Moral character

Moral character or character (derived from charaktêr) is an analysis of an individual's steady moral qualities. The concept of character can express a variety of attributes, including the presence or lack of virtues such as empathy, courage, fortitude, honesty, and loyalty, or of good behaviors or habits; these attributes are also a part of one's soft skills.

Moral character refers to a collection of qualities that differentiate one individual from another – although on a cultural level, the group of moral behaviors to which a social group adheres can be said to unite and define it culturally as distinct from others.

Psychologist Lawrence Pervin defines moral character as "a disposition to express behavior in consistent patterns of functions across a range of situations".^[1] The philosopher Marie I. George refers to moral character as the "sum of one’s moral habits and dispositions".^[2] Aristotle said, "we must take as a sign of states of character the pleasure or pain that ensues on acts."^[3]^: II.3

Overview

The word "character" is derived from the Ancient Greek word "charaktêr", referring to a mark impressed upon a coin. Later it came to mean a point by which one thing was told apart from others.^[4] There are two approaches when dealing with moral character: Normative ethics involve moral standards that exhibit right and wrong conduct. It is a test of proper behavior and determining what is right and wrong. Applied ethics involve specific and controversial issues along with a moral choice, and tend to involve situations where people are either for or against the issue.^[4]

In 1982 Campbell & Bond proposed the following as major sources in influencing character and moral development: heredity, early childhood experience, modeling by important adults and older youth, peer influence, the general physical and social environment, the communications media, the teachings of schools and other institutions, and specific situations and roles that elicit corresponding behavior.^[5]

In the military field, character is considered particularly relevant in the leadership development area. Military leaders should not only "know" theoretically the moral values but they must embody these values.^[6] Military leaders are expected to lead by example. They demonstrate values and behaviors that they expect their subordinates to follow. Military leaders face ethical and morally challenging issues. Strong moral character is crucial for making these decisions, especially when the consequences of these decisions affect the lives of those under their command.^[7]

History

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy provides a historical account of some important developments in philosophical approaches to moral character. A lot of attention is given to Plato, Aristotle, and Karl Marx's views, since they all follow the idea of moral character after the Greeks. Marx accepts Aristotle's insight that virtue and good character are based on a sense of self-esteem and self-confidence.

Plato believed that the soul is divided into three parts of desire: Rational, Appetitive, and Spirited.^[8] In order to have moral character, we must understand what contributes to our overall good and have our spirited and appetitive desires educated properly, so that they can agree with the guidance provided by the rational part of the soul. According to Plato, Moral Character is directly linked to and understanding contributions to the overall good. Associating reason and wisdom allows for individuals to discern the true nature of what is good.

Aristotle tells us that there are people who exhibit excellences – excellences of thought and excellences of character. His phrase for excellences of character – êthikai aretai – we usually translate as moral virtue or moral excellence. When we speak of a moral virtue or an excellence of character, the emphasis is on the combination of qualities that make an individual the sort of ethically admirable person that he is.^[8] Aristotle defines virtuous character in Book II of the Nicomachean Ethics: "Excellence of character, then, is a state concerned with choice, lying in a mean relative to us, this being determined by reason and in the way in which the man of practical wisdom would determine it. Now it is a mean between two vices, that which depends on excess and that which depends on defect".^[3]^: II.6 In Aristotle's view, good character is based on two naturally occurring psychological responses that most people experience without difficulty: our tendency to take pleasure from self-realizing activity and our tendency to form friendly feelings toward others under specific circumstances. Based on his view, virtually everyone is capable of becoming better and is responsible for actions that express (or could express) their character.^[8]

Abraham Lincoln once said that character is like a tree and reputation like its shadow. "The shadow is what we think of it; the tree is the real thing."^[9]

In 1919, Albert Einstein wrote in a letter to his friend, Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz, about his disillusionment concerning the inhumane consequences of World War I. He noted “We must remember that, on the average, men’s moral qualities do not greatly vary from country to country”.^[10]

Religious views

Christian character is also defined as presenting the "Fruit of the Holy Spirit": love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control.^[12] Doctrines of grace and total depravity assert that – due to original sin – mankind, entirely or in part, was unable to be good without God's intervention; otherwise at best, one could only ape good behavior for selfish reasons.

The Islamic religion is highly concerned with moral character which is presented in many of their teachings. There are strong beliefs that society as a whole has the potential to grow in the values of virtue. Certain writing states that all Muslims have the obligation to bring truth to light as well as to prevent evil.^[13] The ideology that to be a morally correct individual, there must be a belief in God is represented in many teachings.^[14]

Religion and morality are interconnected;^[15] however, are not synonymous. While religion depends on morality, the relationship between the two can vary across cultures, systematic beliefs, and individuals. There are many religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism that provide their followers with moral guidelines, emphasizing those found within their sacred texts. However it is important to realize that individual beliefs can vary from religious beliefs, contributing to the complexity of moral character.^[16]

Scientific experiments

There have been a number of intriguing experiments to try to empirically examine moral character.^[17]

In one experiment that was done in the United States in 1985, a moral decision made by people was influenced by whether or not they had found a dime in a public phone booth. The findings were that 87% of subjects who found a dime in a phone booth mailed a sealed and addressed envelope that was left at the booth in an apparent mistake by someone else, while only 4% of those who did not find a dime helped.^[18] This suggested that transient chance factors may matter more than fixed moral character in someone's choice whether to help others. John M. Doris raises the issue of ecological validity – do experimental findings reflect phenomena found in natural contexts. He recognizes that these results are counterintuitive to the way most of us think about morally relevant behavior.^[19]

Another experiment asked college students at Cornell University to predict how they would behave when faced with one of several moral dilemmas, and to make the same predictions for their peers. Again and again, people predicted that they would be more generous and kind than others. Yet when put into the moral dilemma, the subjects did not behave as generously or as kindly as they had predicted. In psychological terms, the experimental subjects were successfully anticipating the base rate of moral behavior and accurately predicting how often others, in general, would be self-sacrificing.^[19]

A study conducted by Philip Zimbardo in the 1970's titled 'The Stanford Prison Experiment'^[20] can be used to shed light on the workings of moral character related to roles of power. College students were randomly assigned roles of either a powerless prisoner or a guard in a position of authority. From there participants were told to be completely immersed in their assigned roles. Guard were given few regulations and were allowed to create many of their own rules. The experiment was cut short due to signs of abuse from the guards as well as psychological distress from the prisoners. The study showed how roles of power can tie detrimental behavior to every day individuals thus affecting their moral character.

References

^ Pervin, Lawrence (1994). "A Critical Analysis of Current Trait Theory". Psychological Inquiry. 5 (2): 108. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0502_1.
^ George, Marie I. (August 2017). "What moral character is and is not". The Linacre Quarterly. 84 (3): 261–274. doi:10.1080/00243639.2017.1338442. PMC 5592308. PMID 28912619.
^ ^a ^b Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics.
^ ^a ^b Timpe, Kevin (9 October 2008). "Moral Character". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ Campbell, V.; Bond, R. (1982). "Evaluation of a Character Education Curriculum". In McClelland, D. (ed.). Education For Values. New York: Irvington Publishers. As described in Huitt, William (2004). "Moral and Character Development". Educational Psychology Interactive. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "FM-62: Leader Development" (PDF). Department of the Army (U.S.). 30 June 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Helzer, Erik G.; Cohen, Taya R.; Kim, Yeonjeong (August 2018). "The character lens: Moral character promotes ethical decision-making through moral awareness". Academy of Management Proceedings. 2018 (1): 17936. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.2018.17936abstract. ISSN 0065-0668.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Moral Character". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ Brooks, Noah (1879). "Lincoln's Imagination". Scribners Monthly. XVIII: 586.
^ Clark, Ronald William (1972). "9: The Fabric of the Universe". Einstein: The Life and Times. New York: Avon Books. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-380-44123-5.
^ "Co. Dublin, Dublin, Christchurch Place, Christ Church Cathedral (CI)". Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720–1940. Irish Architectural Archive. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
^ Galatians 5:22–23
^ Afandi, Ahmad Yusuf; Ghazal, Sobar Al; Sobarna, Ayi (2 August 2022). "Implikasi Pendidikan QS. Ali Imron Ayat 104 tentang Amar Ma'ruf Nahi Munkar terhadap Akhlak". Bandung Conference Series: Islamic Education. 2 (2): 831–838. doi:10.29313/bcsied.v2i2.4629. ISSN 2828-2515.
^ Mohammed, Jawed Akhtar (2013), Luetge, Christoph (ed.), "The Ethical System in Islam – Implications for Business Practices", Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 873–882, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1494-6_3, ISBN 978-94-007-1494-6, retrieved 8 November 2023
^ Shariff, Azim F (1 December 2015). "Does religion increase moral behavior?". Current Opinion in Psychology. Morality and ethics. 6: 108–113. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.07.009. ISSN 2352-250X.
^ Cohen, Taya R.; Morse, Lily (1 January 2014). "Moral character: What it is and what it does". Research in Organizational Behavior. 34: 43–61. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2014.08.003. ISSN 0191-3085.
^ Miller, Christian B. (3 August 2016). "Empirical Approaches to Moral Character". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^ Isen, Paula F.; Levin, Alice M. (1975). "Further Studies on the Effect of Feeling Good on Helping". Sociometry. 38 (1). American Sociological Association: 141–147. doi:10.2307/2786238. JSTOR 2786238.
^ ^a ^b Blum, Lawrence (2 August 2003). "Lack of Character: Personality and Moral Behavior". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
^ "Stanford Prison Experiment".

Bibliography

Blum, Lawrence (2003). "Review of Doris's Lack of Character", Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews.
Homiak, Marcia (2008). "Moral Character", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).