ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশ

ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশ
মাটিকালি	৪৪ লাখ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ; (১৭ লাখ বৰ্গমাইল)
জনসংখ্যা	১৭১ কোটি (২০১৫)
জনঘনত্ব	৩৮৯ প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ
দেশসমূহ	নেপাল ; পাকিস্তান ; বাংলাদেশ ; ভাৰত ; ভূটান ; মালদ্বীপ ; শ্ৰীলংকা

ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশ (ইংৰাজী: Indian subcontinent) হৈছে এছিয়া মহাদেশৰ দক্ষিণৰ এক উপদ্বীপ অঞ্চল। এই অঞ্চলটোৰ অধিকাংশই ভাৰতীয় ভূত্বকীয় ফলকত অৱস্থিত আৰু এয়া উত্তৰে হিমালয় পৰ্বতমালাৰ পৰা দক্ষিণে ভাৰত মহাসাগৰলৈ বিস্তৃত্ব। ভূতাত্ত্বিকভাবে, ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশটি হৈছে প্ৰায় ৫.৫ কোটি বছৰ পূৰ্বে গণ্ডৱানাৰ পৰা পৃথক হৈ ইউৰেছিয়ান ফলকৰ সৈতে লগ হোৱা স্থলভাগৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত থকা অঞ্চল।^[2] ভৌগোলিকভাবে, ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশ হৈছে উত্তৰে হিমালয় পৰ্বতমালা, পশ্চিমে হিন্দু কুশ পৰ্বতমালা আৰু পূবে আৰাকান পৰ্বতমালাৰে আৱৰি থকা দক্ষিণ-মধ্য এছিয়াৰ উপদ্বীপ অঞ্চল।^[3] ৰাজনৈতিকভাবে, ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশত নেপাল, পাকিস্তান, বাংলাদেশ, ভাৰত, ভূটান, মালদ্বীপ আৰু শ্ৰীলংকা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।^[4]^[5]^[6]

কিছুক্ষেত্ৰত, 'ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশ' ভৌগোলিক শব্দটো আৰু 'দক্ষিণ এছিয়া' শব্দটো পৰস্পৰৰ প্ৰতিশব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হয়।^[7] পিছে দক্ষিণ এছিয়া বুলিলে সাধাৰণতে এক ৰাজনৈতিক অঞ্চলক বুজোৱা যায় য'ত ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ দেশসমূহৰ লগতে আফগানিস্তানকো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।^[8] এই দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ সংজ্ঞাত কোন-কোন দেশক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা উচিত সেয়া এক বিতৰ্কিত বিষয়।^[9]^[10]^[11]

তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ

↑ "World Population Prospects". United Nations: Population Division. 2017. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Robert Wynn Jones (2011). Applications of Palaeontology: Techniques and Case Studies. Cambridge University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 267–271. ISBN 978-1-139-49920-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=mrPiq_8pkAwC&pg=PA267.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Baker, Kathleen M.; Chapman, Graham P. (11 March 2002), The Changing Geography of Asia, Routledge, pp. 10–, ISBN 978-1-134-93384-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=G-KIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10, "This greater India is well defined in terms of topography; it is the Indian sub-continent, hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east."
↑ "Indian subcontinent". New Oxford Dictionary of English (আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0-19-860441-6) New York: Oxford University Press, 2001; p. 929: "the part of Asia south of the Himalayas which forms a peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean, between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Historically forming the whole territory of Greater India, the region is now divided into three countries named Bangladesh, India and Pakistan."
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Dhavendra Kumar (2012). Genomics and Health in the Developing World. Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 889. ISBN 978-0-19-537475-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=BLLmbgt8wNgC&pg=PA889.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Mariam Pirbhai (2009). Mythologies of Migration, Vocabularies of Indenture: Novels of the South Asian Diaspora in Africa, the Caribbean, and Asia-Pacific. University of Toronto Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 14. ISBN 978-0-8020-9964-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=EsCZZ3K6-uYC&pg=PA14.
↑ John McLeod, The history of India, page 1, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0-313-31459-4; note: McLeod does not include Afghanistan in Indian subcontinent or South Asia;
Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, The Third World: states of mind and being, pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0-04-910121-8
Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0-19-856817-7; Quote: "The term South Asian refers to populations originating from the Indian subcontinent, effectively India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka;
Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0-674-04979-9
Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0-19-513798-1
Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, pages 3, Routledge, 2004, আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0-415-30787-2
↑ উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে দক্ষিণ এছিয় ক্ৰীড়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এচিয় আঞ্চলিক সহযোগিতা সংস্থা (চমুকৈ ছাৰ্ক)-ত আফগানিস্তানক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। SAARC Summit. "SAARC". SAARC Summit. http://www.saarc-sec.org/। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 17 December 2013.
↑ Ewan W. Anderson; Liam D. Anderson (2013). An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 5. ISBN 978-1-136-64862-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=n-VJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5. , Quote: "To the east, Iran, as a Gulf state, offers a generally accepted limit to the Middle East. However, Afghanistan, also a Muslim state, is then left in isolation. It is not accepted as a part of Central Asia and it is clearly not part of the Indian subcontinent".
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Michael Mann (2014). South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. পৃষ্ঠা. 13–15. ISBN 978-1-317-62445-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh0cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT13.
↑ Jona Razzaque (2004). Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Kluwer Law International. পৃষ্ঠা. 3 with footnotes 1 and 2. ISBN 978-90-411-2214-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=7E7al37aYBEC&pg=PA3.

[1] "World Population Prospects". United Nations: Population Division. 2017. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/.

[Jones2011p267-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Robert Wynn Jones (2011). Applications of Palaeontology: Techniques and Case Studies. Cambridge University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 267–271. ISBN 978-1-139-49920-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=mrPiq_8pkAwC&pg=PA267.

[Chapman,_Graham_P._p._10-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Baker, Kathleen M.; Chapman, Graham P. (11 March 2002), The Changing Geography of Asia, Routledge, pp. 10–, ISBN 978-1-134-93384-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=G-KIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10, "This greater India is well defined in terms of topography; it is the Indian sub-continent, hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east."

[Oxford-4] "Indian subcontinent". New Oxford Dictionary of English (আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0-19-860441-6) New York: Oxford University Press, 2001; p. 929: "the part of Asia south of the Himalayas which forms a peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean, between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Historically forming the whole territory of Greater India, the region is now divided into three countries named Bangladesh, India and Pakistan."

[dkumar889-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Dhavendra Kumar (2012). Genomics and Health in the Developing World. Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 889. ISBN 978-0-19-537475-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=BLLmbgt8wNgC&pg=PA889.

[pirbhai14-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Mariam Pirbhai (2009). Mythologies of Migration, Vocabularies of Indenture: Novels of the South Asian Diaspora in Africa, the Caribbean, and Asia-Pacific. University of Toronto Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 14. ISBN 978-0-8020-9964-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=EsCZZ3K6-uYC&pg=PA14.

[mcleodplus-7] John McLeod, The history of India, page 1, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0-313-31459-4; note: McLeod does not include Afghanistan in Indian subcontinent or South Asia;
Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, The Third World: states of mind and being, pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0-04-910121-8
Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0-19-856817-7; Quote: "The term South Asian refers to populations originating from the Indian subcontinent, effectively India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka;
Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0-674-04979-9
Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0-19-513798-1
Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, pages 3, Routledge, 2004, আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0-415-30787-2

[8] উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে দক্ষিণ এছিয় ক্ৰীড়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এচিয় আঞ্চলিক সহযোগিতা সংস্থা (চমুকৈ ছাৰ্ক)-ত আফগানিস্তানক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। SAARC Summit. "SAARC". SAARC Summit. http://www.saarc-sec.org/। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 17 December 2013.

[anderson5-9] Ewan W. Anderson; Liam D. Anderson (2013). An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 5. ISBN 978-1-136-64862-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=n-VJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5. , Quote: "To the east, Iran, as a Gulf state, offers a generally accepted limit to the Middle East. However, Afghanistan, also a Muslim state, is then left in isolation. It is not accepted as a part of Central Asia and it is clearly not part of the Indian subcontinent".

[mmann-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Michael Mann (2014). South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. পৃষ্ঠা. 13–15. ISBN 978-1-317-62445-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh0cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT13.

[Jona_Razzaque_2004-11] Jona Razzaque (2004). Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Kluwer Law International. পৃষ্ঠা. 3 with footnotes 1 and 2. ISBN 978-90-411-2214-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=7E7al37aYBEC&pg=PA3.

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