Lady Justice

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Scales
In Unicode	U+2696 ⚖ SCALES

Lady Justice (Latin: Iustitia) is an allegorical personification of the moral force in judicial systems.^[1]^[2] Her attributes are scales, a sword and sometimes a blindfold. She often appears as a pair with Prudentia.

Lady Justice originates from the personification of Justice in Ancient Roman art known as Iustitia or Justitia,^[3] who is equivalent to the Greek goddess Dike/Astraea.^[4]

The goddess Justitia

The origin of Lady Justice was Justitia (or Iustitia), the goddess of Justice within Roman mythology. Justitia was introduced by emperor Augustus, and was thus not a very old deity in the Roman pantheon.

Justice was one of the virtues celebrated by emperor Augustus in his clipeus virtutis, and a temple of Iustitia was established in Rome by emperor Tiberius.^[3] Iustitia became a symbol for the virtue of justice with which every emperor wished to associate his regime; emperor Vespasian minted coins with the image of the goddess seated on a throne called Iustitia Augusta, and many emperors after him used the image of the goddess to proclaim themselves protectors of justice.^[3]

Though formally called a goddess with her own temple and cult shrine in Rome, it appears that she was from the onset viewed more as an artistic symbolic personification rather than as an actual deity with religious significance. ^{[citation needed]}

Depiction

The personification of justice balancing the scales dates back to their goddess Maat,^[5] and later Isis, of ancient Egypt. The Hellenic deities Themis and Dike were later goddesses of justice. Themis was the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom, in her aspect as the personification of the divine rightness of law.

Scales

Lady Justice is often depicted with a set of scales, typically suspended from one hand, upon which she balances the relative substance and value (ie the 'weight') of the available evidence and arguments on both sides of any bilateral dispute. The scales can therefore 'tip in favour' of either side, and justice, in terms of the metaphor, can be enacted upon seeing the result.^[6]

The Greek goddess Dike is depicted holding a set of scales:

If some god had been holding level the balance of Dike (Justice).
— Bacchylides, Fragment 5 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric IV) (Greek lyric c. 5th B.C.)

Blindfold

Since the 16th century, Lady Justice has often been depicted wearing a blindfold. The blindfold was originally a satirical addition intended to show Justice as blind to the injustice carried on before her,^[7] but it has been reinterpreted over time and is now understood to represent impartiality, the ideal that justice should be applied without regard to wealth, power, or other status. The earliest Roman coins depicted Justitia with the sword in one hand and the scale in the other, but with her eyes uncovered.^[8] Justitia was only commonly represented as "blind" since the middle of the 16th century. The first known representation of blind Justice is Hans Gieng's 1543 statue on the Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen (Fountain of Justice) in Bern.^[9]

Instead of using the Janus approach, many sculptures simply leave out the blindfold altogether. For example, atop the Old Bailey courthouse in London, a statue of Lady Justice stands without a blindfold;^[10] the courthouse brochures explain that this is because Lady Justice was originally not blindfolded, and because her "maidenly form" is supposed to guarantee her impartiality which renders the blindfold redundant.^[11] Another variation is to depict a blindfolded Lady Justice as a human scale, weighing competing claims in each hand. An example of this can be seen at the Shelby County Courthouse in Memphis, Tennessee.^[12]

Sword

The sword represented authority in ancient times, and conveys the idea that justice can be swift and final.^[13]

Toga

The Greco-Roman garment symbolizes the status of the philosophical attitude that embodies justice.^[13]^{[unreliable source?]}

In computer systems

Unicode version 4.1.0 implemented a scales symbol at code point U+2696,^[14] that may be used to represent the scales of justice.

In art

Sculpture

Lady Justice with sword, scales and blindfold on the Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen in Bern, Switzerland, 1543
The Justice, in front of the Supreme Court of Brazil
Lady Justice seated at the entrance of The Palace of Justice, Rome, Italy
Sculpture of Lady Justice on the Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen [de] in Frankfurt, Germany
Justitia on the Delft City Hall, the Netherlands
Justitia, outside the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
The Central Criminal Court or Old Bailey, London, UK
Themis, Itojyuku, Shibuya-ku, Japan
19th-century sculpture of the Power of Law at Olomouc, Czech Republic—lacks the blindfold and scales of Justice, replacing the latter with a book
The Law, by Jean Feuchère
Themis, outside the Supreme Court of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Justice by Diana Moore, Government Center, Newark, New Jersey
Justitia in the Superior Courts Building in Budapest, Hungary.^[15]
Themis, Old courthouse, Ghent, Belgium
Justitia, Tehran courthouse, Tehran, Iran
Justiça, high-relief in front of Justice Palace, Campinas, Brazil
Justitia, Carl Spitzweg, 1857
Lady Justice at the Shelby County Courthouse in Memphis, Tennessee
Lady Justice at the rooftop of Riga Town Hall, Latvia

Painting

Fresco in the Sala di Costantino [it], Raphael Rooms, Raphael, c. 1520
Luca Giordano, Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, 1684–1686
Gerechtigkeit, Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1537

Heraldry

Lady Justice and her symbols are used in heraldry, especially in the arms and seals of legal government agencies.

Justitia in arms of Ilshofen in Baden-Württemberg
Scales and sword in the arms of a Swedish court of law
Scales balanced on a sword in the arms of Hörby
Prudentia and Justitia as supporters in the armorial achievement of Landskrona

Justice in numismatics
$Justice holding scales, $0.50 U.S. fractional currency.$

Justice holding scales, $0.50 U.S. fractional currency.

References

^ Hamilton, Marci. God vs. the Gavel, page 296 (Cambridge University Press 2005): "The symbol of the judicial system, seen in courtrooms throughout the United States, is blindfolded Lady Justice."
^ Fabri, The challenge of change for judicial systems, page 137 (IOS Press 2000): "the judicial system is intended to be apolitical, its symbol being that of a blindfolded Lady Justice holding a balanced scales."
^ ^a ^b ^c "IUSTITIA". treccani.it.
^ "Dike: The Goddess of Justice and Moral Order".
^ "Appendix D: Legal Symbols of the Anglo-American Legal Tradition". The Guide to American Law : Everyone's Legal Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. St. Paul [Minn.]: West Publishing Company. 1983. p. 687. ISBN 0314732241. OCLC 9196541.
^ Supreme Court 'Symbols of Law' Information Sheet
^ Manderson, Desmond. Blind Justice (2020) 66:1 McGill LJ 5
^ See "The Scales of Justice as Represented in Engravings, Emblems, Reliefs and Sculptures of Early Modern Europe" in G. Lamoine, ed., Images et representations de la justice du XVie au XIXe siècle (Toulouse: University of Toulose-Le Mirail, 1983)" at page 8.
^ Image of Lady Justice in Berne.
^ Image of Lady Justice in London.
^ Colomb, Gregory. Designs on Truth, p. 50 (Penn State Press, 1992).
^ Image of Lady Justice in Memphis.
^ ^a ^b Brent T. Edwards. "Symbolism of Lady Justice". Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ "Unicode Data-4.1.0". Retrieved 2020-09-28.
^ Takács, Peter. "Statues of Lady Justice in Hungary: Representation of Justitia in town halls, courthouses, and other public spaces" (PDF). Človek a Spoločnost. Győr, Hungary: Széchenyi István University. ISSN 1335-3608.