The lowest portion of the arch is made of darker granite from Quincy, Massachusetts, above which is lighter-colored granite. There are four pedestals, two each facing north and south; the northern pedestals are empty, while the southern pedestals contain sculptural groups by MacMonnies, depicting the United States Army and United States Navy. The bas-reliefs within the archway opening depict Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant on horseback, and the archway opening has a coffered ceiling. The spandrels above the arch contain representations of victory, as well as symbols of New York state and Brooklyn. On the roof is an observation deck and a quadriga, also designed by MacMonnies. Inside are stairways to the observation deck, as well as a room just beneath the roof.
After the American Civil War, the then-independent city of Brooklyn planned a grand memorial to Union Army soldiers, though no major monument was built for two decades. The arch was proposed in 1888, and Duncan was selected as the arch's designer following an architectural design competition. The cornerstone of the arch was laid on October 30, 1889, and the arch was dedicated on October 21, 1892. Additional art was installed over the following decade. The arch was used for various events during the 20th century and was designated as a New York City landmark in 1973. The arch and its sculptures have been renovated several times over the years, including in 1980 and 2023–2024.
Including abutments on either side of the archway opening, the arch measures 80 feet (24 m) tall, with a footprint of 80 by 50 feet (24 by 15 m). The interior of the arched opening is 50 feet tall and 35 feet (11 m) wide.[2][3][7] At the top of the arch, the abutments narrow in thickness from 50 feet to 25 feet (7.6 m).[7][a] When the arch was completed, the top of the arch was around 225 feet (69 m) above sea level. Visitors originally could see as far as Long Island to the east, the Palisades to the north, the Atlantic Ocean and Atlantic Highlands to the south, and the Orange Mountains to the west.[11]
Design
Exterior
At the base of either of the arch's abutments is a 3-foot-high (0.91 m) course of darker granite from Quincy, Massachusetts, above which is lighter-colored granite.[8] There are four pedestals, two each facing north and south, which were intended to support groups of statues.[8][1] The exteriors of the arch's base contain the seals of various military companies and regiments based in Brooklyn.[10] The archway opening's keystone depicts the Great Seal of the United States.[8]
Lincoln and Grant bas-reliefs
The underside of the arched opening has a coffered ceiling,[8][10] and there are rosettes at the center of each coffer.[10] The interior walls of the archway opening have equestrian bas-reliefs of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant.[10][12] The reliefs bear the dates 1893–1894,[7] even though they were installed in 1895.[7][12] They were sculpted by Thomas Eakins, who designed the horses, and William Rudolf O'Donovan, who designed the riders.[13][14][15][b] The Lincoln relief is the only artwork in a New York City park where Lincoln is depicted on horseback,[16] as well as one of two artworks of Lincoln on horseback that are known to exist.[17]
Philip Martiny designed the spandrels on the structure's north and south facades, at the upper corners of the archway opening.[18] The spandrels on the structure's north facade symbolize the state of New York and the then-independent city of Brooklyn,[c][8][9] while the spandrels to the south depict female representations of victory.[18] On the attic, along the arch's southern facade, is an inscription reading, "To the Defenders of the Union, 1861–1865"; this is the only inscription on the monument.[7][20] The monument's attic includes panels with disks surrounded by wreaths.[11] The names of battles were supposed to have been inscribed into the panels.[11][21] The structure's parapet was to have globes with eagles resting above them,[8][11] but the arch was instead built with a plain parapet.[11]
Interior
The arch has two circular stairways,[10] one inside each abutment.[8][22] One staircase was originally used by visitors traveling to the roof, while the other was used by visitors descending to ground level.[8][11] The stairs have been variously cited as containing 103,[23] 107,[24] 108,[25] or 116 steps.[26] Each of the stairs is made of iron, although the treads are made of stone and have military-inspired decorations such as battle axes.[14] In addition, there is a room within the monument's attic, above the archway opening, for a war museum.[10][22] The room was originally decorated with marble wainscoting and mosaic panels, and there were ceiling vaults with ornamentation honoring Civil War soldiers. Three glass domes illuminated the room.[10] By the late 20th century, the room was an art exhibition space with little decoration.[27]
Sculptures
Close-up of the Navy sculptures, which are covered in netting
The sculptor Frederick MacMonnies was hired to design sculptures for the plaza's arch.[1][28] On the top of the arch is a quadriga or four-horse chariot,[29][2] atop which is a figure of Columbia, the female personification of the United States.[30][31] The figure holds a sword in her left (non-dominant) hand, signifying peace, in addition to a flag topped by a wreath, signifying victory.[30][15] The chariot includes the Great Seal of the United States.[2] The quadriga is 35 feet (11 m) tall and weighs 25 short tons (23 metric tons);[15] it had to be cast in seven pieces.[32]
At ground level, MacMonnies also designed two bronze sculptural groups on the arch's southern facade.[15][29][33] These represent the United States Army and United States Navy,[15][29] which respectively are placed to the west and east of the archway opening.[32] The Army grouping includes a young officer, flanked by injured soldiers and a winged Valkyrie carrying a dead soldier.[34] The Army statues were based on the painting Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix.[35] The Navy grouping depicts a group of soldiers standing on a ship with a snapped mast, above which is a depiction of the goddess Bellona.[36] The Navy grouping includes a depiction of a black soldier kneeling;[33][37] at the time of the arch's completion, comparatively few monuments depicted black men,[38][39]
There have been claims that the soldiers in the sculptures were modeled on French people.[38][40] For example, the president of the Kings County Historical Society claimed in 1930 that the sculptures' uniforms were based on French soldiers' uniforms, while the caps are slightly different from those worn by Civil War veterans.[40] MacMonnies refuted the claims, saying the figures were based upon Americans he saw in Paris.[38] Specifically, the figures contain the faces of MacMonnies and his friends.[14][41] One of the wounded figures depicts MacMonnies's former mentor, Augustus Saint-Gaudens.[42] The sculptures were intended to honor "common soldiers", in contrast to other war memorials, which honored military leaders.[33]
Temporary art
The arch has been used for temporary art installations, including exhibits by local artists in the late 20th century.[4][43] During the 1980s, these included a multimedia exhibit,[44] an equestrian-themed exhibit,[45] a show with works themed to angels,[46] a show based on classical architecture,[47] and an exhibit about monuments and home goods.[27][48] There were also exhibits in the 1990s, including works about civil wars,[49] Ghanaian folk art,[50]Nuyorican art,[51] photos of Prospect Park,[51] and a controversial multimedia piece depicting an assassination.[52] Additionally, during the 2024 restoration of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch, a set of works by local contemporary artists was placed at the arch's base.[53][54]
Development
Planning
After the American Civil War, the city of Brooklyn planned a grand memorial to Union Army soldiers. Although a statue of Lincoln on Grand Army Plaza and a memorial shaft on Battle Hill were erected in the late 1860s, no major monuments were built in Brooklyn for two decades.[11] In May 1887, the New York State Legislature passed legislation authorizing the development of a major Civil War monument in Brooklyn,[55][10] Initially, the monument's construction was to be overseen by Brooklyn's mayor and common council.[10] Brooklyn's park commissioners agreed that June to develop the monument in City Hall Park (now Columbus Park).[56] The legislature decided in 1888 to instead appoint a three-person commission to develop the monument. The commission consisted of Brooklyn's mayor, Brooklyn's aldermanic president, and the Grand Army of the Republic Memorial Committee's chairman.[10]
The state legislature allocated $100,000 for the monument,[57][58] of which half was to be made available during 1888 and half in 1889.[59] The monument was planned as a shaft,[11][60] and contracts were about to be awarded for the shaft when the plans were changed.[11] By early 1888, a memorial arch was being proposed at Prospect Park Plaza (later Grand Army Plaza) instead.[60] After mayor Alfred C. Chapin vetoed an initial design by Henry Baerer,[61] an architectural design competition for the monument was hosted for the arch.[62] By October 1888, thirty-six architectural firms had submitted designs.[62] The Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument Commission hired William R. Ware and Charles B. Atwood to review the designs.[63] The state government added another $150,000 for the arch's construction in 1889.[58][63]
John Hemenway Duncan, the designer of Grant's Tomb in Manhattan, was selected as the architect that August.[64] Duncan received $1,000 for his design,[10][55] and the runner-up was to receive $500.[65] Duncan's design, known as "Red Seal",[66][67] called for a structure with statuary at the top and pilasters supporting the attic. There were supposed to have been pedestals at the base of either of the arch's abutments, topped by bronze allegorical groups of statues.[63] The arch was originally supposed to stand across an entrance into the park.[9][66] However, Duncan objected to placing the arch on the park's perimeter,[9] and Brooklyn city officials agreed instead to build the arch at the plaza's southern end, within a median, in September 1889.[68] The arch was originally supposed to stand 100 feet (30 m) tall, but the Monument Commission recommended reducing the arch's height to reduce the amount of stone needed. Even with a reduced height, the arch was intended to be one of the world's largest triumphal arches.[67]
Construction
Arch in 1894 without sculptures
Several contractors were invited to submit bids for the arch in late 1889,[69][70] and Cranford & Valentine were hired to excavate the foundations for $12,274.[71] Brooklyn's park commissioners also discussed relocating streetcar tracks in Prospect Park Plaza, as these tracks intersected near the site of the arch.[72] Duncan also contemplated raising the arch's foundation to make it more prominent, though he did not want to add "filigree ornamentation".[73] The cornerstone of the arch was laid on October 30, 1889, and Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman spoke at the ceremony.[74] The foundation of the eastern abutment was constructed first because the site of the western abutment was occupied by streetcar tracks. By the end of 1889, plans were being drawn up for the upper portion of the arch.[75] Duncan revised his plans for the arch in February 1890 so the abutments would be more sturdy.[76]
Work was delayed due to the need to relocate the streetcar tracks.[77][9] In addition, while constructing the foundation, workers discovered a layer of muck beneath the site of the arch, a remnant of a former pond.[9] The Memorial Arch Commission solicited bids for the arch's stonework in March 1890 and received five bids, of which three were reviewed. Bernard Gallagher submitted the lowest of these three bids, at $174,592, and received the contract.[78] Gallagher was originally required to complete the arch within a year, but the Arch Commission extended the deadline to September 1891 shortly afterward.[71] John W. Fowler received a $16,995 contract in May 1890 to relocate the streetcar tracks so the rest of the arch could be constructed.[79] Four existing streetcar tracks in the plaza were rerouted,[77] and the new tracks were completed in July.[80] By that September, a temporary construction fence had been erected around the site of the arch, and the contractors had erected derricks to install the arch's granite pieces.[81] Brooklyn's park commission wanted to allow advertisements on the fence, but this was controversial,[82][83] and the commission ultimately decided against the advertisements.[81][83]
Thomas Eakins and William Rudolf O'Donovan were hired c. 1891 to sculpt bas-reliefs of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant.[13] The Union Granite Company also received contracts for bronze and granite bollards around the arch, as well as carvings on the arch's spandrels.[71] Some of the arch's stones became severely discolored shortly after they were installed, prompting allegations that iron was being used in place of granite.[84] State legislators also tried to allocate another $100,000 for the acquisition of statuary,[85][86] but the effort was unsuccessful.[11] That July, Duncan submitted designs for the arch's spandrels to the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch Commission.[87] The arch was supposed to have been completed in late 1891,[86][87] but work was delayed because of a strike at the granite supplier's quarry.[88] The Arch Commission voted in July 1892 to install incandescent light bulbs on the southern facade and to delay the installation of all the arch's sculptures.[89] The monument ultimately cost $250,000 (equivalent to $8,478,000 in 2023).[11][90]
Completion and modifications
The arch was dedicated on October 21, 1892, with a ceremony led by U.S. President Grover Cleveland.[91] The ceremony coincided with a citywide celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's expedition to the Americas.[92] When the arch was completed, the area around its base was devoid of plantings and ornamentation.[11] There were proposals to plant grass plots and flower beds in the plaza, as well as add statuary to the arch, after the monument was completed.[93] After the arch's dedication, the lights on the arch were not reactivated until January 1894.[94] The New-York Tribune also alleged that the arch's construction had been mismanaged and that several construction contracts had been grossly overpriced, such as the contract for the electric lights.[71][58]
Brooklyn Park Commissioner Frank Squire engaged Frederick MacMonnies to design a quadriga, or chariot with four horses, above the arch in October 1894.[95] MacMonnies was also hired to design two other sculptural groups next to the arch's base.[28][96] Eakins's and Donovan's bas-reliefs of Grand and Lincoln were installed during late 1895.[97][98] The bas-reliefs were controversial, and critics regarded them as being of poor quality.[98][99] Brooklyn park commissioner Timothy L. Woodruff initially refused to pay $7,500 of the bas-reliefs' $17,500 cost,[100] but he had agreed to provide the funds in July 1896.[101] Additionally, as part of a renovation of Prospect Park Plaza, new lamps were installed, and several laurels and evergreens were planted around the monument to draw attention away from its bare walls. In addition, the bollards at the arch's base were moved, and workers installed a heavy bronze chain connecting the bollards.[97][102] A pavement was also laid around the base of the arch.[102][103]
Meanwhile, MacMonnies designed the arch's sculptures at his studio in Paris's Latin Quarter;[104] he was still sketching out the Army and Navy sculptures by mid-1896.[105] By June 1897, the design of the quadriga was finished.[106] MacMonnies used a different cast for each of the figures, such that none of the figures were identical.[107] The Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) preferred that the sculptures be completed by Memorial Day in 1898, as they wanted to invite MacMonnies to see the dedication of his own work.[108] The quadriga was shipped to the United States in August 1898.[109] Although the arch was strong enough to carry the quadriga,[110] a granite foundation for it had to be built on the arch's roof.[111][112] The quadriga's installation was delayed because workers had to wait for MacMonnies's foreman to come to the U.S.,[112][113] but the sculpture was in place by the end of 1898.[111][114] MacMonnies had completed the cast of the Army statues by that November,[115] while the models for the Navy statues were finished by 1899.[116]
The Army sculptures were completed by March 1900[117] and shipped to the U.S. that July.[118] MacMonnies initially refused to install the sculptures himself.[119][120] He ultimately relented after being notified that he would not be paid unless the sculptures were installed.[121][122] Additionally, the sculptures' black iron frames had to be replaced with galvanized iron before they were installed,[118] and one of the Army sculptures' heads had to be replaced because there was insufficient space.[118][122][123] The Army sculptures were in place by November 1900.[124] The Navy sculptures were damaged while being shipped to the U.S..[125][126] They were repaired at the Barnard studio in Manhattan,[127] then transported across the Brooklyn Bridge for installation.[128] Pulleys were used to hoist the sculptures onto the pedestals,[14] and the sculptures were dedicated on April 13, 1901.[14][129] The Army and Navy sculptures cost $50,000[120] or $60,000 in total.[124] The eagles atop the arch, also designed by MacMonnies, were installed in late 1901.[130]
20th century
As early as the 1900s, the adjacent plaza was unofficially known as Grand Army Plaza because of the presence of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch.[131] In the arch's early years, it was visible from much of Brooklyn, as it was located atop one of the highest points in the borough.[132] It was frequently lit for events during the early 20th century.[35] The arch was the setting for annual events, such as the parades of the Boys Brigade[133] and Brooklyn's annual Memorial Day parades.[134][135] Ceremonies at the arch also commemorated major events, such as when the Spanish–American War, World War I, and World War II ended.[136] Other events included a ceremony in 1926 when Prospect Park Plaza was formally renamed Grand Army Plaza,[137] as well as another ceremony in 1955 when the Brooklyn Dodgers won the World Series.[136] In addition, starting in 1920, a Christmas tree was erected near the arch every year.[138]
The room in the monument's attic remained empty for several years after its completion,[21] and the war museum within the arch's attic was never opened to the public.[27][24] According to Augie Inzerra, who was the arch's caretaker in the 1940s, the idea of using the arch as a museum was scrapped after someone was injured while ascending the stairs.[24] Instead, the American Legion veterans' organization used the attic as meeting and storage space until the late 20th century.[139] The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) used the ground story of one abutment as a tool shed, while the other abutment's ground story contained pumps for the adjacent Bailey Fountain.[24]
Early and mid-20th century
Brooklyn park commissioner James J. Browne requested $6,000 in 1929 to repair the arch, saying one of the quadriga's horses had come loose.[140] NYC Parks solicited bids for the arch's renovation in June 1930,[141] and workers began repairing the arch's stonework later that year.[142] With the construction of the Bailey Fountain, in 1931, workers installed a pump for the fountain underneath the monument.[143] NYC Parks announced in 1935 that it would clean the arch again when funds were allocated. The project would include cleaning the granite and the Army and Navy sculptural groups, as well as repairs to the brick pavement, bas-reliefs, and electroliers.[144] City officials said in 1937 that there would be no funding for the arch's restoration for at least a year,[145] but, by 1938, no renovations were being planned for the arch itself.[146] The arch was not illuminated during World War II due to wartime blackout regulations.[147] In 1941, Brooklyn borough president John Cashmore suggested illuminating the monument at night,[147] although the Board of Estimate voted to defer the installation of the lights until after the end of the war, citing a lack of funds.[148] The lights were installed in November 1945 after the Board of Estimate allocated $3,500 to pay for new floodlights.[149]
A piece of copper flashing near the arch's roof was knocked loose following a storm in 1952,[150] prompting NYC Parks officials to plan emergency repairs.[151][152] The flashing was removed pending permanent repairs.[153] NYC Parks engineers found that the original quadriga had a design flaw;[151] the bronze sculptures were mounted directly to a steel support frame, which had begun to flake over time due to water damage.[154] Engineers initially estimated that the repairs would cost $30,000, though this was later reduced to $16,000.[155] NYC Parks requested funds for the renovation in early 1954,[155][154] and the quadriga's steel frame was renovated during the mid-1950s.[156] Due to funding shortages, the floodlights were turned off before the 1960s.[157]
Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, there were proposals to suspend an eternal flame from the arch in 1963;[158] the flame was ultimately placed next to the arch instead.[159] Additionally, in the early 1960s, Brooklyn borough president Abe Stark and NYC Parks commissioner Newbold Morris proposed adding stronger floodlights to the arch.[157][160] This was part of Stark and Morris's proposal for a wider-ranging renovation of Grand Army Plaza.[160] The city's Department of Water Supply, Gas, and Electricity approved the floodlighting proposal in early 1965.[161] Mayor John Lindsay and NYC Parks commissioner August Heckscher provided $150,000 for a renovation of the arch in 1967.[20]
Late-20th-century renovations
The quadriga's central figure came loose during a 1976 windstorm.
By the 1970s, vandals frequently spray-painted graffiti on the arch and its sculptures.[162] NYC Parks allocated around $147,000 in 1971 to clean the arch and install new pavement around it.[163][164] In addition, NYC Parks planned to add new doors, gates, chains; replace the arch's bronze decorations; and reinstall damaged lampposts.[163] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) hosted hearings in September 1973 to determine whether the arch should be designated as a city landmark,[165] and the LPC granted the landmark designation in October 1973.[166] The Board of Estimate approved the designation that December.[167]
The central figure of the arch's quadriga came loose during a windstorm in October 1976;[168] according to Prospect Park's administrator Mariella Bisson, the figure was dangling by one screw.[48] City parks commissioner Martin Lang estimated that the arch needed $200,000 worth of repairs,[169] and members of the public requested that the figure be restored.[170] Work was delayed four years due to the New York City fiscal crisis.[136] City officials presented plans for a complete restoration of the arch to the LPC in March 1979,[171] and a $432,000 restoration contract was awarded to Thomason Industries Corporation that November.[172] The restoration included cleaning the statues, adding waterproofing and wire mesh, applying a preservative to protect against pigeon droppings, and restoring the interior stair. [172] The arch's restoration was part of a wider-ranging renovation of Prospect Park.[173] The quadriga's central figure was reinstalled in October 1980, and the restoration was completed the same month, several weeks ahead of schedule.[136][174] The arch was seldom vandalized after its renovation was completed.[38]
The roof deck reopened in 1981,[25][175] and the arch's interior was also opened to the public for the first time that year.[27][48] The public was initially allowed to access the arch's interior and deck on selected Sunday afternoons,[38][176] and 25,000 people had visited within two years of its reopening.[43] The arch lacked a climate-control system, so the deck operated only during autumn and spring.[177] The arch and its deck also began hosting artwork by local artists.[4][43] The state government provided a $160,000 grant in 1989 to fund the restoration of drainage and structural support systems.[178] Until the early 1990s, the arch hosted two art exhibitions a year; the western abutment was used as storage space, while the eastern abutment and attic were used for exhibits.[27] Comparatively few people knew about the rooftop deck as well.[179]
The arch was closed in late 1991 for a roof repair that was supposed to take two years.[180][181] By then, the attic frequently suffered water damage due to the leaky roof, restricting certain types of art from being displayed in the arch; in addition, the attic had to be repainted annually due to water infiltration. The roof restoration was expected to cost $375,000.[181] The next year, NYC Parks began preparing $380,000 worth of repairs to the statuary.[182] The arch reopened in May 1994, and artists again began hosting exhibits in the arch's attic.[49] The Prospect Park Alliance and Urban Park Rangers also hosted tours of the arch and its roof.[23] Another restoration of the arch began in July 1999 after Brooklyn borough president Howard Golden and the David Schwartz Foundation provided a combined $240,000 for the project.[183] Workers cleaned MacMonnies's sculptures, although not the bas-reliefs inside the archway opening; the restoration was completed by the end of the year.[42] The New York City Department of Transportation also painted a walkway onto the road, leading from the arch to the park's entrance.[184]
21st century
The arch as seen from the southwest in 2020
The rooftop observation deck was closed in the 2000s because the deck had severely degraded.[185][186] The New York Puppet Museum agreed to lease the room in the arch's attic from the Prospect Park Alliance in 2003, on the condition that the puppet group host three annual puppet shows in Prospect Park.[139] Music and theatrical performances also took place underneath and within the arch.[187] The sculptures were cleaned yet again in 2009;[188][189] the project cost $1.1 million and was funded by borough president Marty Markowitz and City Council member Letitia James.[189] By then, the roof was leaking and was seldom open to the public.[189] The Puppet Museum relocated to the Brooklyn College campus in 2010 due to the leaky roof.[185][190] During the 2010s, the interior was closed except for special events.[191] By then, the roof deck had partially collapsed, and invasive species were growing from the deck.[192]
The New York City government gave the Prospect Park Alliance $8.9 million in August 2018 for a full restoration of the plaza, including restoration of the arch.[186][193] At the time, the city planned to reopen the arch's observation deck once the renovation was complete.[185][186] After debris fell from the arch in late 2018, the underside of the arch was fenced off.[194][192] Designs for the project were announced in November 2020.[192][195] Western Waterproofing Co. was awarded a contract to restore the arch in March 2023,[196] and work began that May.[197][198] The project included restoration of the facade, stairways, lights, and roof.[37] The arch was closed during this work, which was expected to continue until 2024.[197]
Impact
Reception
Contemporary
In 1889, a writer for the magazine Harper's Weekly likened Duncan's design to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and to triumphal arches in Rome, although the arch was to be shallower and have a lower attic compared to the older arches.[66]Stone magazine wrote that the arch was unique among American memorials, which tended to be statues, columns, or shafts, and that the structure was impressive because of its size and large proportions.[8]Scientific American regarded the arch as "one of the most conspicuous and beautiful" war monuments.[22]The Manufacturer and Builder magazine described the arch as "noble in conception, imposing in magnitude, harmonious in proportion, and appropriate and effective in ornamentation".[55]
After the arch was dedicated, the Brooklyn Citizen wrote that the arch was "a noble specimen of monumental architecture, and does infinite credit to its talented designer, Mr. John H. Duncan".[199] A reporter for Scientific American wrote that they hoped the arch's completion would cause "the tasteless granite column" to fall out of fashion.[21] Conversely, the New-York Tribune described the arch as poorly placed,[200] and the Municipal Art Commission thought the arch faced the wrong way, toward the exit of Prospect Park.[201] The Brooklyn Times-Union described the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch as superior to Manhattan's Washington Square Arch[201] and, in 1913, described the arch as the "Arc de Triomphe of America".[132]
After Eakins's and Donovan's bas-reliefs were installed, the Tribune quoted critics who described the relief as "obtrusive" and "humiliating",[99] and another critic wrote that Lincoln looked like he was "begging for pennies" with his hat.[14] The American Institute of Architects' Brooklyn chapter declared the reliefs to be "disreputable examples of the arts of sculpture and design".[202] When the quadriga was installed in 1898, The New York Times wrote that the sculptures attracted "much attention by reason of its artistic beauty",[96] while the Brooklyn Daily Eagle said the quadriga had a "proud, heroic, strong" effect.[203] The Brooklyn Daily Eagle critic wrote that the quadriga added an artistic touch to the arch, whereas the bas-reliefs were present purely for political purposes.[203]Brooklyn Life said the MacMonnies statues "are fine pieces of sculpture that will bear study at quite close range".[204]
Retrospective
The architectural critic Henry Hope Reed Jr. wrote in 1963 that the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch was the "outstanding triumphal arch in the country" in part because of its sculptural decoration.[205] A New York Times writer said in 1973 that the Grant and Lincoln reliefs evoked European equestrian statues but that they still had "downhome simplicity about them".[206]Paul Goldberger, writing for the same newspaper in 1984, said that the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch was the greatest classical grouping in New York City" despite the disconnected architecture of the surrounding neighborhood.[207] A writer for The Philadelphia Inquirer said the arch's placement was as "majestic as the Arc de Triomphe",[208] and NYC Parks commissioner Adrian Benepe regarded the arch as likely "the city's most impressive work of art".[39]
Jesse Goldstein of The Village Voice said in 2002 that, because of the arch's presence, Brooklyn's Grand Army Plaza was superior to the similarly named plaza in Manhattan.[209] Similarly, a writer for The American Enterprise regarded the arch as the best example of a triumphal arch in the United States.[210] In 2011, a writer for American Civil War magazine wrote that the arch's design was "perhaps second only to the Arc de Triomphe", even though the Brooklyn arch was hard for pedestrians to access.[33]
Design influence
The arch's design inspired that of the gateway to the LIU Brooklyn campus in Downtown Brooklyn.[211] In addition, mosaics and plaques with angel motifs were installed in the New York City Subway's nearby Grand Army Plaza station in 1996. The motifs, part of an artwork known as Wings for the IRT: The Irresistible Romance of Travel, were inspired by the decorations on the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch.[212] Depictions of the arch are also engraved onto bronze medallions at the Park Union, a nearby apartment building.[213]
^During the arch's construction, contemporary media sources wrote that the structure was 71 feet (22 m) tall, 80 feet wide, and 45 feet (14 m) long. In addition, the archway opening was cited as 48.5 feet (14.8 m) tall by 37 feet (11 m) wide,[8][9] and the abutments were cited as 26 feet (7.9 m) wide.[10]
^ abcdefghijkl"Our City Show". The Brooklyn Citizen. October 9, 1892. p. 19. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ abcdefghijkl"The Triumphal Arch: Memorial to the Dead Soldiers and Sailors of the City Completion of Work Upon a Noble Structure—the Sum of $250,000 Expended". New-York Tribune. September 18, 1892. p. 19. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest573734028.
^ ab"Grant and Lincoln". The Standard Union. October 5, 1895. p. 7. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^Pollak, Michael (April 4, 2004). "F.Y.I."The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024.
^Ruggiero, Nina (October 20, 2014). "Secrets of Prospect Park". AM New York. pp. 14–15. ProQuest1616156145.
^ ab"Fine Architectural Exhibit". The Brooklyn Citizen. June 11, 1892. p. 5. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"News of Brooklyn: Art Works Nearly Ready Macmonnies Busily Engaged on the Groups for the City". New-York Tribune. June 29, 1897. p. 4. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest574310778; "MacMonnies". The Standard Union. March 11, 1896. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ abc"Sculpture for the Park: the Macmonnies Model of the Bronze for Brooklyn's Arch Finished—the Third-st. Entrance". New-York Tribune. November 20, 1898. p. S1. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest574530211.
^Kleinfield, N.R. (October 24, 1974). "Civic Pride's Bosom Sags; General Fowler Lost His Left Hand: New York's Decrepit Statues Get Occasional Face-Lifts From Overworked Artisans . Decrepit Statues in New York City Are Repaired by Unsung Artisans". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN0099-9660. ProQuest133914396.
^ abLiff, Bob (December 27, 1999). "Arch bridges centuries". New York Daily News. p. 437. ISSN2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^Fleming, Robert (April 30, 1984). "Sun makes park special". New York Daily News. p. 77. ISSN2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ abc"An Imposing and Appropriate Monument". The Manufacturer and Builder : A Practical Journal of Industrial Progress. Vol. 22, no. 2. February 1, 1890. p. 25. ProQuest88889113.
^"Wrangling Park Commissioners". The Brooklyn Citizen. June 8, 1887. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 30, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "The Park Commission". Times Union. June 8, 1887. p. 4. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 30, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"An Outline of the Monument". The Standard Union. September 7, 1888. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ abc"Tribune's Arch Expose". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 15, 1894. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Municipal". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 19, 1888. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "What Does This Delay Mean?". The Standard Union. July 18, 1888. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"A Memorial Arch Now". The Standard Union. March 7, 1888. p. 3. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Vetoed by the Mayor". The Standard Union. April 7, 1888. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"Is there a Job in it?". The Standard Union. October 19, 1888. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "Designs for the Monument". Times Union. October 18, 1888. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ abc"Red Seal". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 2, 1889. p. 4. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Affairs in Brooklyn: "Red Seal's" Memorial Arch". New-York Tribune. August 7, 1889. p. 10. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest573579252; "Duncan Talks". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 7, 1889. p. 4. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Prizes for New Designs". Times Union. July 28, 1888. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ abc"Duncan's Arch". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 16, 1889. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"Affairs in Brooklyn: "Red Seal's" Memorial Arch the Committee Advised to Reduce the Size So as to Have More Money for Sculpture Broke Down Before Its Work Began a Theatre Manager Assaulted a Suicide in Prospect Park Cathered About the Town". New-York Tribune. August 7, 1889. p. 10. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest573579252.
^"An Arch Site". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 18, 1889. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "For the Arch". The Standard Union. September 18, 1889. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Disposed Of". The Standard Union. October 2, 1889. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Affairs in Brooklyn: to Begin Work on the Memorial Arch Gathered About the Town". New-York Tribune. October 2, 1889. p. 10. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest573494354.
^"Conference". The Standard Union. October 9, 1889. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Work on the Memorial Arch". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 2, 1889. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"The Memorial Arch". Times Union. February 14, 1890. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"A Costly Job". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 8, 1890. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Affairs in Brooklyn: Opening Bids for the Memorial Arch Many People Wanted Counterfeit Money a Low Price for a Fine House Indicted Officials Plead Not Guilty Gathered About the Town". New-York Tribune. March 6, 1890. p. 12. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest573538635; "Gallagher Gets the Job". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 5, 1890. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"A Costly Job". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 8, 1890. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"The New Park Plaza Tracks". The Standard Union. July 3, 1890. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"Facts From Flatbush". Times Union. September 4, 1890. p. 4. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Post No Bills". The Standard Union. September 16, 1890. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"Affairs in Brooklyn: to Keep Advertisements Off the Fence". New-York Tribune. September 17, 1890. p. 12. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest573567355.
^"James Howell". The Standard Union. April 30, 1891. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"The Memorial Arch". The Standard Union. April 21, 1891. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"The Soldiers' Monument". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 21, 1891. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"By October 1st". The Standard Union. July 16, 1891. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Prospect Park Improvements: the New Breeze Hill Bridge—Work on the Soldiers Arch". New-York Tribune. December 20, 1891. p. 24. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest573644641.
^"More Work on It". The Brooklyn Citizen. July 11, 1892. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "Memorial Arch". The Standard Union. July 11, 1892. p. 4. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Affairs in Brooklyn: a Bronze Quadriga for the Arch Gathered About the Town". New-York Tribune. October 19, 1894. p. 12. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest573969665; "Art at the Park". The Standard Union. October 18, 1894. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"Completing the Soldiers' Arch: It is Expected That the Macmonnies Quadriga Will Be in Place Before the End of the Year". New-York Tribune. September 22, 1895. p. 14. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest574085989.
^ ab"Arch Bas Reliefs in Place". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 19, 1895. p. 4. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Grant and Lincoln". The Brooklyn Citizen. February 19, 1896. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "No Art in It, Says Woodruff". The Sun. February 20, 1896. p. 7. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "M. J. Power is Sanguine". The New York Times. February 21, 1896. p. 5. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"The City Owns the Panels: Final Payment of $7,500 for the Reliefs on the Arch". New-York Tribune. July 15, 1896. p. 13. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest574207181.
^ ab"Prospect Park Improvements". Times Union. May 16, 1896. p. 18. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Prospect Park". The Standard Union. April 24, 1896. p. 5. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"American Sculpture: Work Which MacMonnies is Doing for Brooklyn—Glimpses of a Working Studio". New-York Tribune. July 28, 1895. p. 23. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest574062058.
^"Work on the Bronzes: Present Stage of Mr. MacMonnies's Park Plaza Contracts the Quadriga for the Arch Well Advanced—first Sketches Made for the Army and Navy Groups—what the Sculptor Says in a Letter to Expark Commissioner Squire". New-York Tribune. August 23, 1896. p. 15. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest574210237.
^"The Brooklyn Quadriga". The Standard Union. January 16, 1897. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Memorial Arch Statuary: Grand Army Men Wish to Unveil It on Memorial Day if Macmonnies Can Finish It in Time They Will Have an Extensive, Celebration and Invite the Sculptor to Be a Guest of Honor Be a Guest of Honor". New-York Tribune. November 14, 1897. p. A5. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest574370049; "MacMonnies' Masterpieces". The Standard Union. November 15, 1897. p. 3. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Arrival of Quadriga". The Standard Union. August 15, 1898. p. 8. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "For Memorial Arch". Times Union. August 15, 1898. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Bronze Pieces for the Park". The Standard Union. May 11, 1898. p. 8. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"Brooklyn's Quadriga: It is Being Placed on the Memorial Arch the Latest Work of Frederick Macmonnies to Stand at the Entrance to Prospect Park". New-York Tribune. November 6, 1898. p. C10. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest574534546.
^ ab"Work on the Quadriga". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 28, 1898. p. 16. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Paris Letter". Brooklyn Life. October 29, 1898. p. 14. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Quadriga in Its Place". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 4, 1898. p. 31. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Sculpture for the Park: the Macmonnies Model of the Bronze for Brooklyn's Arch Finished—the Third-st. Entrance". New-York Tribune. November 20, 1898. p. S1. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest574530211.
^"Art Gossip". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 23, 1899. p. 19. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"More MacMonnies Groups". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 27, 1900. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Sculpture Group Not Placed". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 2, 1900. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "Trouble Over the Statue". The Standard Union. August 2, 1900. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Macmonnies Group Arrives". The New York Times. August 2, 1900. p. 12. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "Will Erect the Group". The Standard Union. August 3, 1900. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"Macmonnies in Trouble: Difficulties Encountered in Placing the Army Group". New-York Tribune. September 23, 1900. p. A11. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest570844659.
^"Bronze Group for Plaza". The Standard Union. September 24, 1900. p. 10. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"Art Notes". The Art Interchange. Vol. 45, no. 5. November 1, 1900. p. 114. ProQuest128281849.
^"MacMonnies Group Repaired". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 5, 1901. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Boys Brigades to Parade". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 22, 1914. p. 18. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^Weichselbaum, Simone (December 23, 2011). "No green for tree? Grand Army's Christmas fir gone this yr". New York Daily News. p. 35. ISSN2692-1251. ProQuest912457080.
^"Horse on Soldier's Monument Needs Curb to Keep It Quiet". New York Daily News. April 19, 1929. p. 548. ISSN2692-1251. ProQuest2261178525; "Horses on Arch May Fall". Times Union. April 18, 1929. p. 3. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 30, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Repair Memorial Arch". Home Talk the Item. June 18, 1930. p. 13. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 30, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Horses Loose on Soldiers' Arch". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 14, 1930. p. 3. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 30, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^Schnipelsky, A.I. (August 18, 1935). "Memorial Arch Due to Be Cleaned Soon". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 7. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 30, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"WPA to Beautify Island on Plaza". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 19, 1938. p. 9. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 30, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ abNoonan, Dan (April 15, 1953). "Rush Memorial Arch Emergency Repairs". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 4. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 30, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^Medina, David (October 10, 1976). "B'klyn Statue Topples". New York Daily News. p. 3. ISSN2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^Bird, David; Carroll, Maurice (October 17, 1983). "New York Day by Day". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024.
^Yarrow, Andrew L. (September 9, 1990). "Above It All". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024.
^ abIverem, Esther (October 29, 1991). "Spotlight". Newsday. p. 65. ISSN2574-5298. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^Feiden, Douglas (March 16, 1992). "Dinkins Rushes Capital Funds to Create Jobs". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 8, no. 11. p. 1. ProQuest219119967.
^Farrell, Bill (July 2, 1999). "Arch getting rehab". New York Daily News. p. 1089. ISSN2692-1251. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^Liff, Bob (March 22, 1998). "New Signs in Line for Grand Army Plaza". New York Daily News. p. 1. ISSN2692-1251. ProQuest305623568.
^Hill, Logan (December 18, 2006). "The Heights Report". New York. Vol. 39, no. 45. pp. 86–89. ProQuest205166867.
^Yee, Marilynn K. (August 11, 2009). "Sight/Site". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024.
^"The Memorial Arch". The Brooklyn Citizen. October 21, 1892. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"Prospect Park Plaza Improvements: What Will Follow the Removal of Lincoln's Statue the Fountain to Be Remodelled". New-York Tribune. January 6, 1895. p. 15. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest574007294.
^"Local Architects Protest". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 19, 1897. p. 16. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "Arch Bronzes". The Standard Union. January 19, 1897. p. 7. Archived from the original on June 27, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"The Macmonnies Quadriga". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 6, 1897. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^"The Completed Arch". Brooklyn Life. April 20, 1901. p. 11. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved June 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^Reed, Henry Hope Jr. (July 1, 1962). "Flatbush's Arch of Triumph: Brooklyn, Not Washington, Boasts America's Finest Triumphal Arch". New York Herald Tribune. p. F2. ISSN1941-0646. ProQuest1326266162.
^Shirey, David (December 12, 1971). "Brooklyn's Hidden Art Treasures". The New York Times. p. A10. ISSN0362-4331. ProQuest119100543.
^Schneider, Daniel B. (April 6, 1997). "F.Y.I."The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 29, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024.
Disticha CatonisAltro titoloDicta Catonis Incipit dei Disticha Catonis in volgare, 1475 AutoreDionisio Catone PeriodoIII-IV secolo Generetrattato Sottogenereraccolta di sentenze e proverbi in esametri Lingua originalelatino Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale I Disticha Catonis (Distici di Catone), noti anche come Dicta Catonis (Detti di Catone), sono una collezione in quattro libri di sentenze e proverbi, espressi ognuno in forma di un distico di esametri. Indice 1 Struttura 2 Fortun…
Parque eólico en Texas (Estados Unidos) Energías renovables logotipo para las energías renovables Biocarburante Biomasa Energía geotérmica Energía hidroeléctrica Energía solar Energía mareomotriz Energía undimotriz Energía eólica La energía eólica es la energía que se obtiene a partir del viento, es decir, es el aprovechamiento de la energía cinética de las masas de aire. El término «eólico» proviene del latín aeolicus, o ‘perteneciente o relativo a Eolo’, dios de los v…
2010 single by Alicia KeysWait Til You See My SmileSingle by Alicia Keysfrom the album The Element of Freedom B-sideUn-thinkable (I'm Ready) (Remix)ReleasedDecember 13, 2010 (2010-12-13)GenreSoulpopLength4:01LabelJSongwriter(s)Alicia KeysJeff BhaskerKasseem DeanProducer(s)Alicia KeysJeff BhaskerAlicia Keys singles chronology Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready) (2010) Wait Til You See My Smile (2010) International Party (2011) Licensed audioWait Til You See My Smile on YouTube Wait Til Yo…
Halil KutKut sebelum PD1 berakhirJulukanPahlawan KutKutülamare KahramanıLahir1881 (1881)Yenimahalle, Istanbul, Kesultanan UtsmaniyahMeninggal20 Agustus 1957(1957-08-20) (umur 75–76)Konstantinopel, TurkiPengabdian Kesultanan Utsmaniyah TurkiPangkatMayor JenderalKesatuanPasukan KeenamPerang/pertempuranPerang BalkanPerang Italia-TurkiPerang Dunia I Kampanye Mesopotamia Pertempuran Hanna Pertempuran Wadi Genosida Armenia Pengepungan Kut Halil Kut (1881 – 20 Agustus 1957) …
Long-distance hiking trail in North Carolina, United States This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Mountains-to-Sea Trail – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Mountains-to-Sea TrailSunset view from Clingman's Dome, the western te…
Dylan MulvaneyMulvaney mewawancarai Joe Biden pada 2022Lahir29 Desember 1996 (umur 27)San Diego, California, Amerika SerikatPendidikanUniversitas Cincinnati (BFA)PekerjaanPemeranpelawakTahun aktif2015–sekarangKarya terkenalDays of Girlhood (2022–)Informasi akun TikTokPengikut10,8 jutaJumlah suka447,1 jutaNama pengguna@dylanmulvaneyDiperbarui: 4 Mei 2023Situs webdylanmulvaney.com Dylan Mulvaney (lahir 29 Desember 1996) adalah pemeran, pelawak dan tokoh TikTok Amerika.[1] Ia …
Opera by Gian Carlo Menotti The HeroOpera by Gian Carlo MenottiThe composer in 1944LibrettistMenottiLanguageEnglishPremiereJune 1, 1976 (1976-06-01)Philadelphia Academy of Music The Hero is a two-act opera by Italian-American composer Gian Carlo Menotti commissioned by the Opera Company of Philadelphia, to celebrate the United States Bicentennial. The work premiered at the Philadelphia Academy of Music on June 1, 1976. At this point of his career, Menotti's style of composition, w…
Koordinat: 35°40′23″N 139°44′35″E / 35.673°N 139.743°E / 35.673; 139.743 Tempat Tinggal Resmi Perdana Menteri[1] (総理大臣官邸code: ja is deprecated , Sōri Daijin Kantei) adalah tempat kerja dan tempat tinggal pribadi Perdana Menteri Jepang. Tempat ini terletak di 2-3-1 Nagata-chō, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8968 Nama Tempat Tinggal Resmi Perdana Menteri disebut Sōri Daijin Kantei (総理大臣官邸code: ja is deprecated ), juga dikenal sebagai S…
Adams menghadiri San Diego Comic-Con International pada 2015 Amy Adams adalah seorang pemeran Amerika yang membuat debutnya dalam film komedi gelap tahun 1999 Drop Dead Gorgeous.[1] Ia menjadi bintang tamu dalam berbagai acara televisi, yang meliputi That '70s Show, Charmed, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, dan The Office, dan juga tampul dalam peran-peran film kecil. Pada 2002, ia meraih peran besar pertamanya dalam film drama kejahatan biografi garapan Steven Spielberg Catch Me If You Can. Na…
Rammstein kolaborasi dengan Apocalyptica.Informasi latar belakangAsalBerlin, GermanyGenreTanzmetallTahun aktif1994 – SekarangLabelMotor MusicRepublic RecordsSlash RecordsUniversal Music GroupArtis terkaitEmigrateFeeling BFirst ArschSitus webwww.rammstein.de www.rammstein.comAnggotaTill LindemannRichard KruspePaul LandersOliver Ollie RiedelChristoph Doom SchneiderChristian Flake Lorenz Rammstein (diucapkan [ˈʀamʃtaɪ̯n]) adalah sebuah grup musik Neue Deutsche Härte Jerman, yang dibentuk di…
Peta menunjukkan lokasi Datu Abdullah Sangki Data sensus penduduk diDatu Abdullah Sangki Tahun Populasi Persentase 199513.847—200015.9113.03%200733.25910.70% Datu Abdullah Sangki adalah munisipalitas yang terletak di provinsi Maguindanao, Filipina. Pada tahun 2010, munisipalitas ini memiliki populasi sebesar 37.426 jiwa atau 5.301 rumah tangga. Pembagian wilayah Secara administratif Datu Abdullah Sangki terbagi menjadi 10 barangay, yaitu:[1] Banaba Dimampao Guinibon Kaya-kaya Maganoy M…
Kon-Katedral Santa Therese, Savannakhet Ini adalah daftar katedral di Laos diurutkan berdasarkan denominasi. Katolik Katedral Gereja Katolik di Laos:[1] Katedral Hati Kudus, Vientiane Kon-Katedral Santa Therese, Savannakhet Katedral Hati Kudus, Pakse Katedral Santo Louis, Thakhek Lihat juga Gereja Katolik Roma Gereja Katolik di Laos Daftar katedral Referensi ^ GCatholic.org: Katedral Laos lbsDaftar katedral di AsiaNegaraberdaulat Afganistan Arab Saudi Armenia1 Azerbaijan1 Bahrain Banglad…
King of Freedom World ChampionshipJun Kasai with the current title designDetailsPromotionPro Wrestling FreedomsDate establishedMay 2, 2013Current champion(s)Masashi TakedaDate wonDecember 25, 2023StatisticsFirst champion(s)Takashi SasakiMost reignsJun Kasai (5 reigns)Longest reignToru Sugiura (643 days)Shortest reignViolento Jack (49 days)Oldest championJun Kasai (47 years, 107 days)Youngest championDrew Parker (24 years, 243 days)Heaviest championYuji Hino (271 lbs)Lightest …
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Alice Roosevelt judapat merujuk pada; Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt (1861–1884), sosialita Amerika Serikat dan istri pertama Theodore Roosevelt. Alice Roosevelt Longworth (1884–1980), anak pertama Theodore Roosevelt, penulis dan sosialita Amerika Seri…
Bejo SupraptoMarsma Bejo Suprapto sebagai Aspers Kaskogabwilhan I Inspektur Perbendaharaan Inspektorat Jendral (Irben Itjen) TNIPetahanaMulai menjabat 04 November 2022 PendahuluMarsekal Pertama PrabowoPenggantiPetahanaAssisten Personil Komandan Staf Komando Gabungan Wilayah Pertahanan IMasa jabatan04 November 2022 – 03 November 2022 PendahuluMuhammad SyafiiPenggantiBudi HandoyoSekretaris Dinas Penerangan TNI AUMasa jabatan06 November 2017 – 10 Juni 2020 PendahuluPoltak.…
7icons7icons di Playlist Festival tahun 2023Informasi latar belakangNama lain 7icons (2010–2014, 2020–sekarang) 7he Icons (dibaca: The Icons) (2014–2015) ICONS (2016–2017) GenrePop, dance-pop, electropop, electronica, pop remajaTahun aktif 2010–2017 2020–sekarang LabelKeci Music (2011–2014)Princey PJ Management (2014–2015)Icons Entertainment (2016–2017)Bigdonte Entertainment (2020–sekarang)Situs webiconsentertainment.co.idAnggotaGcMeztyPjT-ShaVaniLaMantan anggotaA.TeeLinzyNat…
Ii Naomasa Penguasa TakasakiMasa jabatan1590–1600 Pendahulutidak adaPenggantiSakai IetsuguDomain HikoneMasa jabatan1600–1602 Pendahulutidak adaPenggantiIi Naokatsu Informasi pribadiLahir(1561-03-04)4 Maret 1561Provinsi Totomi, JepangMeninggal24 Maret 1602(1602-03-24) (umur 42)Edo, JepangKebangsaanJepangSunting kotak info • L • B Ii Naomasa (井伊 直政code: ja is deprecated ) (4 Maret 1561–24 Maret 1602) adalah seorang daimyo pada masa periode Sengoku dan juga pada per…
Laws that are enacted in the Philippines Politics of the Philippines Government Constitution of the Philippines Charter Change Laws Legal codes Taxation Executive President of the Philippines Bongbong Marcos (PFP) Vice President of the Philippines Sara Duterte (HNP) Cabinet (lists) Executive departments Local government Legislature Congress of the Philippines 19th Congress Senate President Migz Zubiri (Independent) House of Representatives Speaker Martin Romualdez (Lakas) Districts Party-list re…
Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Hyundai Pony – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (May 2010) Artikel ini berisi tentang Hyundai Pony berpenggerak roda belakang. Untuk mobil berpenggerak roda depan yang dijual di Eropa mulai tahu…
Atap busur di jendela atap pusat perbelanjaan Loop5 di Darmstadt, Jerman. Atap busur adalah atap melengkung yang terutama dari bawah berbentuk melengkung seperti gentong yang dipotong. Atap ini memiliki beberapa keunggulan dibandingkan atap kubah, terutama mampu menutupi bangunan berbentuk persegi panjang, [1] karena penampangnya yang seragam.[2] Mereka terutama digunakan sebagai bangunan industri penyimpanan massal karena kemampuannya untuk memiliki rasio ruang terhadap struktur…
_%26_Thomas_Eakins_(horses),_1893-1894,_Grand_Army_Plaza,_Brooklyn,_New_York_City.JPG)
.jpg)
_-_30.jpg)
