Animated media produced outside the major industry
The term independent animation refers to animated shorts, web series, and feature films produced outside a major national animation industry.
Criteria
A good portion of the work is viewed in animation festivals and private screen rooms along with schools that produce animation through instruction. The significance of independent animation is as important as studio fare. "Independent" initially implied amateurs and unknowns. However, following the implosion of the entertainment industry and mass layoffs of animators, "indie" now almost exclusively refers to industry veterans with connections producing content on their own time.
In the late 1960s, animator Ralph Bakshi and producer Steve Krantz founded Bakshi Productions,[18] establishing the studio as an alternative to mainstream animation by producing animation his own way and accelerating the advancement of female and minority animators. He also paid his employees a higher salary than any other studio at that time.[19] In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse, a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica.[20][21] However, Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation he was producing, and wanted to produce something personal. Bakshi soon developed Heavy Traffic, a tale of inner-city street life. However, Krantz told Bakshi that studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience.[21] While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of R. Crumb's Fritz the Cat. Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film.[21]
Fritz the Cat (1972) was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the MPAA, and the highest grossing independent animated film of all time.[21] Bakshi then simultaneously directed a number of animated films, starting with Heavy Traffic a year later. Ralph Bakshi became the first person in the animation industry since Walt Disney to have two financially successful films released back-to-back.[22]
Animation historians John Canemaker[31] and Michael Sporn[32] also made independent animation in New York, both earning Oscar nods for their work (only Canemaker won in 2005).
In the 1970s, independent animator Sally Cruikshank (known for the 1975 cult short Quasi at the Quackadero alongside animated segments for Sesame Street[38]) continued to explore independent and D.I.Y. distribution options, but were still largely met with rejection even though her work is now considered ground breaking.[39]
The rise of the Internet in the 1990s and 2000s saw an exponential increase in the production of independent animation which included personal independent works by Timothy Hittle,[45]Janie Geiser,[46]John R. Dilworth, Lewis Klahr[47][48] and John Schnall.[49][50]Personal computer power increased to the point where it was possible for a single person to produce an animated cartoon on a home computer, using software such as Flash, and distribute these short films over the World Wide Web. Independently produced Internet cartoons flourished as the popularity of the Web grew, and a number of strange, often hilarious short cartoons were produced for the Web.
In the late 1990s, an independent animated short film called The Spirit of Christmas was produced for under $2,000 by two artists, Matt Stone and Trey Parker. This film was widely distributed on the Internet as a pirated cartoon, and its phenomenal popularity gave rise to the popular television animated seriesSouth Park.[51] Limited 1990s bandwidth made streaming difficult, if not impossible. While some animators like Spümcø's John K. opted to use Flash, it still required a plug-in making it unviewable in many early web browsers. Other early online animators like M. Wartella opted to use the Animated GIF to overcome these limitations and create early web-based animation viewable through all browsers.[52]
By the mid-to-late 2000s YouTube and the Internet and like-minded online video distribution, in addition to independent broadcasting sites that followed, proved to be a dominant form of independently distributed, broadcast, edited, and produced animation TV shows, anime, feature films, music videos, retro animation, commercials, trailers, original online animation content, and web exclusives[55] (which would otherwise not stand a chance of seeing airtime on more normal and expensive forms of mainstream broadcasting on most television networks, which still continue to function on a more traditional distribution matrix). The Annoying Orange, which started off as a series of viral quasi-CGI animated comedy shorts on YouTube, quickly gained a cult following and an excess of 100 million views online. It is an example of an animated web series to transition between Internet and television distribution successfully, as an animated series on Cartoon Network.[51]
LGBT representation in independent animation has increased over the years, as many series have featured LGBTQ characters. Lizzy the Lezzy, which premiered on Myspace in 2006, included LGBTQ+ characters like Lizzy, a lesbian.[77] Plum, a bisexual character, first appeared in the animated series, Bravest Warriors, a show which aired on Cartoon Hangover's YouTube channel from 2012 to 2018, as confirmed by her crushes and by writer Kate Leth.[78][79][80] The show was made by Adventure Time creator Pendleton Ward and featuring Ian Jones-Quartey, who voiced the character, Wallow, while he directed his own show, OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes which featured multiple LGBTQ+ characters. Although Plum had a crush on Chris, kissing him multiple times during the show, she is also madly in love with her doppelganger as shown in the comics.
The Rooster Teeth animated web series, RWBY, which began in 2013, features lesbian characters,[81][82][83] and a trans woman named May Marigold, voiced by Kdin Jenzen.[84][85]Nomad of Nowhere, another RoosterTeeth show, released in 2018, featured a lesbian protagonist named Skout, who had a crush on Captain Toth, her superior.[86][87] In addition, Hazbin Hotel, by Vivienne Medrano, centers around a bisexual princess of Hell named Charlie, with a girlfriend named Vaggie,[88][89] with the series also featuring an asexual character named Alastor,[88][90] and a gay pornstar named Angel Dust.[91][89][92] Medrano's other series, Helluva Boss, featured various bisexual characters, such as a demon named Moxxie,[93] and a pansexual demon named Blitzo.[94]
My Pride: The Series, which premiered in February 2020 on YouTube, follows a "queer, disabled lioness" named Nothing who is trying to heal the world.[95][96] Yssa Badiola of Recorded by Arizal hosted a RTX panel, on September 21, 2020, and stated that there would be LGBTQ characters if a full season was ordered.[97][98] Nico Colaleo's animated web series, Too Loud, the first season which ran from July to August 2017, and the second season which aired from September to November 2019, includes an LGBTQ character. In the episode "Slumber Party Sneak-In," Desiree plots with her sister, Sara, to dress up as a girl in order to go to a slumber party. The rest of the girls find this out, then console her, accepting, and deciding they like her no matter whether she is a trans girl named Desiree or as a closeted boy.[99] In September 2019, Colaleo later described the episode as important, described it as his favorite episode of the show's second season, and a "pro-transgender episode."[100]
The 2016 autobiographical stop-motion short Deer Flower, made by Los Angeles-based filmmaker Kangmin Kim, mines his childhood in South Korea for themes.[108]
Independent animation outside the United States
Italy
Independent Italian animators include Ursula Ferrara (who used techniques similar to animation pioneers like Emile Cohl on her 1986 film Lucidi Folli), Alberto D'Amico, Saul Saguatti (known for his 1995 series Short Splatter Collection)[109] and Bruno Bozzetto, known for the 1976 feature Allegro Non Troppo and the 1990 Academy Award-nominatedGrasshoppers.[110]
Another British animated milestone, the 1978 adaptation of Watership Down by American filmmaker Martin Rosen, was also made independently as well.[117]
Independent cel animation made in South Korea during the 1980s-90s included Lee Yong-bae's award-winning tale of Sleeping Buddha Wa-Bull (1994) and powerfully political efforts from Choe Jeong-hyeon.[130]
Estonian animator Priit Pärn is known for his crude drawings, dark humor and satirical absurdist tone on such films as Breakfast on the Grass (1988) and 1895 (1995; the latter spoofing cinema's impact on perceptions of history, identity and nationality filled with cinematic references, cultural stereotypes and inside jokes).[142]
^Television/radio Age. Television Editorial Corp. 1969. p. 13.
^ abcdGibson, Jon M.; McDonnell, Chris (2008). "Fritz the Cat". Unfiltered: The Complete Ralph Bakshi. Universe Publishing. pp. 58, 62–63, 80–81. ISBN978-0-7893-1684-4.
^Joey Comeau (w). "Shannon Watters, Adam Staffaroni, Kassandra Heller" Catbug is Missing, vol. 1, no. 6, p. 4/5 (March 2013). 5670 Wilshire Blvd. Suite 450, Los Angeles, CA 90036: KaBOOM!.
^Badiola, Yssa; Cabanos, Christine Marie; Kazemi, Joshua; Jenzen, Kdin (September 21, 2020). "RTX - Recorded by Arizal". Rooster Teeth. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2020. See 44:58-47:11 for the question and Badiola's response. Alt URL.
Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Jung. Jung Sang-hoonLahir9 September 1976 (umur 47)Korea SelatanPekerjaanAktorTahun aktif1998-sekarangAgenJAM EntertainmentNama KoreaHangul정상훈 Hanja鄭尙勳 Alih AksaraJeong Sang-hunMcCune–ReischauerChŏng Sang-hun Jung Sang-hoon (lahir 9 September 1976) adalah aktor Korea Selatan. Ia dikenal karena menjadi anggota acara televisi Saturday Night Live Korea.[1] Filmografi Film Tahun Judul Peran 2001 Volcano High Golbangi 2003 Please…
Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche italiane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Voce principale: Unione Sportiva Poggibonsi. Unione Sportiva PoggibonsiStagione 2013-2014Sport calcio Squadra Poggibonsi Allenatore Marco Tosi (1^-26^) poi Archimede Graziani (27^-34^) Presidente Antonello Panigiani Lega Pro Seconda Divisione-Gir.B16º posto. Retrocede in Serie D. Co…
Town of ancient Cilicia Çebel Ires Daǧı inscription - a Phoenician legal inscription found in Laertes Laertes (Ancient Greek: Λαέρτης)[1] was a town of ancient Cilicia.[2] Some have supposed that the philosopher Diogenes Laërtius was from this town.[3][4] Strabo called it a stronghold.[5] Its site is located near Cebelires, in Asiatic Turkey.[2][6] Archaeologists have excavated the site; antiquities may be found at the Alanya Arc…
British right-wing political blogger (born 1967) Paul StainesStaines in 2006BornPaul De Laire Staines (1967-02-11) 11 February 1967 (age 57)[1]Ealing, London, EnglandAlma materHumberside College of FEOccupationPolitical bloggerKnown forGuido FawkesPolitical partyformerly associated with:Conservative PartySocial Democratic Party (UK)Progressive Democrats Paul De Laire Staines (born 11 February 1967)[1] is a British-Irish right-wing[2][3][4] p…
FC AugsburgNama lengkapFußball-Club Augsburg 1907 e. V.JulukanFuggerstädter (diambil dari nama keluarga Fugger yang terkenal di Augsburg)Berdiri8 Agustus 1907; 116 tahun lalu (1907-08-08)StadionWWK Arena(Kapasitas: 30.660)Ketua Klaus HofmannManajer Enrico MaaßenLigaBundesliga2022–2023Bundesliga, ke-15 dari 18Situs webSitus web resmi klub Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Musim ini Fußball-Club Augsburg 1907 e. V., dikenal sebagai FC Augsburg (pelafalan dalam bahasa Jerman: [ʔɛf…
KYW-TVPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaSaluranDigital: 26 (UHF)Virtual: 3 (PSIP)BrandingCBS Philadelphia (general) CBS News Philadelphia (newscasts)SloganOnly CBS 3 HD (general) CBS 3 HD is Always On (newscasts)PemrogramanSubkanal3.1 CBS3.2 Start TV3.3 DablAfiliasiCBSKepemilikanPemilikCBS Corporation (CBS Broadcasting, Inc.)Stasiun seindukKYW, WIP, WIP-FM, WOGL, WPHT, WPSGRiwayatSiaran perdana1 September 1941; 82 tahun lalu (1941-09-01)Bekas tanda panggilWPTZ (1941-1956)WRCV-TV (1956-1965)Bekas no…
Red Bull RB16 La RB16 di Alexander Albon nei test prestagionali a Barcellona Descrizione generale Costruttore Red Bull Racing Categoria Formula 1 Squadra Aston Martin Red Bull Racing Progettata da Adrian NeweyPierre WachéRob MarshallGuillaume CattelaniSteve WinstanleyEdward AvelingBen WaterhouseDan FallowsCraig Skinner Sostituisce Red Bull RB15 Sostituita da Red Bull RB16B Descrizione tecnica Meccanica Telaio Red Bull, monoscocca in fibra di carbonio Motore Honda RA620H, V6 1.6 a 90° Tur…
For the Hudson's Bay Company vessel, see Aklavik (HBC vessel). For the First Nation, see Aklavik First Nation. Hamlet in Northwest Territories, CanadaAklavik AkłarvikHamletAklavik in early-February 2008 FlagMotto: Never Say Die[1]AklavikShow map of Northwest TerritoriesAklavikShow map of CanadaCoordinates: 68°13′13″N 135°00′42″W / 68.22028°N 135.01167°W / 68.22028; -135.01167CountryCanadaTerritoryNorthwest TerritoriesRegionInuvik RegionConstituen…
Carta del Regno d'Italia dal 1870Carta del Regno d'Italia dopo la prima guerra mondiale Quello di quarta guerra di indipendenza italiana è un nome dato all'intervento italiano nella prima guerra mondiale[1], in un'ottica storiografica che individua in quest'ultimo la conclusione del Risorgimento e dell'Unità d'Italia, le cui azioni militari sono iniziate durante i moti del 1848 con la prima guerra d'indipendenza italiana[2][3][4]. Indice 1 Storia 1.1 Premesse 1.…
Prototype strategic bomber aircraft based on Tu-4 Tu-85 Role Heavy bomberType of aircraft National origin Soviet Union Manufacturer Tupolev First flight 9 January 1951 Status Cancelled Number built 2 Developed from Tupolev Tu-4 Tupolev Tu-80 The Tupolev Tu-85 (Russian: Туполев Ту-85; USAF/DoD reporting name: Type 31, NATO reporting name: Barge[1]) was a Soviet prototype strategic bomber based on the Tu-4, an unlicensed, reverse engineered copy of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress. I…
Belgian cyclist Edmond Delathouwer (26 May 1916 – 26 August 1994) was a professional road bicycle racer from Belgium. Delathouwer won the classic La Flèche Wallonne in 1939. Edmond Delathouwer in 1939 Major results 1938 2nd, Gent–Wevelgem 1939 1st, La Flèche Wallonne 13th, Liège–Bastogne–Liège Tour de France 3rd, Stage 3 4th, Stage 1 External links Edmond Delathouwer at Cycling Archives This biographical article related to a Belgian cyclist born in the 1910s is a stub. You can help W…
Not to be confused with Agnes of Babenberg. Queen consort of Denmark Agnes of BrandenburgFresco of Queen Agnes from the ceiling of St. Bendt's Church, RingstedQueen consort of DenmarkTenure1273–1286Bornc. 1257Died29 September 1304BurialSt. Bendt's ChurchSpouseEric V, King of DenmarkGerhard II, Count of Holstein-PlönIssueEric VI, King of DenmarkRicheza Eriksdatter of Denmark [sv]Christopher II, King of DenmarkMartha, Queen of SwedenKatharine of DenmarkValdemar of DenmarkElisabeth …
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Naokazu Takemoto Menteri Negara untuk Kebijakan Sains dan TeknologiPetahanaMulai menjabat 11 September 2019 (2019-09-11)Anggota Dewan PerwakilanPetahanaMulai menjabat 21 Oktober 1996 (1996-10-21) Informasi pribadiLahir23 November 1940 (…
American voice actor and comedian For other people named George Lowe, see George Lowe (disambiguation). George LoweLowe in 2010Birth nameGeorge Edward LoweBorn (1957-11-10) November 10, 1957 (age 66)Dunedin, Florida, U.S.MediumActor, voice actor, screenwriter, executive producer, television, filmsNationalityAmericanYears active1980–presentGenresTelevision, filmsNotable works and rolesSpace Ghost Coast to CoastCartoon PlanetThe Brak Show George Edward Lowe (born November 10, 1957)[…
This article is part of a series onConservatism in Germany Ideologies Agrarian Christian democracy Liberal Ordo Ritter School Monarchism Nationalist Neue Rechte Völkisch Paternalistic State Socialism Prussianism Cameralistic Socialist Revolutionary Young Romanticism Right-Hegelianism Historical School Principles Christian values Duty Elitism Aristocracy Meritocracy Gemeinschaft Heimat In Treue fest Kultur Medievalism Monarchism Organicism Patriotism Prussian virtues Sittlichkeit Social hi…
ثورة الشيخ سعيد جزء من النزاع التركي - الكردي معلومات عامة التاريخ 8 فبراير 1925[1] - مارس 1925 الموقع منطقتا ديار بكر وماردين الحالة وإلحاق الموصل إلى الانتداب البريطاني على العراق المتحاربون تركياوقبائل علوية (هرمكان ولولان) قبائل كردية القادة كمال أتاتورككاظم باشا (…