Kermit Roosevelt

Kermit Roosevelt
MC
Kermit Roosevelt MC
	Kermit Roosevelt in 1926
Born	October 10, 1889; Oyster Bay, New York, U.S.
Died	June 4, 1943 (aged 53); Fort Richardson, Alaska, U.S.
Cause of death	Suicide by gunshot
Alma mater	Harvard University
Occupation(s)	Soldier, businessman, writer, explorer
Spouse	Belle Wyatt Willard (m. 1914)
Children	Kermit Jr.; Joseph; Belle; Dirck;
Parent(s)	Theodore Roosevelt; Edith Roosevelt
Relatives	John G. Palfrey (son-in-law)
Family	See Roosevelt family

Kermit Roosevelt Sr. MC (October 10, 1889 – June 4, 1943) was an American businessman, soldier, explorer, and writer. A son of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, Kermit graduated from Harvard College, served in both World Wars (with both the British and U.S. Armies), and explored two continents with his father. He fought a lifelong battle with depression and died by suicide while serving in the US Army in Alaska during World War II.^[1]

Childhood and education

Kermit was born at Sagamore Hill, the family estate in Oyster Bay, New York, the second son of Theodore Roosevelt, (1858–1919) and Edith Kermit Carow (1861–1948). He had an older half-sister Alice Lee Roosevelt (1884–1980), from his father's first marriage to Alice Hathaway Lee (1861–1884), an elder brother, Theodore III (1887–1944), a younger sister, Ethel Carow Roosevelt (1891–1977), and two younger brothers; Archibald Bulloch "Archie" Roosevelt (1894–1979) and Quentin Roosevelt (1897–1918).

As a child, he had little resistance to illness and infection. He had a flair for language, however, and read avidly. He showed a writing talent that led to recording his experiences in World War I in a book.

After attending the Groton School, he enrolled at Harvard College. In 1909, as a freshman, he and his father (recently out of office as president)—both of whom loved nature and outdoor sports—went on a year-long expedition in Africa funded by the Smithsonian Institution. After this trip and a swing through Europe, Roosevelt returned to Harvard and completed four years of study in two and a half years, graduating with the Class of 1912. Like his father, while at Harvard he was a member of the Porcellian Club, a student social organization.

Roosevelt became active in the Boone and Crockett Club, a wildlife conservation organization that had been co-founded by his father. One commentator wrote that Kermit embodied the ideals of the club perhaps more purely than anyone, including his father.^[2]

River of Doubt South American expedition

One of Theodore Roosevelt's most popular books, Through the Brazilian Wilderness, recounted the expedition into the Amazon Basin Brazilian jungle in 1913–14. The father and son went on what would become known as the Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition, exploring the Brazilian jungle with explorer Colonel Cândido Rondon. During this expedition, they explored the River of Doubt, later renamed Rio Roosevelt in honor of the President, as well as a branch of that river named the Rio Kermit in his honor. The source of the river had been discovered by Rondon earlier, but it had never been fully explored or mapped.^[3]

At the time of the expedition, Roosevelt was newly engaged to Belle Wyatt Willard, daughter of the U.S. ambassador to Spain. His mother Edith was concerned about her husband's health and the difficulties of a new expedition, and asked Kermit to accompany his father. He did so, reluctantly delaying his marriage.

The scope of the expedition expanded beyond the original plans, leaving the participants inadequately prepared for a trip tracing the River of Doubt from its source through hundreds of kilometers of uncharted rainforest. The climate and terrain, inadequate gear and food, and two deaths (one drowning, the other murder) turned a scientific expedition into an ordeal. Roosevelt's father contracted malaria and a serious infection resulting from a minor leg wound, weakening him to the point that he considered taking a fatal dose of morphine rather than being a burden to his companions. Roosevelt told his father that he was bringing him back literally "dead or alive" and if he died, he would be an even bigger burden to the expedition. Although Roosevelt contracted malaria as well, he downplayed his sickness to save quinine for TR, nearly dying himself before the physician insisted on giving him the medication by injection. Roosevelt's determination and his rope- and canoe-handling skills were instrumental in saving his father's life. Nonetheless, TR was plagued by flareups of malaria and inflammation so severe that they required hospitalization.^[4]

Although Kermit and TR faced skepticism about their claims of navigating a completely uncharted river over 1000 km long, they eventually silenced their critics through TR's oratory and his popular book, Through the Brazilian Wilderness. The 1913–14 expedition was later recounted in The River of Doubt by Candice Millard (Doubleday 2005).

Marriage and children

After the Amazon trip, in 1914 Kermit married Belle Wyatt Willard, daughter of the U.S. Ambassador to Spain, Joseph Edward Willard. They had four children: Kermit Roosevelt Jr., Joseph Willard Roosevelt, Belle Wyatt "Clochette", and Dirck. His daughter, Clochette Roosevelt, married John Gorham Palfrey, who was dean of Columbia College and a member of the United States Atomic Energy Commission.^[5]

Military service in World War I

From 1914 to 1916, Roosevelt was assistant manager for National City Bank in Buenos Aires.

In 1917, as he was about to be transferred to a Russian branch, the U.S. entered the World War. He attended the Plattsburg School for officers from May to July 1917 but resigned from the U.S. Army to join the British Army. On August 22, 1917, Roosevelt was appointed an honorary captain in the British Army.^[6] He saw hard fighting in the Near East, later transferring to the United States Army. While his other brothers had had summer training at Plattsburgh, New York, Roosevelt had missed out on this training.

Roosevelt joined the British Army to fight in the Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) theater of World War I. He was attached to the 14th Light Armoured Motor Battery of the Machine Gun Corps, but the British High Command decided they could not risk his life and so they made him an officer in charge of transport (Ford Model T cars). Within months of being posted to Mesopotamia, he mastered spoken as well as written Arabic and was often relied upon as a translator with the locals. He was awarded a Military Cross on August 26, 1918.^[7]

Roosevelt relinquished his British commission on April 28, 1918, and was transferred to the AEF in France.^[8] In 1918, he learned that his youngest brother Quentin, a pilot, had been shot down over France and had been buried by the Germans with full military honors.^[9]

He was commissioned a captain in the United States Army on May 12, 1918, and commanded Battery C, 7th Artillery of the 1st Division. He participated in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive near the end of the war. He returned to the United States on March 25, 1919, and was discharged from the Army two days later.^[10]

Between the wars

After the war, Roosevelt went into business; he founded the Roosevelt Steamship Company and the United States Lines. He continued to enjoy outdoor activities with his brothers. In 1919, he joined the Empire State Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, to which both his father and elder brother belonged.^[1]

In 1925, Roosevelt accompanied his brother Ted on a hunting expedition across the Himalayas, over uncharted mountain passes rising from the Vale of Kashmir through the ancient Silk Route into China, in search of the legendary bighorn wild sheep called Ovis poli. He and his brother Ted documented the trip in their book East of the Sun and West of the Moon. Several trophies collected during this expedition are on display in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. This expedition, financed by Museum trustee James Simpson, is sometimes called the "James Simpson-Roosevelt Asiatic Expedition of the Field Museum of Natural History".^[11]

In 1928–1929, Kermit Roosevelt and his brother Ted were members of the Kelley-Roosevelts Asiatic Expedition. The Roosevelt brothers told the story of their part in the expedition in their book Trailing the Giant Panda.

Kermit Roosevelt served as vice president of the New York Zoological Society from 1937 to 1939.^[12]

Service in World War II

By October 14, 1939, when Britain was at war with Germany, Roosevelt had negotiated a commission as a Second Lieutenant in the Middlesex Regiment with the assistance of his friend, Winston Churchill, who was by then First Lord of the Admiralty.^[13]^: 229^[14] His first task was to lead a contingent of British volunteers for the Winter War in Finland.^[13]^: 230 According to a contemporary story published in Picture Post, he had resigned from the British Army to lead the expedition. Among those photographed in the article are John Hurman and Edward Graham. Hurman describes himself as half-Irish and half-English and going as a pilot. His friend, using the pseudonym Edward Graham, also a pilot, was White Russian emigre Prince Emanuel Galitzine the son of Prince Vladimir Galitzine. ^[15] However, before the expedition could be launched, Finland made peace with Russia. Roosevelt served with distinction in a raid into Norway and was later sent to North Africa, where there was little action at the time.^[13]^: 230 While in Norway, he was injured during the Battle of Narvik.^[16] He resumed drinking and was debilitated by an enlarged liver complicated by a resurgence of malaria. At the end of 1940, he returned to England and was discharged from the army on health grounds on May 2, 1941, by which time he had once again reached the rank of captain.^[13]^: 230^[17] Roosevelt appealed this discharge all the way to the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, who upheld the medical discharge.^{[citation needed]}

When he returned to the US, he turned to drinking to forget his problems. His wife enlisted the help of his cousin, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who ordered the FBI to track him down, and he was brought back to his family. In late April 1942, his brother Archibald sought to have him committed to a sanitarium for a year; at month's end, he agreed to a four-month stay at an institution in Hartford.^[18] To extricate him from his current situation, the President gave him a commission as a major in the United States Army, and had him transferred and posted to Fort Richardson, Alaska, where he worked as an intelligence officer and helped establish a territorial militia of Eskimos and Aleuts. He was a member of Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 1685 in Anchorage, Alaska.

Death

Roosevelt died in Alaska on June 4, 1943, in his room at Fort Richardson, from suicide by a gunshot to the head.^[13]^: 232^[19] He was discovered by Dr. Sanford Couch Monroe, who later filed the autopsy report. His death was reported to his mother, Edith, as a heart attack.^[20] He was interred in Fort Richardson National Cemetery near Anchorage,^[20] where a memorial stone gateway was erected in his honor in 1949.^[21]

Legacy

The town of Kermit, Texas, was named for him (he had visited Winkler County, Texas, a few months earlier to hunt antelope).^[22] The town of Kermit, West Virginia, is also named after him.^[23] The Luzon-class repair ship USS Kermit Roosevelt (ARG-16) was named in his honor. The town of Kermit, North Dakota was also named after him.

There is an annual lecture series given in the United States by a British Army general officer and in the United Kingdom by a U.S. Army general officer named in memory of Kermit Roosevelt.^[24]

Awards

United States

Foreign decorations

Military Cross (United Kingdom)
Montenegro War Cross

Foreign medals

British War Medal (United Kingdom)
Victory Medal (United Kingdom)
1939-1945 Star (United Kingdom)
Africa Star (United Kingdom)
War Medal 1939–1945 (United Kingdom)

In fiction

Kermit Roosevelt appears as a minor character in the Wilbur Smith novel Assegai on safari in East Africa with his father.

Kermit Roosevelt appears in the second episode of 1992's The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles television series.

He also appears fleetingly (in a dream) in William Boyd's novel An Ice-Cream War.

The book Roosevelt's Beast by Louis Bayard is a fictitious story of the Rondon-Roosevelt expedition, narrated by Kermit Roosevelt.

Kermit Roosevelt appears as a main character in the James Ross historical fiction Hunting Teddy Roosevelt about the safari in East Africa with his father.

Kermit Roosevelt appears in the fiction book The President's Daughter by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley which is based on Kermit's sister Ethel Roosevelt Derby and their time in the White House.

Works

War in the Garden of Eden: memoirs from World War I
The Happy Hunting Grounds. New York, C. Scribner's sons. 1920.
Trailing the Giant Panda (with Theodore Roosevelt Jr.)
Quentin Roosevelt: A Sketch with Letters. New York, C. Scribner's Sons. 1921.
The Boy Scout's Book of True Adventure, Fourteen Honorary Scouts, with Foreword By Theodore Roosevelt and Biographical Notes By James E. West. Published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York (1931) – Essays include: "Adventurous Hunting" by Kermit Roosevelt, "Scouting Against the Apache" by Frederick R. Burnham, "How I Learned to Fly" by Orville Wright, "An Arctic Mirage" by Donald B. MacMillan, "In the Arctic" by Lincoln Ellsworth, "A Tobacco Trade" by George Bird Grinnell, "The Black Ghosts of the Tana River" by James L. Clark, "My Flight Over the Atlantic" by Richard Evelyn Byrd, "In the Jungles of Cochin-China" by Theodore Roosevelt, "Shipwreck" by Robert A. Bartlett, "Written in the Air" by Charles Lindbergh, "Tiger! Tiger!" by Merian C. Cooper, "The First Crossing of the Polar Sea" by Lincoln Ellsworth, "Bandits" by Clifford H. Pope, and "Adventure" by Stewart Edward White. All 13 photo plates of the honorary Scouts are present; both Roosevelts in the same photo.
East of the Sun and West of the Moon (with Theodore Roosevelt Jr.)
The Long Trail, 1921, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York

References and notes

^ ^a ^b William E. Lemanski, Lost in the Shadow of Fame: The Neglected Story of Kermit Roosevelt: A Gallant and Tragic American 2011.
^ Counting Sheep: Twenty Ways of Seeing Desert Bighorn, edited by Gary Nabhan, University of Arizona Press, 1993, page 75.
^ Candice Millard, The river of doubt: Theodore Roosevelt's darkest journey (Anchor Books, 2006).
^ Thayer, Chapter XXIII, pp. 4–7.
^ Johnston, Laurie (October 29, 1979). "JOHN PALFREY DIES; EX-COLUMBIA DEAN". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
^ "No. 30304". The London Gazette (Supplement). September 25, 1917. p. 9925.
^ "No. 30865". The London Gazette (Supplement). August 23, 1918. p. 9966.
^ "No. 30656". The London Gazette (Supplement). April 26, 1918. p. 5128.
^ Grosvenor, Edwin S. (2018). "The Heartbreaking Loss of Lt. Quentin Roosevelt". americanheritage.com. American Heritage Publishing Co. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
^ Frederick Sumner Mead, ed. (1921). Harvard's Military Record in the World War. Boston: Harvard Alumni Association. p. 824.
^ Osgood, W. H. (May 1, 1925). "The James Simpson-Roosevelt Expedition of the Field Museum of Natural History". Science. 61 (1583): 461–462. Bibcode:1925Sci....61..461O. doi:10.1126/science.61.1583.461. PMID 17842523.
^ "Kermit Roosevelt as VP of NY Zoological Society". Annual report of the New York Zoological Society. New York Zoological Society. 1953. p. 68.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Edward Renehan, 1998, The Lion's Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War, Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195127195 and 0195127196, see [1] accessed 16 June 2015.
^ "No. 34709". The London Gazette (Supplement). October 13, 1939. pp. 6938–6939.
^ "Volunteers For Finland". Picture Post. March 16, 1940.
^ Karl Ernest Meyer; Shareen Blair Brysac (2006). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-465-04576-1.

Sylvia Morris (February 19, 2009). Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 500–501. ISBN 978-0-307-52277-1.
^ "No. 35153". The London Gazette. May 2, 1941. p. 2576.
^ "Miami Daily News May 1, 1942".
^ Lemanski, William E. (2011). Lost in the Shadow of Fame: The Neglected Story of Kermit Roosevelt: A Gallant and Tragic American. Camp Hill, PA: Sunbury Press. p. 7.
^ ^a ^b Ward, Geoffrey C.; Burns, Ken (2014). The Roosevelts: An Intimate History. New York; Toronto: Knopf Borzoi. p. 417. ISBN 978-0-307-70023-0.
^ "Fort Richardson National Cemetery - National Cemetery Administration". www.cem.va.gov. National Cemetery Administration. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
^ CAUBLE, SMITH, JULIA (June 15, 2010). "KERMIT, TX". tshaonline.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Kermit Roosevelt - Son of Theodore Roosevelt - Almanac of TR". www.theodore-roosevelt.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2005.
^ "Public Affairs - Kermit Roosevelt Lecture". Archived from the original on March 21, 2013.