Alfred Leslie RowseCHFBAFRSLFRHistS (4 December 1903 – 3 October 1997) was a British historian and writer, best known for his work on ElizabethanEngland and books relating to Cornwall.
Born in Cornwall and raised in modest circumstances, he was encouraged to study for Oxford by fellow-Cornishman SirArthur Quiller-Couch. He was elected a fellow of All Souls College and later appointed lecturer at Merton College. Best known of his many works was The Elizabethan Age trilogy. His work on Shakespeare included a claim to have identified the Dark Lady of the Sonnets as Emilia Lanier, which attracted much interest from scholars, but also many counterclaims. Rowse was in popular demand as a lecturer in North America.[1]
Rowse was born at Tregonissey, near St Austell, Cornwall, the son of Annie (née Vanson) and Richard Rowse, a china clay worker. Despite his modest origins and his parents' limited education, he won a place at St AustellCountyGrammar School and then a scholarship to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1921. He was encouraged in his pursuit of an academic career by a fellow Cornish man of letters, SirArthur Quiller-Couch, of Polperro, who recognised his ability from an early age. Rowse endured doubting comments about his paternity, thus he paid particular attention to his mother's association with a local farmer and butcher from Polgooth, near St Austell, Frederick William May (1872–1953).[2] Any such frustrations were channelled into academia, which reaped him dividends later in life.
Rowse had planned to study English literature, having developed an early love of poetry, but was persuaded to read history. He was a popular undergraduate and made many friendships that lasted for life. He graduated with first class honours in 1925 and was elected a fellow of All Souls College the same year. In 1929, he proceeded to a Master of Arts degree. In 1927 he was appointed lecturer at Merton College, where he stayed until 1930. He then became a lecturer at the London School of Economics.
In 1931, Rowse contested the parliamentary seat of Penryn and Falmouth for the Labour Party, but was unsuccessful, finishing third behind a Liberal. In the general election of 1935 he again stood unsuccessfully, but managed to finish in second place, ahead of the Liberal. In both the 1931 and 1935 elections, Maurice Petherick was returned as a ConservativeMP to Parliament, albeit with a minority of the vote. Rowse supported calls made by SirStafford Cripps and others for a "Popular Front". Cripps was expelled from the Labour Party for his views. Rowse worked to get agreement by Labour and Liberal parties in Devon and Cornwall, making a common cause with the Liberal MP SirRichard Acland. A general election was expected to take place in 1939, and Rowse, who was again Labour's candidate for Penryn & Falmouth, was not expected to have a Liberal opponent. That would increase his chances of winning. But, due to outbreak of war, the election did not take place and his political career was effectively ended.
Undeterred, Rowse chose to continue his career by seeking administrative positions at Oxford becoming Sub-Warden of All Souls College. In 1952, he failed in his candidacy for election as Warden against John Sparrow. Shortly afterwards he began what became regular trips to The Huntington Library in Southern California, where for many years he was a senior research fellow. He received a doctorate (DLitt) from Oxford University in 1953. After delivering the British Academy's 1957 Raleigh Lecture on history about SirRichard Grenville's place in English history, Rowse was selected as a fellow of the academy (FBA) in 1958.
Rowse published about 100 books. By the mid-20th century, he was a celebrated author and much-travelled lecturer, especially in the United States. He also published many popular articles in newspapers and magazines in Great Britain and the United States. His brilliance was widely recognised. His knack for the sensational, as well as his academic boldness (which some considered to be irresponsible carelessness), sustained his reputation. His opinions on rival popular historians, such as Hugh Trevor-Roper and A. J. P. Taylor, were expressed sometimes in very ripe terms.[citation needed]
In his later years, Rowse moved increasingly towards the political right, and many considered him to be part of the Tory tradition by the time he died. One of Rowse's lifelong themes in his books and articles was his condemnation of the Conservative-dominated National Government's policy of appeasement of Nazi Germany in the 1930s, and the economic and political consequences for Great Britain of fighting a Second World War with Germany. He also criticised his former Labour Party colleagues–including George Lansbury, Kingsley Martin and Richard Crossman—for endorsing appeasement, writing "not one of the Left intellectuals could republish what they wrote in the Thirties without revealing what idiotic judgments they made about events."[3] Another was his horror at the degradation of standards in modern society. He is reported as saying: "... this filthy twentieth century. I hate its guts".
Despite international academic success, Rowse remained proud of his Cornish roots. He retired from Oxford in 1973 to Trenarren House, his Cornish home, from where he remained active as writer, reviewer and conversationalist until immobilised by a stroke the year before his death. His ashes are buried in the Campdowns Cemetery, Charlestown near St Austell.
Elizabethan and Shakespearean scholarship
Rowse's early works focus on 16th-century England and his first full-length historical monograph, Sir Richard Grenville of the Revenge (1937), was a biography of a 16th-century sailor. His next was Tudor Cornwall (1941), a lively detailed account of Cornish society in the 16th century. He consolidated his reputation with a one-volume general history of England, The Spirit of English History (1943), but his most important work was the historical trilogy The Elizabethan Age: The England of Elizabeth (1950), The Expansion of Elizabethan England (1955), and The Elizabethan Renaissance (1971–72), respectively examine the society, overseas exploration, and culture of late 16th-century England.
In 1963 Rowse began to concentrate on William Shakespeare, starting with a biography in which he claimed to have dated all the sonnets, identified Christopher Marlowe as the suitor's rival and solved all but one of the other problems posed by the sonnets. His failure to acknowledge his reliance upon the work of other scholars alienated some of his peers, but he won popular acclaim. In 1973 he published Shakespeare the Man, in which he claimed to have solved the final problem – the identity of the 'Dark Lady': from a close reading of the sonnets and the diaries of Simon Forman, he asserted that she must have been Emilia Lanier, whose poems he would later collect. He suggested that Shakespeare had been influenced by the feud between the Danvers and Long families in Wiltshire, when he wrote Romeo and Juliet. The Danverses were friends of Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton.
Rowse's "discoveries" about Shakespeare's sonnets amount to the following:
The "Dark Lady" was Emilia Lanier. His use of the diaries of Simon Forman, which contained material about her, influenced other scholars.
Christopher Marlowe's death is recorded in the sonnets.
Shakespeare was a heterosexual man, who was faced with an unusual situation when the handsome, young, bisexual Earl of Southampton fell in love with him.
Rowse was dismissive of those who rejected his views. He supported his conclusions. In the case of Shakespeare's sexuality, he emphasised the playwright's heterosexual inclinations by noting that he had impregnated an older woman by the time he was 18, and was consequently obliged to marry her. Moreover, he fathered three children by the time he was 21. In the sonnets, Shakespeare's explicit erotic interest lies with the Dark Lady; he obsesses about her. Shakespeare was still married and Rowse believes he was having an extramarital affair.
Personal attitudes
The diary excerpts published in 2003 reveal that "he was an overt even rather proud homosexual in a pre-Wolfenden age, fascinated by young policemen and sailors, obsessively speculating on the sexual proclivities of everyone he meets".[4] Much later, following retirement, he said, "of course, I used to be a homo; but now, when it doesn't matter, if anything I'm a hetero".[5]
He was aware of his own intelligence from earliest childhood, and obsessed that others either did not accept this fact, or not quickly enough. The diaries describe what he said were "a series of often inane jealousies".[4]
He described a "Slacker State": "I don't want to have my money scalped off me to maintain other people's children. I don't like other people; I particularly don't like their children; I deeply disapprove of their proliferation making the globe uninhabitable. The fucking idiots – I don't want to pay for their fucking."[4]
Literary career
Rowse's first book was On History, a Study of Present Tendencies published in 1927 as the seventh volume of Kegan Paul's Psyche Miniature General Series. In 1931 he contributed to T. S. Eliot's quarterly review The Criterion. In 1935 he co-edited Charles Henderson's Essays in Cornish History for the Clarendon Press. His best-seller was his first volume of autobiography, A Cornish Childhood, first published by Jonathan Cape in 1942, which has gone on to sell nearly half a million copies worldwide. It describes his hard struggle to get to the University of Oxford and his love/hate relationship with Cornwall.
From the 1940s to the 1970s, he served as the General Editor for the popular "Teach Yourself History" and "Men and their Times" series, published by the English Universities Press.
Rowse wrote poetry all his life. He contributed poems to Public School Verse whilst at St Austell Grammar School. He also had verse published in Oxford 1923, Oxford 1924, and Oxford 1925. His collected poems A Life were published in 1981. The poetry is mainly autobiographical, descriptive of place (especially Cornwall) and people he knew and cared for, e.g. The Progress of Love, which describes his platonic love for Adam von Trott, a handsome and aristocratic German youth who studied at Oxford in the 1930s and who was later executed for his part in the July Plot of 1944 to kill Hitler. Unusually for a British poet, Rowse wrote a great number of poems inspired by American scenery.
His most controversial book (at the time of publication) was on the subject of human sexuality: Homosexuals in History (1977).
Biographer
He wrote other biographies of English historical and literary figures, and many other historical works. His biographies include studies of Shakespeare, Marlowe, and the Earl of Southampton, the major players in the sonnets, as well as later luminaries of English literature such as John Milton, Jonathan Swift and Matthew Arnold. A devoted cat-lover, he also wrote the biographies of several cats who came to live with him at Trenarren, claiming that it was as much a challenge to write the biography of a favourite cat as it was a Queen of England. He also published a number of short stories, mainly about Cornwall, of interest more for their thinly veiled autobiographical resonances than their literary merit. His last book, My View of Shakespeare, published in 1996, summed up his life-time's appreciation of The Bard of Stratford. The book was dedicated "To HRH The Prince of Wales in common devotion to William Shakespeare".
Bibliophile
One of Rowse's great enthusiasms was collecting books, and he owned many first editions, many of them bearing his acerbic annotations. For example, his copy of the January 1924 edition of The Adelphi magazine edited by John Middleton Murry bears a pencilled note after Murry's poem In Memory of Katherine Mansfield: 'Sentimental gush on the part of JMM. And a bad poem. A.L.R.'
Upon his death in 1997 he bequeathed his book collection to the University of Exeter, and his personal archive of manuscripts, diaries, and correspondence. In 1998 the University Librarian selected about sixty books from Rowse's own working library and a complete set of his published books. The Royal Institution of Cornwall selected some of the remaining books and the rest were sold to dealers. The London booksellers Heywood Hill produced two catalogues of books from his library.
In 1968 he was made a Bard of Gorseth Kernow, taking the bardic nameLef A Gernow ('Voice of Cornwall'), reflecting his high standing in the Cornish community.
As well as his own appearances on radio and television, Rowse has been depicted in various TV drama documentaries about British politics in the 1930s and appeasement.
Christopher William Hill's radio playAccolades, rebroadcast on BBC Radio 4 in March 2007 as a tribute to its star, Ian Richardson, who had died the previous month, covers the period leading up to the publication of Shakespeare the Man in 1973 and publicity surrounding Rowse's unshakable confidence that he had discovered the identity of the Dark Lady of the Sonnets. It was broadcast again on 9 July 2008.
Windsor Castle In the History of the Nation, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974
Victorian and Edwardian Cornwall from old photographs, London: Batsford, 1974 (Introduction and commentaries by Rowse; ten extracts from Betjeman)
Simon Forman: Sex and Society in Shakespeare's Age, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974
Discoveries and Reviews: from Renaissance to Restoration, London: Macmillan, 1975
Oxford: In the History of the Nation, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1975
Jonathan Swift: Major Prophet, London, Thames & Hudson, 1975
A Cornishman Abroad, London: Jonathan Cape, 1976
Matthew Arnold: Poet and Prophet, London: Thames & Hudson, 1976
Homosexuals in History, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977
Shakespeare the Elizabethan, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977
Milton the Puritan: Portrait of a Mind, London: Macmillan, 1977
The Byrons and the Trevanions, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1978
A Man of the Thirties, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979
Memories of Men and Women, London: Eyre Methuen, 1980
A Man of Singular Virtue: being a Life of Sir Thomas More by his Son-in-Law William Roper, and a Selection of More's Letters, London: Folio Society, 1980 (Editor)
Shakespeare's Globe: his Intellectual and Moral Outlook, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1981
A Life: Collected Poems, Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1981
Eminent Elizabethans, London: Macmillan, 1983
Night at the Carn and Other Stories, London: William Kimber, 1984
Shakespeare's Characters: a Complete Guide, London: Methuen, 1984
Glimpses of the Great, London: Methuen, 1985
The Little Land of Cornwall, Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1986
A Quartet of Cornish Cats, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986
Stories From Trenarren, London: William Kimber, 1986
Reflections on the Puritan Revolution, London: Methuen, 1986
The Poet Auden: a Personal Memoir, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987
Court and Country: Studies in Tudor Social History, Brighton: Harvester Press, 1987
Froude the Historian: Victorian Man of Letters, Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1987
Quiller-Couch: a Portrait of "Q", London: Methuen, 1988
A. L. Rowse's Cornwall: a Journey through Cornwall's Past and Present, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988
Friends and Contemporaries, London: Methuen, 1989
The Controversial Colensos, Redruth: Dyllansow Truran, 1989
Discovering Shakespeare: a Chapter in Literary History, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989
Cornish Place Rhymes, Tiverton: Cornwall Books, 1997 (posthumous commemorative volume begun by the author; preface by the editor, S. Butler)
The Elizabethan Age (a four-volume set composed of The England of Elizabeth; The Expansion of Elizabethan England; The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Life of the Society; The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Cultural Achievement), London: Folio Society, 2012
Slattery-Christy, David (2017), Other People's Fu**ing! An Oxford Affair. New play exploring the relationship between A.L. Rowse and Adam von Trott during the 1930s in Oxford. Published by Christyplays. www.christyplays.com
^Bouverie, Tim (2019). Appeasement: Chamberlain, Hitler, Churchill, and the Road to War (1 ed.). New York: Tim Duggan Books. p. 111. ISBN978-0-451-49984-4OCLC1042099346
Zizi KiranaNama lahirNur Fazelah binti Mad TahilNama lainZizi Fabolous Cat, Zizi KiranaLahir23 Januari 1985Semporna, Sabah, MalaysiaGenreDangdut, pop, Hip HopPekerjaanpenyanyiInstrumenVokal gitarLabelmixologymusicArtis terkaitMas Idayu, Soimah Pancawati Zizi Kirana adalah seorang penyanyi berkebangsaan Malaysia. Ia merupakan finalis pada acara reality show di Malaysia yakni Akademi Fantasia, Season 7. Nama Zizi mulai dikenal luas di asia semenjak mengikuti D'Academy Asia (Musim 2) mewakili Malay…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Challenges at Midlife (Hanzi: 相逢時節) adalah sebuah seri drama Tiongkok tahun 2022 garapan Jian Chuan. Seri tersebut menampilkan Zhang Yixing, Lei Jiayin, Yuan Quan, Lay Zhang, Jia Nai Liang, Liang Guan Hua, dan Luo Hai Qiong. Seri tersebut terd…
Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Booz Allen Hamilton (disambiguasi). Booz Allen Hamilton Holding CorporationJenisPublikKode emitenNYSE: BAHKomponen Russell 1000IndustriKonsultansiDidirikan18 Juni 1914; 109 tahun lalu (1914-06-18)PendiriEdwin G. BoozJames L. AllenCarl L. HamiltonKantorpusatMcLean, Virginia, Amerika Serikat[1]TokohkunciHoracio D. Rozanski, (Presiden & CEO)[1]John Michael McConnell, (Wakil Chairman)JasaKonsultansi manajemen dan teknologi informasiPendapatan …
Physical configurations of the human body The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for stand-alone lists. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: List of human positions – news · newspap…
Arne Duncan Menteri Pendidikan Amerika Serikat ke-9Masa jabatan21 Januari 2009 – 31 Desember 2015PresidenBarack ObamaWakilAnthony W. MillerJames H. Shelton IIIJohn King PendahuluMargaret SpellingsPenggantiJohn King Jr.CEO Chicago Public SchoolsMasa jabatan26 Juni 2001 – 21 Januari 2009Ditunjuk olehRichard M. Daley PendahuluPaul VallasPenggantiRon Huberman Informasi pribadiLahirArne Starkey Duncan6 November 1964 (umur 59)Chicago, Illinois, Amerika SerikatPartai politikP…
Sebuah ban tundra (UK: tundra tyre) adalah ban tekanan rendah besar yang digunakan pada pesawat ringan untuk memungkinkan operasi di medan kasar.[1] Sampai akhir abad ke-20, ban tundra sebagian besar digunakan oleh operator pesawat terbang semak di daerah terpencil. Pada bagian awal abad ke-21 banyak penjualan ban tundra pada pesawat rekreasi. Referensi ^ Richfield, Paul (2005). Tundra Tire Nation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2005-12-11. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-13. Parameter…
Lele kaca Kryptopterus vitreolus Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN152136779 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasActinopteriOrdoSiluriformesFamiliSiluridaeGenusKryptopterusSpesiesKryptopterus vitreolus Heok Hee Ng dan Kottelat, 2013 lbs Kryptopterus vitreolus, dikenal dalam perdagangan akuarium secara tradisional sebagai lele kaca [1] [2] dan juga sebagai lele hantu [2] atau lais kaca, [2] adalah spesies kecil dari lele kaca Asia . Hal ini biasa terlihat da…
Tu te reconnaîtrasBerkas:Anne Marie David - Tu Te Reconnaîtras.jpgPerwakilan Kontes Lagu Eurovision 1973NegaraLuxembourgArtisAnne-Marie DavidBahasaPrancisKomposerClaude MorganPenulis lirikVline BuggyKonduktorPierre CaoHasil FinalHasil final1stPoin di final129Kronologi partisipasi◄ Après toi (1972) Bye Bye I Love You (1974) ► Tu te reconnaîtras (Kau Menghargai Dirimu Sendiri), yang dinyanyikan dalam bahasa Prancis oleh penyanyi Prancis Anne-Marie David mewakili Luxembourg, ada…
Kuwait (dettagli) (dettagli) (AR) لكل الكويت(IT) Per il Kuwait Kuwait - Localizzazione Dati amministrativiNome completoStato del Kuwait Nome ufficialeدولة الكويت Lingue ufficialiarabo CapitaleAl Kuwait (3.925.000 ab. / 2014) PoliticaForma di governoMonarchia costituzionale (Emirato) EmiroMisha'al Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al Sabah Primo ministroMohammad Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah Indipendenza19 giugno 1961 dal Regno Unito Ingresso nell'ONU14 maggio 1963 SuperficieTot…
PriscioPenemuanDitemukan olehCampo Imperatore Near Earth Object SurveyTanggal penemuan5 Agustus 2002PenamaanPenamaan MPC78252Penamaan alternatif2002 PF11Ciri-ciri orbitEpos 14 Mei 2008Aphelion3.3395819Perihelion2.9722331Eksentrisitas0.0582002Periode orbit2047.7871612Anomali rata-rata336.26050Inklinasi10.47116Bujur node menaik299.19861Argumen perihelion54.63866Ciri-ciri fisikMagnitudo mutlak (H)13.6 78252 Priscio (2002 PF11) adalah sebuah asteroid yang terletak di sabuk u…
Artikel ini bukan mengenai kalium ferosianida. Kalium ferisianida Nama Nama IUPAC Kalium heksasianoferat(III)Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) Nama lain Merah Prusia Penanda Nomor CAS 13746-66-2 Y Model 3D (JSmol) Gambar interaktif 3DMet {{{3DMet}}} ChemSpider 24458 N Nomor EC PubChem CID 26250 Nomor RTECS {{{value}}} CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID9031939 InChI InChI=1S/6CN.Fe.3K/c6*1-2;;;;/q6*-1;+3;3*+1 NKey: BYGOPQKDHGXNCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N NInChI=1S/6CN.Fe.3K/c6*1-2;;;;/q6*-…
National Hockey League cross-state rivalry in California Kings–Sharks rivalry Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks First meetingOctober 16, 1991[1]Latest meetingApril 4, 2024Next meetingTBDStatisticsMeetings total201All-time series107–75–7–12 (SJS)Regular season series93–64–7–12 (SJS)Postseason results14–11 (SJS)Largest victoryLAK 11–4 SJSNovember 8, 1992Longest win streakLAK W6Current win streakLAK W1Postseason history 2011 Conference quarterfinals: Sharks won, 4–2 2013…
العلاقات السنغالية السيشلية السنغال سيشل السنغال سيشل تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات السنغالية السيشلية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين السنغال وسيشل.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة السنغا…
Film komedi adalah genre film di mana penekanan utama adalah pada kelucuan. Film dalam gaya tradisional ini memiliki akhir yang bahagia (pengecualian untuk komedi gelap). Salah satu genre tertua dalam film, beberapa film bisu pertama adalah komedi. Komedi, tidak seperti genre film lainnya, menempatkan fokus lebih pada individu bintang, dengan banyak mantan komedian berdiri transisi ke industri film karena popularitas mereka. Sementara banyak film komik cerita ringan tanpa maksud lain selain untu…
Artikel ini bukan mengenai V atau Konsonan kepakan bibir-gigi.Ѵ beralih ke halaman ini, yang bukan mengenai ⱱ. Huruf Kiril Izhitsa Penggunaan Fonetis:[v] atau [i]Nomor Kiril:400Diambil dari:Huruf Yunani Upsilon (Υ υ)Alfabet KirilHuruf SlaviaАА́А̀А̂А̄ӒБВГҐДЂЃЕЕ́ÈЕ̂ЁЄЖЗЗ́ЅИИ́ЍИ̂ЙІЇЈКЛЉМНЊОŌПРСС́ТЋЌУУ́ У̀У̂ӮЎФХЦЧЏШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯHuruf non-SlaviaӐА̊А̃Ӓ̄ӔӘӘ́Ә̃ӚВ̌ҒГ̑Г̣Г̌ҔӺҒ̌ӶД̌Д̣Д̆ӖЕ̄Е…
Cet article est une ébauche concernant une commune de la Sarthe. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?). Le bandeau {{ébauche}} peut être enlevé et l’article évalué comme étant au stade « Bon début » quand il comporte assez de renseignements encyclopédiques concernant la commune. Si vous avez un doute, l’atelier de lecture du projet Communes de France est à votre disposition pour vous aider. Consultez également la page d’aide à la…
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang revolusioner. Untuk imigran awal di AS, lihat Bhagat Singh Thind. Bhagat SinghBhagat Singh tampil pada 1929 setelah memotong rambutnyaLahir(1907-09-28)28 September 1907[a]Jaranwala Tehsil, Punjab, India BritaniaMeninggal23 Maret 1931(1931-03-23) (umur 23)Lahore, Punjab, India BritaniaOrganisasiNaujawan Bharat Sabha,Partai Kirti Kisan,Asosiasi Republikan Sosialis HindustanGerakan politikgerakan kemerdekaan India Bhagat Singh (IPA: [pə̀ɡət̪…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Blackjack – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Blackjack Blackjack (atau lebih dikenal dengan Twenty-one, Vingt-et-un (Prancis untuk Twenty-one), atau Pontoon) merupakan salah satu dari banya…