 3% in Sverdlovsk Oblast, 2% to 3% in Yamalia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, Rostov Oblast and Sakhalin Oblast, and 0.1% to 0.2% in other federal subjects.^[8]

In 2006, the Russian capital Moscow had an estimated 10,000 Hare Krishna devotees and at least 5,000 Indians, Sri Lankans, Nepalese, and Mauritians following Hindu denominations.^[9]

The number of ISKCON followers in Russia is disputed. According to Sanjeet Jha of the Association of Indians of Russia, Russia's Krishna devotee population is estimated to be as high as 250,000, while Filatov of the Institute of Oriental Studies estimates Russia's Krishna population to be 15,000.^[10] According to Bhakti Vijnana Goswami, a Russian Iskcon guru, there were 50,000 active Hare Krishna devotees in Russia in 2011.^[11]

References

^ Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
^ ^a ^b Igor Kotin, "Hinduism in Russia", in Knut A. Jacobsen and Ferdinando Sardella (eds.), Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (Brill, 2020), p. 1392.
^ Entwistle, Alan William (1982). The Rāsa Māna ke Pada of Kevalarāma: A Medieval Hindi Text of the Eighth Gaddī of the Vallabha Sect (Phd thesis). University of London. pp. 89–90.
^ "Russia: Treatment of Hare Krishna adherents". Immigration and refugee board of Canada. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Russia, International Religious Freedom Report 2006". US Gov. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
^ ^a ^b Dr. Igor Popov. "The Reference Book on All Religious Branches and Communities in Russia (Online). Chapter 2.1 Hinduism" (in Russian). Retrieved 22 July 2018.
^ Knorre 2005.
^ "Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей" [Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities] (PDF). Среда (Sreda). 2012. See also the results' main interactive mapping and the static mappings: "Religions in Russia by federal subject" (Map). Ogonek. 34 (5243). 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010) and the Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ).
^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2006". US Gov. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
^ "Persecuted by Soviets, Russia's Hare Krishnas Still Fight for Acceptance (Video)". The Moscow times. TNN. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
^ "Facing 'ban Gita' case, Hindus build Krishna temple in Moscow". Decan Herald. TNN. 25 December 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

Sources

Knorre, Boris (2005). "Индуизм" [Hinduism]. In Bourdeaux, Michael; Filatov, Sergey (eds.). Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания [Contemporary religious life of Russia. Systematic description of experiences] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Moscow: Keston Institute; Logos. pp. 335–454. ISBN 5-98704-044-2.
Kotin, I. U. Индийцы в России=Indians in Russia. — Саарбрюкен: LAP, 2011. — 97 p. (in Russian and English)
Tkatcheva, Anna (1994). "Neo-Hindu Movements and Orthodox Christianity in Post-Communist Russia". India International Centre Quarterly. 21 (2/3): 151–162. JSTOR 23003642.