Underworld (1927 film)

Underworld
Underworld
	Film poster
Directed by	Josef von Sternberg
Written by	Ben Hecht; Charles Furthman; Robert N. Lee
Produced by	Hector Turnbull; B. P. Schulberg
Starring	Clive Brook; Evelyn Brent; George Bancroft; Larry Semon; Fred Kohler
Cinematography	Bert Glennon
Edited by	E. Lloyd Sheldon
Distributed by	Paramount Pictures
Release date	August 20, 1927;
Running time	80 minutes
Country	United States
Language	Silent (English intertitles)

Underworld (also released as Paying the Penalty) is a 1927 American silent crime film directed by Josef von Sternberg^[1] and starring Clive Brook, Evelyn Brent and George Bancroft. The film launched Sternberg's eight-year collaboration with Paramount Pictures, with whom he would produce his seven films with actress Marlene Dietrich. Journalist and screenwriter Ben Hecht won an Academy Award for Best Original Story.^[2]

Plot

Underworld (1927)

Boisterous gangster kingpin 'Bull' Weed rehabilitates the down-and-out 'Rolls Royce' Wensel, a former lawyer who has fallen into alcoholism. The two become confidants, with Rolls Royce's intelligence aiding Weed's schemes, but complications arise when Rolls Royce falls for Weed's girlfriend 'Feathers' McCoy.

Adding to Weed's troubles are attempts by a rival gangster, 'Buck' Mulligan, to muscle in on his territory. Their antagonism climaxes with Weed killing Mulligan and he is imprisoned. Awaiting a death sentence, Rolls Royce devises an escape plan, but he and Feathers face a dilemma, wondering if they should elope together and leave Bull Weed to his fate.

Cast

Clive Brook as "Rolls Royce" Wensel
Evelyn Brent as "Feathers" McCoy
George Bancroft as "Bull" Weed
Fred Kohler as "Buck" Mulligan
Helen Lynch as Meg, Mulligan's girl
Larry Semon as "Slippy" Lewis
Jerry Mandy as Paloma
Alfred Allen as Judge (uncredited)
Shep Houghton as Street Kid (uncredited)
Andy MacLennan as One of Laughing Faces at the Ball (uncredited)
Ida May as Laughing Woman at the Ball (uncredited)
Karl Morse as 'High Collar' Sam (uncredited)
Bob Reeves as Detective at Railroad Station (uncredited)
Julian Rivero as One of Buck's Henchmen (uncredited)

Background

Josef von Sternberg's brief tenure as director at M-G-M was terminated by mutual consent in 1925 shortly after he walked off the set of a Mae Murray vehicle The Masked Bride. The film was completed by director Christy Cabanne.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Sternberg's next project was an assignment by Charlie Chaplin (United Artists) to write and direct A Woman of the Sea starring Edna Purviance. This episode also ended badly: the film was never released and Chaplin felt compelled to destroy all film negatives. As Sternberg sardonically quipped in his 1965 memoir Fun in a Chinese Laundry, "It was [Edna Purviance]'s last film and nearly my own."^[6]^[7]

Sternberg accepted a contract offer from Paramount Pictures in 1926, with the humbling condition that he was demoted to the role of assistant director. He was quickly assigned to reshoot portions of director Frank Lloyd's Children of Divorce. His work was so outstanding that the studio awarded him with a project of his own. The result was his most famous film to date of his career -Underworld. The film would "establish Sternberg in the Hollywood system."^[8]^[9]^[10]

Production

Underworld is based on a story by Ben Hecht, a former Chicago crime reporter, and adapted for screenplay by Robert N. Lee with titles by George Marion Jr. It was produced by B. P. Schulberg and Hector Turnbull with cinematography by Bert Glennon and edited by E. Lloyd Sheldon.^[11] Sternberg completed Underworld in a record-setting five weeks.^[12]

The gangster role played by George Bancroft was modeled on "Terrible" Tommy O'Connor, an Irish-American mobster who gunned down Chicago Police Chief Padraig O'Neil in 1923 but escaped three days before execution and was never apprehended.^[13]

Paramount Pictures, initially cool towards the production, predicted the film would fail. Initial release was limited to only one theater, the New York Paramount. The studio did not provide advance publicity. Writer Ben Hecht requested (unsuccessfully) to have his name taken off the credits, due to the dismal prospects for the film.

Reception

Contrary to studio expectations, the public response to the New York screening was so positive that Paramount arranged for round-the-clock showings at the Paramount Theatre to "accommodate the unexpected crowds that flocked to the attraction."^[14] Director von Sternberg recalls the opening of Underworld in his 1965 autobiography:

Without benefit of normal publicity, my film opened at ten in the morning to avoid a review by the press, no critic being awake that early. Three hours later, no one knows why or how, Times Square was blocked by a huge crowd seeking to gain admission to the theatre, a crowd that stayed there and forced the theatre to stay open all night…thus inaugurating the era of gangster films and exhibitions of films around the clock.^[15]

"No director in the history of cinema can match Sternberg's preoccupation with the harmonies of hand signals ... to light a cigarette, to grasp a coffee cup, to fondle one's furs is, for Sternberg, equivalent to baring one's soul."

—Andrew Sarris, from The Films of Josef von Sternberg (1966).^[16]

Time felt the film was realistic in some parts, but disliked the Hollywood cliché of turning an evil character's heart to gold at the end.^[17]

Underworld was well-received overseas, especially in France, where directors Julien Duvivier and Marcel Carné were deeply impressed with Sternberg's "clinical and spartan" film technique. Filmmaker and surrealist Luis Buñuel named Underworld as his all time favorite film.

Paramount, overjoyed at the film's "critical and commercial success" bestowed a gold medal and a $10,000 bonus on Sternberg.^[18]^[19] Ben Hecht won the Academy Award for Writing in the 1st Academy Awards ceremony in 1929 for his work on this film.^[20]

In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Gangster Films list.^[21]

Theme

Left: "Bull" Weed (George Bancroft) in shootout with the police. Right: "Feathers" McCoy (Evelyn Brent), "Rolls Royce" Wensel (Clive Brook). "She recognizes the seriousness of his personality."^[22]

Sternberg has been credited with "launching the gangster film genre."^[23] Critic Andrew Sarris cautions that Underworld is "less a proto-gangster film than a pre-gangster film" in which the criminal world of the Prohibition Era provides a backdrop for a tragic tale of a "Byronic hero" destroyed, not by "the avenging forces of law and order" but by the eternal vicissitudes of "love, faith and falsehood."^[24]

Journalist Ben Hecht's influence appears in the phony flower shop operation and killing of "Bull" Weed's archenemy, "florist" Buck Mulligan, evoking the 1922 real-life murder of kingpin Dion O'Bannon by the Tony Torrios mob.^[25] Funeral hearses also abound in the film, notorious as capacious conveyances used to conceal criminal activities and personnel in Chicago. Despite these contemporary references, Underworld does not qualify as "the first gangster film" as Sternberg "showed little interest in the purely gangsterish aspects of the genre" nor the "mechanics of [mob] power."^[22]^[20] Rather than invoking contemporary social forces and inequities, Sternberg's "Bull" Weed is subject to "implacable Fate", much as the heroes of classical antiquity.^[26]^[27] The female companions to the outlaws are less gangster molls, addicted to violent men, but protagonists in their own right, who induce "revenge and redemption." The genre would only be properly established in such film classics as Little Caesar (1930), The Public Enemy (1931), Scarface (1932), High Sierra (1941), White Heat (1949), The Asphalt Jungle (1950) and The Killing (1956).^[22]^[28]

Film critic Dave Kehr, writing for the Chicago Reader in 2014, rates Underworld as one of the great gangster films of the silent era.^[29] "The film established the fundamental elements of the gangster movie: a hoodlum hero; ominous, night-shrouded city streets; floozies; and a blazing finale in which the cops cut down the protagonist."^[30]^[31]

Preservation

Prints of Underworld are located in several film archives.^[32]

References

^ "Progressive Silent Film List: Underworld". silentera.com. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
^ "The 1st Academy Awards (1929) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
^ Sarris, 1966. p. 12
^ Baxter, 1971. p. 34
^ Weinberg, 1967. pp. 24-25
^ Rodriguez-Ortega, 2005
Sarris, 1966. p. 13
^ Weinberg, 1967. p. 27, p. 30
^ Barson, 2014
Sarris, 1966. p. 13
^ Baxter, 1971. pp. 36-37
^ Weinberg, 1967. pp. 30-31, 96: ..."catapulted him into overnight fame as a director."
^ Sarris, 1966. p. 13
^ Baxter, 1971. pp. 37, 43
^ Jay Robert Nash (1981). Almanac of World Crime. Anchor Press/Doubleday. pp. 145–146. ISBN 9780385150033.
^ Rodriguez-Ortega, 2005.
Sarris, 1966. p. 13
^ Sternberg, 1965 p. 216: Elided portion reads “and remain open for the balance of the run…”
^ Rodriguez-Ortega, 2005.
Axmaker, 2010.
Sarris, 1966. p. 15
^ Time, "New Pictures: Sep. 5, 1927"
^ Baxter, 1971. pp. 43-44
^ Weinberg, 1967. p. 34
^ ^a ^b Baxter, 1971. p. 43
^ "AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Sarris, 1966. p. 15
^ Axmater, 2010.
Film Sufi, 2013.
Rodriguez-Ortega, 2005
^ Axmaker, 2010: "A tale of loyalty and love in a violent world."
Sarris, 1966. pp. 15-16
^ Baxter, 1971. p. 38
^ Sarris, 1966. pp. 15-16: "... steers clear of sociological implications of his material. ... " and "law and order ... never related to society but rather to an implacable Fate ..."
^ Jeanne and Ford, 1965. in Weinberg, 1967. p. 211: Characters "moved ... by extreme violence" as one finds in "the heroes of antiquity [where] fate destines them to the worst catastrophes."
^ Baxter, 1971. p. 39: "... it was not until Little Caesar and The Big House (1931) that any real attempt was made by Hollywood to describe the brutal reality of the criminal world."
^ Kehr, Dave. "Underworld," Chicago Reader, accessed October 11, 2010.
^ Siegel, Scott, & Siegel, Barbara (2004). The Encyclopedia of Hollywood. 2nd edition. Checkmark Books. p. 178. ISBN 0-8160-4622-0
^ Weinberg, 1967. p. 34: "... the [gangster] genre ... so eloquently established."
^ Library of Congress / FIAF American Silent Feature Film Survival Database: Underworld

Sources

Axmaker, Sean. 2010. Silents Please: Shadows, Silence and Sternberg. Parallax View. Retrieved May 10, 2018. http://parallax-view.org/2010/08/26/shadows-and-silence-and-josef-von-sternberg-john-cassavetes-and-citizen-mccain-dvds-of-the-week/
Barson, Michael. 2005. Josef von Sternberg: Austrian-American director. ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA Online. Retrieved May 10, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Josef-von-Sternberg
Film Sufi. 2013. "Underworld": Josef von Sternberg (1927). The Film Sufi. February 12, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2018. http://www.filmsufi.com/2013/02/underworld-josef-von-sternberg-1927.html
Rodriguez-Ortega, Vicente. 2005. Underworld. Senses of Cinema. Retrieved May 10, 2018. http://sensesofcinema.com/2005/cteq/underworld/
Sarris, Andrew. 1966. The Films of Josef von Sternberg. Museum of Modern Art/Doubleday. New York, New York.
Weinberg, Herman G., 1967. Josef von Sternberg. A Critical Study. New York: Dutton.
Sternberg, Josef von. 1988. Fun in a Chinese Laundry. Mercury House, San Francisco, California. ISBN 0-916515-37-0 (pbk.)

External links

Underworld at IMDb
Underworld at AllMovie
Underworld at the TCM Movie Database
Underworld at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
Underworld: How It Came To Be on YouTube (documentary)
Underworld: Dreamland an essay by Geoffrey O’Brien at the Criterion Collection
Underworld (1927) on YouTube

[silentera-1] "Progressive Silent Film List: Underworld". silentera.com. Retrieved September 24, 2011.

[2] "The 1st Academy Awards (1929) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences. Retrieved May 19, 2019.

[3] Sarris, 1966. p. 12

[4] Baxter, 1971. p. 34

[5] Weinberg, 1967. pp. 24-25

[6] Rodriguez-Ortega, 2005
Sarris, 1966. p. 13

[7] Weinberg, 1967. p. 27, p. 30

[8] Barson, 2014
Sarris, 1966. p. 13

[9] Baxter, 1971. pp. 36-37

[10] Weinberg, 1967. pp. 30-31, 96: ..."catapulted him into overnight fame as a director."

[11] Sarris, 1966. p. 13

[12] Baxter, 1971. pp. 37, 43

[13] Jay Robert Nash (1981). Almanac of World Crime. Anchor Press/Doubleday. pp. 145–146. ISBN 9780385150033.

[14] Rodriguez-Ortega, 2005.
Sarris, 1966. p. 13

[15] Sternberg, 1965 p. 216: Elided portion reads “and remain open for the balance of the run…”

[16] Rodriguez-Ortega, 2005.
Axmaker, 2010.
Sarris, 1966. p. 15

[17] Time, "New Pictures: Sep. 5, 1927"

[18] Baxter, 1971. pp. 43-44

[19] Weinberg, 1967. p. 34

[BaxterP43-20] Baxter, 1971. p. 43

[21] "AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[SarrisP15-22] Sarris, 1966. p. 15

[23] Axmater, 2010.
Film Sufi, 2013.
Rodriguez-Ortega, 2005

[24] Axmaker, 2010: "A tale of loyalty and love in a violent world."
Sarris, 1966. pp. 15-16

[25] Baxter, 1971. p. 38

[26] Sarris, 1966. pp. 15-16: "... steers clear of sociological implications of his material. ... " and "law and order ... never related to society but rather to an implacable Fate ..."

[27] Jeanne and Ford, 1965. in Weinberg, 1967. p. 211: Characters "moved ... by extreme violence" as one finds in "the heroes of antiquity [where] fate destines them to the worst catastrophes."

[28] Baxter, 1971. p. 39: "... it was not until Little Caesar and The Big House (1931) that any real attempt was made by Hollywood to describe the brutal reality of the criminal world."

[29] Kehr, Dave. "Underworld," Chicago Reader, accessed October 11, 2010.

[SS178-30] Siegel, Scott, & Siegel, Barbara (2004). The Encyclopedia of Hollywood. 2nd edition. Checkmark Books. p. 178. ISBN 0-8160-4622-0

[31] Weinberg, 1967. p. 34: "... the [gangster] genre ... so eloquently established."

[32] Library of Congress / FIAF American Silent Feature Film Survival Database: Underworld

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Underworld (1927 film)

Plot

Cast

Background

Production

Reception

Theme

Preservation

See also

References

Sources

External links

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