This article records new taxa of fossil plants that are scheduled to be described during the year 2021, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleobotany that are scheduled to occur in the year 2021.
A study on the evolutionary history of palms throughout the Cenozoic era, aiming to determine the impact of Cenozoic environmental changes on the diversification and biogeography of palms, is published by Lim et al. (2021).[75]
Pollens of member of the family Poaceae preserving the same morphological characteristics as that of modern cereal grains are described from a sedimentary core from Lake Acıgöl (Turkey) by Andrieu-Ponel et al. (2021), who interpret this finding as indicative of the presence of proto-cereals in Anatolia since 2.3 million years ago, likely evolving from wild Poaceae as a result of trampling, nitrogen enrichment of soils and browsing by large mammal herds, and evaluate possible benefits from the availability of these proto-cereals for early hominins.[76]
A study on wood anatomy in extant and fossil members of Fagales is published by Wheeler, Baas & Manchester who transfer two Eocene species from Myrica to Morella.[104]
A green alga belonging to the group Dasycladales and the family Bornetelleae. Genus includes "Heteroporella" micropora Di Stefano & Senowbari-Daryan (1985), "Heteroporella" macropora Di Stefano, 1981 ex Di Stefano & Senowbari-Daryan (1985), "Chinianella" zanklii Ott (1967), "Chinianella" crosii Ott (1968) and "Heteroporella" carpatica Bystrický (1967).
A green alga belonging to the group Dasycladales. Genus includes new species D. transylvanica, as well as "Zittelina" hispanica Masse, Arias & Vilas (1993), "Zittelina" massei Bucur, Granier & Săsăran (2010) and "Triploporella" matesina Barattolo (1980).
Fossil leaves of a plant of uncertain phylogenetic placement, with a morphology similar to Ginkgophyta. Genus includes new species V. pueblensis. The generic name is preoccupied by Velascoa Calderón & Rzedowski (1997).
Strother & Foster (2021) describe an assemblage of fossil spores from the Ordovician (Tremadocian) of Australia, representing a morphology that was intermediate morphology between confirmed land plant spores and earlier forms of uncertain phylogenetic placement, and evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the evolution of land plants from their algal ancestors.[175]
A study on the fossil pollen record from New Zealand, dating from 100 million years ago to the present, is published by Prebble et al. (2021), who report evidence indicating that Cretaceous diversification was closely followed by an increase in flowering plants frequency, but their maximum frequency did not occur until the Eocene.[176]
A study on changes of abundance in spores and pollen record from the Danish Basin, and on their implications for the knowledge of the impact of the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event on land plants, is published by Lindström (2021).[177]
A study on the vegetation history in the southwestern Balkans, as indicated by pollen from the sedimentary record in the Lake Ohrid extending to 1.36 million years ago, is published by Donders et al. (2021).[178]
Research
A study on changes of the morphological complexity of reproductive structures of land plants throughout their evolutionary history, based on data from fossil and extant land plants, is published by Leslie, Simpson & Mander (2021).[179]
Revision of Silurian (Wenlock to Přídolí) assemblages of polysporangiophytes with dispersed spores and cryptospores, aiming to determine the relationship between Silurian plant evolution and climate changes linked with perturbations of the global carbon cycle, is published by Pšenička et al. (2021).[180]
Reconstruction of the structure and development of the rooting system of Asteroxylon mackiei is presented by Hetherington et al. (2021).[181]
A study on factors influencing the extent of arboreal vegetation during the Late Paleozoic icehouse is published by Matthaeus et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that Pangaea could have supported widespread arboreal plant growth and forest cover based on leaf water constraints, but the forest extent was restricted because of impact of freezing on plants, and estimate that contracting forest cover increased net global surface runoff by up to 6.1%.[182]
Description of the reproductive organs of the lycopsids from the Upper Devonian Wutong Formation (China), and a study on the ability of the sporophyll units for wind dispersal, is published by Zhou et al. (2021), who name new form speciesLepidophylloides longshanensis and Lepidophylloides changxingensis.[183]
An exceptionally well preserved Brasilodendron-like lycopsid forest containing over 150 upright stumps is described from an early Permian postglacial landscape of western Gondwana (Paraná Basin, Brazil) by Mottin et al. (2021).[184]
A study on the anatomy of Stigmaria asiatica is published by Chen et al. (2021).[185]
Stump casts of Sigillaria, preserving traces of internal anatomy, are described from the earliest Permian Wuda Tuff (China) by D'Antonio et al. (2021).[186]
A study aiming to determine probable causes of the world-wide proliferation of members of Isoetales, particularly Pleuromeia, during and in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and evaluating the implications of this proliferation for the knowledge of environmental stresses during and in the aftermath of this extinction event, is published by Looy, van Konijnenburg-van Cittert & Duijnstee (2021).[187]
New fossil material of Saportaea salisburioides, providing new information on leaf morphology and growth of this plant, is described from the Permian Umm Irna Formation (Jordan) by Kerp et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that Saportaea grandifolia and Baiera virginiana were synonyms of S. salisburioides, and possibly indicating that the fructification belonging to the genus Nystroemia is a part of Saportaea.[188]
Description of Geinitzia reichenbachii from its gross morphology to the cellular scale, and a study on the likely ecology of this conifer, is published by Moreau et al. (2021).[189]
A study on the evolutionary history of the family Cycadaceae, based on genomic data and fossil record, is published by Liu et al. (2021).[190]
Well-preserved recurved cupules of seed plants are described from the Lower Cretaceous of China by Shi et al. (2021), who interpret the structure of these cupules as consistent with the recurved form and development of the second integument in the bitegmicanatropousovules of flowering plants, and evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the origin of the flowering plants.[191]
Taxonomically diverse flora from the Seafood Salad locality, found ~65 m below the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in the Hell Creek Formation (Montana, United States), is described by Wilson, Wilson Mantilla & Strӧmberg (2021), who study the affinities of plants of this locality and compare them with other Late Cretaceous floras of the Western Interior.[192]
A study on the timing of the origin of the flowering plants, based on data from fossil record and from the diversity of extant members of this group, is published by Silvestro et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that several flowering plant families originated in the Jurassic.[193]
A study on the diversity of insect damage types in fossil plants from the Cretaceous (Albian to Cenomanian) Dakota Formation (United States), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the early evolution of angiosperm florivory and associated pollination, is published by Xiao et al. (2021).[194]
New fossil material of Callianthus dilae is described from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (China) by Wang et al. (2021), who reconstruct the whole plant of Callianthus, interpreting it as an aquatic flowering plant.[195]
A study on the anatomy of the epidermal features of the floating leaves of Quereuxia angulata from the Upper Cretaceous Yong'ancun Formation (China) is published by Liang et al. (2021).[196]
A study on plant extinction and ecological change in tropical forests resulting from the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, based on data from fossil pollen and leaves from Colombia, is published by Carvalho et al. (2021), who report evidence indicative of a long interval of low plant diversity in the Neotropics after the end-Cretaceous extinction, and the emergence of forests with a structure resembling modern Neotropical rainforests, with a closed canopy and multistratal structure dominated by flowering plants, during the Paleocene.[197]
A study on the impact of the mid-Eocene greenhouse warming event on floras from southernmost South America is published by Fernández et al. (2021).[198]
Evidence from middle Eocene-middle Miocene tuffaceous deposits of central and northern Patagonia, indicating that soils, vegetation, insects and mammal herbivores began to record diverse traits related to the presence of grasslands with mosaic vegetation since middle Eocene, is presented by Bellosi et al. (2021).[199]
A study on Middle Miocene microfloral assemblages from ten localities in the Madrid Basin (Spain), providing evidence of prevalence of open habitats with grass-dominated, savannah-like vegetation under a warm and semi-arid climatic regime in the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Miocene, is published by Casas-Gallego et al. (2021).[200]
Crump et al. (2021) present a record of vegetation from the Last Interglacial based on ancient DNA from lake sediment from the Baffin Island (Canada), and report evidence of major ecosystem changes in the Arctic in response to warmth, including a ~400 km northward range shift of dwarf birch relative to today.[201]
Deaths
Alan Graham (1934–2021), passed away on 8 July 2021. Graham earned his PhD in 1962 under the guidance of Chester A. Arnold, and was noted for a career studying the Cenozoic paleobotany of the Caribbean and Central America. [202]
^ abcWang, S.-J.; Wang, J.; Liu, L.; Hilton, J. (2021). "Stem diversity of the marattialean tree fern family Psaroniaceae from the earliest Permian Wuda Tuff Flora". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 294: Article 104378. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.29404378W. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104378. S2CID234276315.
^ abPigg, K. B.; DeVore, M. L.; Greenwood, D. R.; Sundue, M. A.; Schwartsburd, P.; Basinger, J. F. (2021). "Fossil Dennstaedtiaceae and Hymenophyllaceae from the Early Eocene of the Pacific Northwest". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 182 (9): 793–807. doi:10.1086/715633. S2CID239036762.
^Correia, P.; Šimůnek, Z.; Sá, A. A. (2021). "The equisetalean Iberisetum wegeneri gen. nov., sp. nov. from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Portugal". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 33 (12): 3495–3505. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1874373. S2CID234064743.
^Wang, S.; Long, X.; Zhang, H.; Cai, H.; Engel, M. S.; Shi, C. (2021). "A semi-aquatic fern (Marsileaceae) from the mid-Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar". Cretaceous Research. 133: Article 105119. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105119. S2CID245298780.
^Pšenička, J.; Wang, J.; Bek, J.; Pfefferkorn, H. W.; Opluštil, S.; Zhou, W.; Frojdová, J.; Libertín, M. (2021). "A zygopterid fern with fertile and vegetative parts in anatomical and compression preservation from the earliest Permian of Inner Mongolia, China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 294: Article 104382. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.29404382P. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104382. S2CID234092362.
^Mazaheri-Johari, M.; Kustatscher, E.; Roghi, G.; Ghasemi-Nejad, E.; Gianolla, P. (2021). "A monotypic stand of Neocalamites iranensis n. sp. from the Carnian Pluvial Episode (Late Triassic) of the Aghdarband area, NE Iran (Turan Plate)". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 127 (2): 189–209. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/15646.
^Pšenička, J.; Sakala, J.; Dašková, J. (2021). "Odontosoria marekgaltieri sp. nov. (Lindsaeaceae), a new fern from the early Miocene of the Czech Republic: First evidence of the genus in the fossil record". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 297: Article 104580. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104580.
^Votočková Frojdová, J.; Wang, J.; Pšenička, J.; Bek, J.; Opluštil, S.; Libertín, M. (2021). "A new leptosporangiate fern Oligosporangiopteris zhongxiangii gen. and sp. nov. from the lowermost Permian of Inner Mongolia, China – morphology, anatomy and reproductive organs". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 294: Article 104479. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.29404479V. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104479. S2CID237931032.
^He, X.-Y.; Hilton, J.; Wang, S.-J.; Cheng, X.-S. (2021). "Exploring the stem to crown group transition in Marattiales: A new species of frond from the late Permian of China with features of the Psaroniaceae and Marattiaceae". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 295: Article 104506. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.29504506H. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104506.
^Huang, P.; Liu, L.; Liu, L.; Wang, J.-S.; Xue, J.-Z. (2022). "Sphenophyllum Brongniart (Sphenopsida) from the Upper Devonian of South China". Palaeoworld. 31 (3): 402–418. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2021.09.007. S2CID242991171.
^Libertín, M.; Bek, J.; Wang, J.; Opluštil, S.; Pšenička, J.; Votočková Frojdová, J. (2021). "New data about three sphenophylls and their spores from the volcanic tuff of Wuda, Taiyuan Formation, earliest Permian, China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 294: Article 104484. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.29404484L. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104484.
^Zhang, H.-R.; Shi, C.; Long, X.-X.; Feng, Q.; Cai, H.-H.; Lü, Y.-T.; Wang, S. (2022). "A new fossil record of Thyrsopteridaceae (Cyatheales) from the mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar". Palaeoworld. 31 (3): 478–484. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2021.09.002. S2CID240519538.
^Lozano-Carmona, D. E.; Corro-Ortiz, M. G.; Morales, R. L.; Velasco-de León, M. P. (2021). "Weltrichia xochitetlii sp. nov. (Bennettitales) from the Middle Jurassic of northwestern Oaxaca, Mexico: First paleobotanical evidence from the Tecomazúchil formation". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 108: Article 103230. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10803230L. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103230. ISSN0895-9811. S2CID234085434.
^Lozano-Carmona, D. E.; Velasco-de León, M. P. (2021). "Bennettitales from the Middle Jurassic of northwestern Oaxaca, Mexico: Diversity, sedimentary environments, and phytogeography". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 110: Article 103404. Bibcode:2021JSAES.11003404L. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103404. ISSN0895-9811.
^Spiekermann, R.; Jasper, A.; Siegloch, A. M.; Guerra-Sommer, M.; Uhl, D. (2021). "Not a lycopsid but a cycad-like plant: Iratinia australis gen. nov. et sp. nov. from the Irati Formation, Kungurian of the Paraná Basin, Brazil". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 289: Article 104415. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.28904415S. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104415. S2CID233860955.
^Tang, D.-L.; Wang, Z.-E.; Huang, Y.-T.; Ding, H.; Ding, S.-T.; Wu, J.-Y. (2022). "A new species of Eretmophyllum (Ginkgoales) from the Middle Jurassic of Turpan-Hami Basin, Xinjiang, China". Palaeoworld. 31 (4): 646–657. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2021.12.001. S2CID245302175.
^Afonin, M.; Gromyko, D. (2021). "First record of Ginkgoxylon (Ginkgoales) fossil wood in the Lower Cretaceous of the Arctic region". Cretaceous Research. 125: Article 104868. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12504868A. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104868.
^Nosova, N.; Crane, P. R.; Shi, G. (2021). "Ovule-bearing structures of Karkenia Archangelsky, associated dispersed seeds and Sphenobaiera leaves from the Middle Jurassic of East Siberia, Russia". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 295: Article 104522. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.29504522N. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104522. S2CID239696262.
^ abNosova, N. (2021). "Female reproductive structures of Umaltolepis Krassilov and associated leaves of Pseudotorellia Florin from the Middle Jurassic of East Siberia, Russia". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 289: Article 104412. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.28904412N. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104412. S2CID233790779.
^dos Santos, Â. C. S.; Siegloch, A. M.; Guerra-Sommer, M.; Degani-Schmidt, I.; Carvalho, I. S. (2021). "Agathoxylon santanensis sp. nov. from the Aptian Crato fossil Lagerstätte, Santana Formation, Araripe Basin, Brazil". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 112, Part 2: Article 103633. Bibcode:2021JSAES.11203633S. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103633. S2CID244110901.
^Batista, M. E. P.; Loiola, M. I. B.; Soares, A. A.; Mastroberti, A. A.; Sá, A. A.; Nascimento Jr., D. R.; Silva Filho, W. F.; Kunzmann, L. (2021). "New Insights into the Evolution of Mucilage Cells in Araucariaceae: Araucaria violetae sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Araripe Basin (Northeast Brazil)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 183 (1): 43–60. doi:10.1086/717104. S2CID239548378.
^Yang, X.-J.; Li, J.-G. (2021). "A petrified wood Brachyoxylon from the Lower Cretaceous of Bangoin, Tibet (Xizang), Southwest China". Cretaceous Research. 130: Article 105064. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105064. S2CID240429516.
^Kvaček, J.; Mendes, M. M. (2021). "A new Cheirolepidiaceae conifer Watsoniocladus cunhae sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous (late Aptian–early Albian) of western Portugal". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 295: Article 104519. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.29504519K. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104519.
^de Wit, M.; Bamford, M. (2021). "Fossil wood from the Upper Cretaceous crater sediments of the Salpeterkop volcano, North West Province, South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 124 (3): 751–760. Bibcode:2021SAJG..124..751D. doi:10.25131/sajg.124.0028.
^ abAtkinson, B. A.; Contreras, D. L.; Stockey, R. A.; Rothwell, G. W. (2021). "Ancient diversity and turnover of cunninghamioid conifers (Cupressaceae): two new genera from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan". Botany. 99 (8): 457–473. doi:10.1139/cjb-2021-0005. S2CID237705866.
^ abNhamutole, N.; Bamford, M.; Araújo, R. (2021). "New species of Protaxodioxylon (conifer wood) from the Middle Permian of the Metangula Graben (Niassa Province, Mozambique) and their implications". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 183: Article 104323. Bibcode:2021JAfES.18304323N. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104323.
^ abcDolezych, M.; LePage, B. A.; Williams, C. J. (2021). "A Chattian-Aquitanian wood flora from the West Siberian Plain: Implications for regional palaeobiogeography". Palaeontographica Abteilung B. 302 (1–6): 37–169. Bibcode:2021PalAB.302...37D. doi:10.1127/palb/2021/0074. S2CID237651777.
^Ding, S.-T.; Chen, S.-Y.; Ruan, S.-C.; Yang, M.; Han, Y.; Wang, X.-H.; Zhang, T.-H.; Sun, B.-N. (2021). "First fossil record of Nothotsuga (Pinaceae) in China: implications for palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 33 (12): 3617–3624. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1881781. S2CID233975517.
^Zhang, J.-W.; Wang, L.; D'Rozario, A.; Liang, X.-Q.; Huang, J.; Zhou, Z.-K. (2021). "Pinus leptokrempfii, an Oligocene Relative of the Flat-Needled Pine P. krempfii (Pinaceae) from China: Implications for Paleogeographic Origin". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 182 (5): 389–400. doi:10.1086/713957. S2CID233888471.
^Li, Y.; Yi, T.-M.; Grote, P. J.; An, P.-C.; Zhu, Y.-B.; Zhang, Z.-Y.; Li, C.-S. (2021). "A new species of Pinus (Pinaceae) from the Miocene of Weichang, Hebei Province, China and its evolutionary significance". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 34 (5): 885–896. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1952197. S2CID237692568.
^Wu, J.; Chen, H.; Ruan, S.; Yang, M.; Mo, L.; Ji, B.; Zhang, J.; Ding, S. (2021). "Fossil leaves of Podocarpus subgenus Foliolatus (Podocarpaceae) from the Pliocene of southwestern China and biogeographic history of Podocarpus". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 287: Article 104380. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.28704380W. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104380. S2CID234282697.
^Wan, M.; Wang, J.; Shi, T.; Wang, K.; Tang, P.; Wang, J. (2021). "Megaporoxylon sinensis sp. nov., a new coniferous trunk from the Upper Triassic of northern Bogda Mountains, northwestern China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 295: Article 104536. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.29504536W. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104536. S2CID244206721.
^Forte, G.; Kustatscher, E.; Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, J. H. A. (2021). "Conifer diversity in the Middle Triassic: new data from the Fossillagerstätte Kühwiesenkopf/Monte Prà della Vacca (Pelsonian, Anisian) in the Dolomites (NE Italy)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 182 (6): 445–467. doi:10.1086/714280. S2CID233649930.
^Xie, A.; Gee, C. T.; Bennis, M. B.; Gray, D.; Sprinkel, D. A. (2021). "A more southerly occurrence of Xenoxylon in North America: X. utahense Xie et Gee sp. nov. from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in Utah, USA, and its paleobiogeographic and paleoclimatic significance". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 291: Article 104451. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.29104451X. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104451. S2CID236239787.
^Wan, M.; Yang, W.; Wang, K.; Liu, L.; Wang, J. (2021). "Zhuotingoxylon liaoi gen. et sp. nov., a silicified coniferous trunk from the Changhsingian (Permian) of southern Bogda Mountains, northwestern China". Geological Journal. 56 (12): 6135–6150. doi:10.1002/gj.4189. S2CID236276022.
^ abcdeDoweld, A. B. (2021). "Fossil Alloceltidoxylon, Allonymphaea, Arecocaryon, Paralnoxylon and Paranyssa and extant Komaroviopsis, Marcanodendron, and Papyrocactus (Magnoliophyta), new replacement generic names". Phytotaxa. 524 (2): 92–98. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.524.2.3. S2CID243482734.
^Freitas, J.; Doweld, A. B. (2021). "Aristolochia macginitieana (Aristolochiaceae), a replacement name for Aristolochia triangularis MacGinitie non Aristolochia triangularis Chamisso". Phytotaxa. 500 (1): 59–60. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.500.1.11. S2CID236589284.
^Winterscheid, H.; Kvaček, Z. (2021). "Systematic-taxonomic revision of the flora from the late Oligocene Fossillagerstätte Rott near Bonn (Germany). Part 2: Magnoliidae: Basal angiosperms and magnoliids". Palaeontographica Abteilung B. 303 (4–6): 119–155. Bibcode:2021PalAB.303..119W. doi:10.1127/palb/2021/0077. S2CID244053928.
^Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S.; Catharina, A. S.; Kneller, B. (2021). "Cretaceous Lauraceae wood from El Rosario, Baja California, Mexico". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 292: Article 104478. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.29204478C. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104478.
^Brea, M.; Iglesias, A.; Wilf, P.; Moya, E.; Gandolfo, M. A. (2021). "First South American Record of Winteroxylon, Eocene of Laguna del Hunco (Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina): New Link to Australasia and Malesia". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 182 (3): 185–197. doi:10.1086/712427. ISSN1058-5893. S2CID232050459.
^Smith, S. Y.; Kapgate, D. K.; Robinson, S.; Srivastava, R.; Benedict, J. C.; Manchester, S. R. (2021). "Fossil fruits and seeds of Zingiberales from the Late Cretaceous–early Cenozoic Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 182 (2): 91–108. doi:10.1086/711474. S2CID231875495.
^Maslova, N. P.; Kodrul, T. M.; Kachkina, V. V. (2021). "Leaves of Ettingshausenia cuneifolia (Bronn) Stiehler (Angiospermae) and Associated Carpels and Stamens from the Turonian of Southern Kazakhstan". Paleontological Journal. 55 (10): 1193–1214. doi:10.1134/S0031030121100063. S2CID245540003.
^Shukla, A.; Mehrotra, R. C.; Verma, P.; Chandra, K.; Singh, A. (2021). ""Out-of-India" dispersal for Adina (tribe Naucleeae; family Rubiaceae): evidence from the early Eocene fossil record from India". Palaeoworld. 30 (4): 737–745. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2021.01.001. S2CID234244901.
^Mathewes, R.; Archibald, S. B.; Lundgren, A. (2021). "Tips and identification of early Eocene Fraxinus L. samaras from the Quilchena locality, Okanagan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 293: Article 104480. Bibcode:2021RPaPa.29304480M. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104480.
^Kvaček, Z. (2021). "Halesia mosbruggeri Kvaček, sp. nov., a new fossil fruit of Halesia L. (Styracaceae) from the Bohemian Miocene (Czech Republic)". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 101 (1): 75–78. doi:10.1007/s12549-020-00463-y. S2CID232127283.
^Xu, S.-L.; Kodrul, T. M.; Maslova, N. P.; Song, H.-Z.; Tobias, A. V.; Wu, X.-K.; Quan, C.; Jin, J.-H. (2021). "First occurrence of Nyssa endocarps and associated fungi in the Oligocene of South China: palaeogeographical and palaeoecological significance". Papers in Palaeontology. 8. doi:10.1002/spp2.1408. S2CID244057027.
^Wang, Z.; Shi, G.; Sun, B.; Jia, H.; Dong, C.; Yin, S.; Wu, X. (2021). "A new Cercis (Leguminosae) from the middle Miocene of Fujian, China". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 34: 94–101. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1900170. S2CID233645060.
^ abPérez-Lara, D. K.; Estrada-Ruiz, E.; Castañeda-Posadas, C. (2021). "Kingiodendron and Enterolobium Eocene woods from the El Bosque formation, Chiapas, Mexico". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 111: Article 103477. Bibcode:2021JSAES.11103477P. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103477. S2CID237819942.
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