The original Thirteen Colonies[p] that would later found the United States were administered by Great Britain,[54] and had local governments with elections open to most white male property owners.[55][56] The colonial population grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American populations;[57] by the 1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas.[58] The colonies' distance from Britain allowed for the development of self-governance,[59] and the First Great Awakening, a series of Christian revivals, fueled colonial interest in religious liberty.[60]
American Revolution, Revolutionary War and the early republic (1776–1820)
The U.S. housing bubble culminated in 2007 with the Great Recession, the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.[156] Coming to a head in the 2010s, political polarization increased as sociopolitical debates on cultural issues dominated politics.[157] This polarization was capitalized upon in the January 2021 Capitol attack, when a mob of insurrectionists[158] entered the U.S. Capitol and attempted to prevent the peaceful transfer of power.[159]
The Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado.[166] Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and Chihuahua, Sonoran, and Mojave deserts.[167] In the northwest corner of Arizona, carved by the Colorado River over millions of years, is the Grand Canyon, a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape.
The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast. The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California,[168] about 84 miles (135 km) apart.[169] At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m), Alaska's Denali is the highest peak in the country and continent.[170] Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands, and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent's largest volcanic feature.[171] In 2021, the United States had 8% of global permanent meadows and pastures and 10% of cropland.[172]
States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur in the country, mainly in Tornado Alley.[175] Overall, the United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country.[176][177] Extreme weather became more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times the number of reported heat waves as in the 1960s. In the American Southwest, droughts became more persistent and more severe.[178]
The U.S. is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of endemic species: about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.[180] The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 amphibians,[181] and 91,000 insect species.[182]
Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. It is regulated by a strong system of checks and balances.[204]
The U.S. president is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law (subject to congressional override), and appoints the members of the Cabinet (subject to Senate approval) and other officials, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies through their respective agencies.[208] Candidates for president campaign with a vice-presidential running mate. Both candidates are elected together, or defeated together, in a presidential election. Unlike other votes in American politics, this is technically an indirect election in which the winner will be determined by the U.S. Electoral College. There, votes are officially cast by individual electors selected by their state legislature. In practice, however, all 50 states choose a group of presidential electors who must confirm the winner of their state's popular vote. This group of electors equals their state's number of U.S. representatives, plus two more electors for the two U.S. senators the state sends to Congress. (The District of Columbia, with no representatives or senators, is allocated three electoral votes.)[q] Both president and vice president serve a four-year term and may be reelected to the office only once, for one additional four-year term.[209]
The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed independently in the 18th century with the Federalist and Anti-Federalist parties.[213] Since then, the United States has operated as a de facto two-party system, though the parties in that system have been different at different times.[214] The two main national parties are presently the Democratic and the Republican. The former is perceived as relatively liberal in its political platform while the latter is perceived as relatively conservative.[215]
As of January 2023, the United States has the sixth highest per-capita incarceration rate in the world, at 531 people per 100,000; and the largest prison and jail population in the world with almost 2 million people incarcerated.[258][259][260] An analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25 times higher".[261]
The U.S. Census Bureau reported 331,449,281 residents as of April 1, 2020,[s][344] making the United States the third-most-populous country in the world, after China and India.[345] According to the Bureau's U.S. Population Clock, on January 28, 2021, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 100 seconds, or about 864 people per day.[346] In 2018, 52% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 32% had never been married.[347] In 2021, the total fertility rate for the U.S. stood at 1.7 children per woman,[348] and it had the world's highest rate of children (23%) living in single-parent households in 2019.[349]
The United States has a diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members.[350]White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East or North Africa form the largest racial and ethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population.[351][352]Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. African Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population.[350] Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7 million Native Americans account for about 1%,[350] and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government.[353] In 2020, the median age of the United States population was 38.5 years.[345]
While many languages are spoken in the United States, English is by far the most commonly spoken and written.[354] Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws, such as U.S. naturalization requirements, standardize English, and most states have declared it the official language.[355] Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English, including Hawaii (Hawaiian),[356] Alaska (twenty Native languages),[t][357] South Dakota (Sioux),[358] American Samoa (Samoan), Puerto Rico (Spanish), Guam (Chamorro), and the Northern Mariana Islands (Carolinian and Chamorro). In total, 169 Native American languages are spoken in the United States.[359] In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.[360]
According to the American Community Survey in 2010, some 229 million people out of the total U.S. population of 308 million spoke only English at home. About 37 million spoke Spanish at home, making it the second most commonly used language. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include Chinese (2.8 million), Tagalog (1.6 million), Vietnamese (1.4 million), French (1.3 million), Korean (1.1 million), and German (1 million).[361]
America's immigrant population of nearly 51 million is by far the world's largest in absolute terms.[362][363] In 2022, there were 87.7 million immigrants and U.S.-born children of immigrants in the United States, accounting for nearly 27% of the overall U.S. population.[364] In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were unauthorized immigrants.[365] In 2019, the top countries of origin for immigrants were Mexico (24% of immigrants), India (6%), China (5%), the Philippines (4.5%), and El Salvador (3%).[366] The United States has led the world in refugee resettlement for decades, admitting more refugees than the rest of the world combined.[367]
About 82% of Americans live in urban areas, including suburbs;[160] about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.[381] In 2022, 333 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities (New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston) had populations exceeding two million.[382] Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.[383]
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), average American life expectancy at birth was 77.5 years in 2022 (74.8 years for men and 80.2 years for women). This was a gain of 1.1 years from 76.4 years in 2021, but the CDC noted that the new average "didn't fully offset the loss of 2.4 years between 2019 and 2021". The COVID-19 pandemic and higher overall mortality due to opioid overdoses and suicides were held mostly responsible for the previous drop in life expectancy.[388] The same report stated that the 2022 gains in average U.S. life expectancy were especially significant for men, Hispanics, and American Indian–Alaskan Native people (AIAN). Starting in 1998, the life expectancy in the U.S. fell behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries, and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.[389] The U.S. has one of the highest suicide rates among high-income countries.[390] Approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is overweight.[391] The U.S. healthcare system far outspends that of any other country, measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated.[392] The United States is the only developed country without a system of universal healthcare, and a significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance.[393] Government-funded healthcare coverage for the poor (Medicaid) and for those age 65 and older (Medicare) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[u][394]
American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as K-12, "kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. It is operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by the U.S. Department of Education. In general, children are required to attend school or an approved homeschool from the age of five or six (kindergarten or first grade) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the 12th grade, the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.[395] The U.S. spends more on education per student than any country in the world,[396] an average of $12,794 per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2016–2017.[397] Among Americans age 25 and older, 84.6% graduated from high school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a bachelor's degree, and 9.6% earned a graduate degree.[398] The U.S. literacy rate is near-universal.[160][399] The country has the most Nobel Prize winners of any country, with 411 (having won 413 awards).[400][401]
U.S. tertiary or higher education has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.[402][403] American higher education is dominated by state university systems, although the country's many private universities and colleges enroll about 20% of all American students. Local community colleges generally offer coursework and degree programs covering the first two years of college study. They often have more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.[404]
As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the OECD average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending.[405] Colleges and universities directly funded by the federal government do not charge tuition and are limited to military personnel and government employees, including: the U.S. service academies, the Naval Postgraduate School, and military staff colleges. Despite some student loan forgiveness programs in place,[406]student loan debt has increased by 102% in the last decade,[407] and exceeded 1.7 trillion dollars as of 2022.[408]
While modernism generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures.[456] Following the Great Migration to northern cities, African-American and black West Indian authors of the Harlem Renaissance developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the Jazz Age, these writings were a key influence on Négritude, a philosophy emerging in the 1930s among francophone writers of the African diaspora.[457][458] In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to attempt to write the Great American Novel,[459] while the Beat Generation rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the impact of the spoken word over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of society.[460][461] Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying feature being a trend toward self-conscious experiments with language.[462]
U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation include The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and USA Today.[467] About 800 publications are produced in Spanish.[468][469] With few exceptions, newspapers are privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families. Major cities often have alternative newspapers to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as The Village Voice in New York City and LA Weekly in Los Angeles. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are Google, YouTube, Amazon, Yahoo!, and Facebook—all of them American-owned.[470]
As of 2022[update], the video game market of the United States is the world's largest by revenue.[471] There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone.[472]
Many movie and television stars have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional regional or resident theater companies that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active community theater culture.[476]
In the visual arts, the Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European naturalism. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.[479]
American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional folk music, contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the British Isles, mainland Europe, or Africa.[483] The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in particular have influenced American music.[484]Banjos were brought to America through the slave trade. Minstrel shows incorporating the instrument into their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century.[485][486] The electric guitar, first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the development of rock and roll.[487]
The United States, along with China, collectively accounts for the majority of global apparel demand. Apart from professional business attire, American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. While Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing, sneakers, jeans, T-shirts, and baseball caps are emblematic of American styles.[503] New York is considered to be one of the "big four" global fashion capitals, along with Paris, Milan, and London. A study demonstrated that general proximity to Manhattan's Garment District has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century.[504]
The U.S. film industry has a worldwide influence and following. Hollywood, a district in northern Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city, is also metonymous for the American filmmaking industry.[509][510][511] The major film studios of the United States are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket-selling movies in the world.[512][513] Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization.[514] The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929,[515] and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944.[516]
The industry enjoyed its golden years, in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,[517] with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures.[518][519] In the 1970s, "New Hollywood" or the "Hollywood Renaissance"[520] was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.[521] The 21st century was marked by the rise of American streaming platforms, which came to rival traditional cinema.[522][523]
Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as turkey, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup. Of the most enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the native dish called succotash. Early settlers and later immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar with, such as wheat flour,[524] beef, and milk, to create a distinctive American cuisine.[525][526]New World crops, especially pumpkin, corn, potatoes, and turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu on Thanksgiving, when many Americans prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion.[527]
The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are American football, basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey.[551] While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, many of which have become popular worldwide.[552]Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.[553] The market for professional sports in the United States was approximately $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.[554]
On the collegiate level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,[559] and college football and basketball attract large audiences, as the NCAA March Madness tournament and the College Football Playoff are some of the most watched national sporting events.[560] In the U.S., the intercollegiate sports level serves as a feeder system for professional sports. This differs greatly from practices in nearly all other countries, where publicly and privately funded sports organizations serve this function.[561]
^30 of 50 states recognize only English as an official language. The state of Hawaii recognizes both Hawaiian and English as official languages, the state of Alaska officially recognizes 20 Alaska Native languages alongside English, and the state of South Dakota recognizes O'ceti Sakowin as an official language.
^The historical and informal demonym Yankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.
^ abcAt 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 km2), the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behind Russia and China. By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and Canada, if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the Great Lakes), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China.
Coastal/territorial waters included: 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,517 km2)[19]
Only internal waters included: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km2)[20]
^The U.S. Census Bureau's 2023 estimate was 334,914,895 residents. All official population figures are for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; they exclude the five major U.S. territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock in addition to its decennial census and annual population estimates: www.census.gov/popclock
^A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter, after China.[286] However, if primary income is included, the U.S. is the world's largest exporter.[287]
^Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates". Census.gov. August 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2020. reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.
^Fay, John (July 15, 2016). "The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America'". IrishCentral.com. According to the NY Historical Society, Stephen Moylan was the man responsible for the earliest documented use of the phrase 'United States of America'. But who was Stephen Moylan?
^A PLANTER (April 6, 1776). "To the inhabitants of Virginia". The Virginia Gazette. Vol. 5, no. 1287. Williamsburg, Virginia: Dixon and Hunter's. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014.
^Florida Center for Instructional Technology (2002). "Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain". A Short History of Florida. University of South Florida.
^Ratcliffe, Donald (2013). "The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828". Journal of the Early Republic. 33 (2): 220. doi:10.1353/jer.2013.0033. S2CID145135025.
^Hammond, John Craig (March 2019). "President, Planter, Politician: James Monroe, the Missouri Crisis, and the Politics of Slavery". Journal of American History. 105 (4): 843–867. doi:10.1093/jahist/jaz002.
^Vinovskis, Maris (1990). Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN978-0-521-39559-5.
^Ware, Leland (February 2021). "Plessy's Legacy: The Government's Role in the Development and Perpetuation of Segregated Neighborhoods". RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences. 7 (1): 92–109. doi:10.7758/rsf.2021.7.1.06. S2CID231929202.
^Aldrich, Mark. Safety First: Technology, Labor and Business in the Building of Work Safety, 1870-1939. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. ISBN0-8018-5405-9
^McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). U.S. History Super Review. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association. p. 418. ISBN978-0-7386-0070-3.
^Larson, Elizabeth C.; Meltvedt, Kristi R. (2021). "Women's suffrage: fact sheet". CRS Reports (Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service). Report / Congressional Research Service. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
^Axinn, June; Stern, Mark J. (2007). Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN978-0-205-52215-6.
^The official WRA record from 1946 states that it was 120,000 people. See War Relocation Authority (1946). The Evacuated People: A Quantitative Study. p. 8. This number does not include people held in other camps such as those run by the DoJ or U.S. Army. Other sources may give numbers slightly more or less than 120,000.
^Blakemore, Erin (March 22, 2019). "What was the Cold War?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
^Brinkley, Alan (January 24, 1991). "Great Society". In Eric Foner; John Arthur Garraty (eds.). The Reader's Companion to American History. Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 472. ISBN0-395-51372-3.
^"Playboy: American Magazine". Encyclopædia Britannica. August 25, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2023. ...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.
^Howell, Buddy Wayne (2006). The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988. Texas A&M University. p. 352. ISBN978-0-549-41658-6.
^Duignan, Brian (August 4, 2021). "January 6 U.S. Capitol attack". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2021. Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état.
^Rutenberg, Jim; Becker, Jo; Lipton, Eric; Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan; Rosenberg, Matthew; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 31, 2021). "77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022.
^ abc"United States". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. January 3, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
^"Area". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on January 31, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
^ abLew, Alan. "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US". GSP 220—Geography of the United States. North Arizona University. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
^Vincent, Carol H.; Hanson, Laura A.; Argueta, Carla N. (March 3, 2017). Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 2. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
^Gorte, Ross W.; Vincent, Carol Hardy.; Hanson, Laura A.; Marc R., Rosenblum. "Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data"(PDF). fas.org. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
^Sundquist, James L. (1997). "The U.S. Presidential System as a Model for the World". In Baaklini, Abdo I.; Desfosses, Helen (eds.). Designs for Democratic Stability: Studies in Viable Constitutionalism. Routledge. pp. 53–72. ISBN0765600528.
^Fialho, Livia Pontes; Wallin, Matthew (August 1, 2013). Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran (Report). American Security Project. JSTORresrep06070.
^Lindsay, James M. (August 4, 2021). "Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard!". New York City: Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved July 16, 2022. During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy.
^Highest to Lowest. World Prison Brief (WPB). Use the dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region or the whole world. Use the menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See the WPB main data page and click on the map links or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.
^Hagopian, Kip; Ohanian, Lee (August 1, 2012). "The Mismeasure of Inequality". Policy Review (174). Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
^Benjamin J. Cohen, The Future of Money, Princeton University Press, 2006, ISBN0691116660; cf. "the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia", Charles Agar, Frommer's Vietnam, 2006, ISBN0471798169, p. 17
^Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny, ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), p. 185. ISBN0821365452.
^"Income". Better Life Index. OECD. Retrieved September 28, 2019. In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.
^Smeeding, T.M. (2005). "Public Policy: Economic Inequality and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective". Social Science Quarterly. 86: 955–983. doi:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x. S2CID154642286.
^Sewell, Elizabeth (2010). "Religious Liberty and Religious Minorities in the United States". In Davis, Derek (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the United States. University of Oxford. pp. 249–275. ISBN9780199892228.
^Kallo, Becka; et al. (December 7, 2023). "Spirituality Among Americans". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
^Hoeveler, J. David, Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN978-0742548398, 2007, p. xi
^Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American culture (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 18–38. ISBN978-0-253-21749-3. Johnson, Fern L. (2000). Speaking culturally : language diversity in the United States. Sage Publications. p. 116. ISBN978-0-8039-5912-5.
^Gutfeld, Amon (2002). American Exceptionalism: The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience. Brighton and Portland: Sussex Academic Press. p. 65. ISBN978-1-903900-08-6.
^Zweig, Michael (2004). What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN978-0-8014-8899-3.
^ abDerks, Marco; van den Berg, Mariecke (2020). Public Discourses About Homosexuality and Religion in Europe and Beyond. Springer International Publishing. p. 338. ISBN978-3-030-56326-4. ...(the United States and [Western] Europe) as "already in crisis" for their permissive attitudes toward nonnormative sexualities...
^Garretson, Jeremiah (2018). "A Transformed Society: LGBT Rights in the United States". The Path to Gay Rights: How Activism and Coming Out Changed Public Opinion. New York University Press. ISBN978-1-4798-5007-5. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a dramatic wave began to form in the waters of public opinion: American attitudes involving homosexuality began to change... The transformation of America's response to homosexuality has been — and continues to be — one of the most rapid and sustained shifts in mass attitudes since the start of public polling.
^Jelliffe, Robert A. (1956). Faulkner at Nagano. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Ltd.
^Meserve, Walter J. An Outline History of American Drama, New York: Feedback/Prospero, 1994.
^Londré, Felicia Hardison; Watermeier, Daniel J. (1998). The History of North American Theater: From Pre-Columbian Times to the Present. Continuum. ISBN978-0-8264-1079-5. OCLC1024855967.
^Stephen Watt, and Gary A. Richardson, American Drama: Colonial to Contemporary (1994).
^Winans, Robert B. (1976). "The Folk, the Stage, and the Five-String Banjo in the Nineteenth Century". The Journal of American Folklore. 89 (354). American Folklore Society: 407–437. doi:10.2307/539294. JSTOR539294.
Baym, Nina; Levine, Robert S., eds. (2013). The Norton Anthology of American Literature (Shorter eighth. ed.). New York, NY: W.W. Norton. ISBN978-0-393-91885-4.
Bianchine, Peter J.; Russo, Thomas A. (1992). "The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 13 (5): 225–232. doi:10.2500/108854192778817040. PMID1483570.
Corbett, P. Scott; Janssen, Volker; Lund, John M.; Pfannestiel, Todd; Waskiewicz, Sylvie; Vickery, Paul (2014). U.S. History. Houston, Texas: OpenStax at Rice University.
Kampung Hanok Bukchon Kampung Hanok Bukchon (북촌 한옥마을) adalah sebuah kampung rumah tradisional Korea (hanok) di Seoul, Korea Selatan.[1] Bukchon bermakna Kampung Utara dikarenakan berlokasi di sebelah utara Kali Cheonggye (Cheonggyecheon) dan Jongno.[1] Perkampungan ini sejarahnya merupakan permukiman dan tempat tinggal para pejabat dan anggota keluarga kerajaan Dinasti Joseon.[1] Letaknya pun berada di antara Istana Gyeongbok dan Istana Changdeok.[1] K…
Siswoyo Hari Santoso Komandan Lantamal VII/KupangMasa jabatan25 Juli 2015 – 10 Oktober 2016 PendahuluDeni KurniadiPenggantiDedi Suhendar Informasi pribadiLahir(1962-08-15)15 Agustus 1962Malang, Jawa TimurMeninggal23 Juli 2023(2023-07-23) (umur 60)Tangerang Selatan, BantenKebangsaanIndonesiaSuami/istriNy. Nurul Amalia LestariAlma materAkademi Angkatan Laut (1986)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan LautMasa dinas1986—2020Pangkat Brigadir Jenderal TNI …
NicholasAlbum studio karya Nicholas TeoDirilis5 Agustus 2005Kronologi Nicholas Teo Nicholas '04 1st Choice(2004)Nicholas '04 1st Choice2004 Nicholas(2005) Only Nicholas(2006)Only Nicholas2006 Nicholas (张栋梁首张同名专辑) adalah album studio pertama Nicholas Teo yang dirilis di Taiwan. Daftar lagu Introduction 當你孤單你會想起誰 (MV Version)Dang Ni Gu Dan Ni Hui Xiang Qi Shui (Who Will U Think Of) 寂寞邊界 Ji Mo Bian Jie (Loneliness) Dream 我真的以為 Wo Zhen De Yi …
Zain Al RafeeaAl Rafeea di Festival Film Cannes 2018Lahir10 Oktober 2004 (umur 19)Daraa, SuriahKebangsaanOrang Suriah di NorwegiaPekerjaanAktor Zain Al Rafeea (bahasa Arab: زين الرافعي, lahir 10 Oktober 2004)[1] adalah aktor asal Suriah. Ia terkenal atas perannya sebagai Zain dalam film Lebanon berjudul Capernaum, yang mengantarkannya sebagai pemenang dari the Jury Prize di Film Festival Cannes 2018. Kehidupan dan karier Al Rafeea lahir di Daraa, Suriah pada 2004 sebel…
MonsterGenreDramaDitulis olehJang Young-chulJung Kyung-soonSutradaraJoo Sung-wooPemeranKang Ji-hwanSung Yu-riPark Ki-woongClaudia KimNegara asalKorea SelatanBahasa asliBahasa KoreaJmlh. episode50ProduksiDurasi70 menitRumah produksiVictory ContentsRilis asliJaringanMunhwa Broadcasting CorporationRilis28 Maret (2016-03-28) –20 September 2016 (2016-9-20) Monster (Hangul: 몬스터; RR: Monseuteo) adalah serial televisi Korea Selatan tahun 2016 yang dibintangi …
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Chinese DoctorsNama lainTradisional中國醫生Sederhana中国医生MandarinZhōngguó Yīshēng SutradaraAndrew LauProduserLi JinwenPemeranZhang HanyuYuan QuanZhu YawenLi ChenPerusahaanproduksiBona Film Group LimitedZhujiang Film GroupHubei Changj…
Mountain pass in the Diablo Range, California, U.S. For the California wine region, see Pacheco Pass AVA. Pacheco PassComing over the pass eastbound on CA 152Elevation1,368 ft (417 m)Traversed by SR 152LocationSanta Clara County, California, U.S.RangeCalifornia Coast RangesCoordinates37°3′59″N 121°13′7″W / 37.06639°N 121.21861°W / 37.06639; -121.21861The pass lies east of Gilroy and west of Los Banos California Historical LandmarkReference no.829[…
United States federal district court N. Y. S. D. redirects here. For other uses, see NYSD (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: United States District Court for the Southern District of New York – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove …
Cangak pasifik Status konservasi Risiko Rendah (IUCN 3.1)[1] Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Aves Ordo: Pelecaniformes Famili: Ardeidae Genus: Ardea Spesies: A. pacifica Nama binomial Ardea pacificaLatham, 1801 Cangak pasifik (Ardea pacifica) adalah spesies burung dalam famili Ardeidae. Burung ini pengembara di aliran sungai bagian selatan: Trans-Fly, Port Moresby, dan dataran tinggi. Juga dapat ditemui di Australia dan Selandia Baru.[2] Ref…
Sporting event delegationGermany at theParalympicsIPC codeGERNPCNational Paralympic Committee GermanyWebsitewww.dbs-npc.de (in German)Medals Gold 658 Silver 649 Bronze 609 Total 1,916 Summer appearances19601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter appearances1976198019841988199219941998200220062010201420182022Other related appearances East Germany (1984) Germany (GER) participated in the inaugural Paralympic Games in 1960 in Rome, where it sent a delegation…
Sketsa monster Stronsay yang dibuat oleh Sir Alexander Gibson pada tahun 1808. Monster Stronsay adalah bangkai besar misterius atau globster[1] yang terdampar di pesisir pulau Stronsay (waktu itu dieja Stronsa), di Kepulauan Orkney, sehabis badai yang terjadi tanggal 25 September 1808. Bangkai tersebut memiliki panjang 55 kaki, namun karena bagian ekornya tampak hilang, sesungguhnya ukurannya lebih panjang daripada itu (Catatan Wernerian Society, 1808–1810, Perpustakaan, Royal Museum, …
GonesseBalai kota Koordinat: 48°59′15″N 2°26′58″E / 48.9875°N 2.4494°E / 48.9875; 2.4494NegaraPrancisArondisemenSarcellesKantonGonesse (ibukota)Antarkomunetidak ada pada 2008Kode INSEE/pos95280 / Lambang Gonesse Gonesse merupakan sebuah komune di pinggiran timur laut Paris, Prancis. Terletak 16.5 km (10.2 mil) dari pusat kota Paris. Terletak di utara Bandar Udara Le Bourget dan barat daya Bandar Udara Internasional Charles de Gaulle. Sejarah Raja Ph…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Jeong Da-raeInformasi pribadiNama lengkapJeong Da-raeLahir2 Desember 1991 (umur 32)Yeosu, Jeollanam-do, Korea SelatanTinggi173 m (567 ft 7 in)Berat64 kg (141 pon) (141 pon) OlahragaOlahragaRenangStrokGaya dadaKlubJeolla…
Ini adalah nama Maluku, (Kei), marganya adalah Sadsuitubun Karel SadsuitubunPerangko Karel Sadsuitubun keluaran tahun 1966 Informasi pribadiLahirKarel Sadsuitubun(1928-10-14)14 Oktober 1928Tual, Maluku TenggaraMeninggal1 Oktober 1965(1965-10-01) (umur 36)Jakarta, IndonesiaSuami/istriMargaretha WaginahAnakPhilipus SumarnoPetrus Indro WaluyoLinus Paulus SupraptoPekerjaanPolisiPenghargaan Pahlawan Revolusi - KPLB AnumertaKarier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang Kepolisian Negara Republik…
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Tan Po Gwan. Tan Goan PoLahirTan Goan Po4 Agustus 1913 Kota Ulu, Pulau Siau, Sangihe, Hindia BelandaMeninggal14 Februari 1978Jakarta, IndonesiaAlmamaterUniversitas Erasmus RotterdamSuami/istriFlorentina Petronella GeiseAnak5 Prof.Drs.Tan Goan Po (Paul Mawira) (4 Agustus 1913 - 14 Februari 1978) adalah Seorang Ekonom Indonesia. Dia Merupakan Salah Satu Pendiri Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia (FE-UI)[1]., juga dikenal sebagai Paul Mawira, adalah seorang ek…
Formula Satu Musim berjalan Formula Satu musim 2023 Artikel terkait Sejarah Formula Satu Balapan Formula Satu Regulasi Formula Satu Mobil Formula Satu Mesin Formula Satu Ban Formula Satu Daftar Pembalap (Pemenang GPPembalap polePembalap lap tercepat JuaraNomor) Konstruktor (Pemenang GPJuara) Pabrikan mesin (Pemenang GP) MusimGrand PrixSirkuit Pemenang Trofi Promoter Balapan Sistem poin Warna nasionalLivery sponsor Bendera balapanBalapan dengan bendera merah Pembalap wanitaPenyiar TV KematianPerm…
Adrian NeweyOBEAdrian Newey pada tahun 2004.LahirAdrian Martin Newey26 Desember 1958 (umur 65)Kebangsaan InggrisAlmamaterRepton SchoolUniversity of SouthamptonPekerjaanChief Technical OfficerTahun aktif1980 – sekarangTempat kerjaRed Bull Racing/Scuderia AlphaTauri (sebelumnya Scuderia Toro Rosso) (Red Bull Technology)Dikenal atasSenior Chief Aerodinamicist Adrian Martin Newey, OBE (lahir 26 Desember 1958 di Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, Inggris)[1] adalah seorang insinyu…
Hi! School: Love OnPoster promosi untuk Hi! School – Love OnGenrePercintaan Supernatural RemajaDitulis olehLee Jae-yeonSutradaraSung Joon-hae Lee Eun-miPemeranKim Sae-ron Nam Woo-hyun Lee Sung-yeolLagu pembukaHeartthrob oleh Infinite FLagu penutupChocolate Cherry Night oleh Mad Clown and YozohNegara asalKorea SelatanBahasa asliKoreaJmlh. episode20ProduksiProduserSung Joon-haeDurasiJumat pukul 20:55 (KST)Rumah produksiHigh School Co., Ltd.Rilis asliJaringanKorean Broadcasting SystemRilis11 Juli…
Political cartoon showing Dr. Kinyoun being injected in the head with plague vaccine, delivered by a Chinese man at the order of a judge. Kinyoun was reviled by business and political leaders of San Francisco for his work to uncover a plague epidemic in 1900. Chinese residents felt unfairly singled out for quarantine and vaccine. Published in Chung Sai Yat Po, a Chinese-language daily paper in San Francisco. Chung Sai Yat PoTypeDaily newspaperEditor-in-chiefNg Poon ChewEditorNg Poon ChewStaff wr…
Deden Rukman Rumaji Wakil Bupati Bandung ke-3Masa jabatan15 Desember 2010 – 15 Desember 2015PresidenSusilo Bambang YudhoyonoJoko WidodoGubernurAhmad HeryawanBupatiDadang M. Nasser PendahuluYadi SrimulyadiPenggantiGun Gun Gunawan Informasi pribadiLahir2 Februari 1964 (umur 60)Bandung, Jawa BaratKebangsaanIndonesiaSunting kotak info • L • B Drs. H. Deden Rukman Rumaji (lahir di Bandung, 2 Februari 1964) adalah Wakil Bupati Bandung Periode 2010-2015. Dia adalah lul…