AAI Aerosonde

Aerosonde
Aerosonde
	Aerosonde "Laima" in display at Museum of Flight, Seattle, WA
General information
Type	Unmanned aerial vehicle
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	AAI

The AAI Aerosonde is a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed to collect weather data, including temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, and wind measurements over oceans and remote areas. The Aerosonde was developed by Insitu, and is now manufactured by Aerosonde Ltd, which is a strategic business of AAI Corporation. The Aerosonde is powered by a modified Enya R120 model aircraft engine, and carries on board a small computer, meteorological instruments, and a GPS receiver for navigation. It is also used by the United States Armed Forces for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR).

Design and development

On August 21, 1998, a Phase 1 Aerosonde nicknamed "Laima", after the ancient Latvian deity of good fortune, completed a 2,031 mile (3,270 km) flight across the Atlantic Ocean. This was the first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by a UAV; at the time, it was also the smallest aircraft ever to cross the Atlantic^[1] (the smallest aircraft record was subsequently broken by the Spirit of Butts Farm UAV). Launched from a roof rack of a moving car due to its lack of undercarriage, Laima flew from Newfoundland, Canada to Benbecula, an island off the coast of Scotland in 26 hours 45 minutes in stormy weather, using approximately 1.5 U.S. gallons (1.25 imperial gallons or 5.7 litres) of gasoline (petrol). Other than for take-off and landing, the flight was autonomous, without external control, at an altitude of 5,500 ft (1,680 meters). Aerosondes have also been the first unmanned aircraft to penetrate tropical cyclones, with an initial mission in 2001^[2] followed by eye penetrations in 2005.^[3]

Operational history

On 5 March 2012, the U.S. Special Operations Command (SOCOM) awarded AAI a contract to provide the Aerosonde-G for their Mid-Endurance UAS II program. The catapult-launched air vehicle has a takeoff weight 34.1 or 36 kg (75 or 79 lb) depending on engine type, with endurance of over 10 hours and an electro-optic/infrared and laser-pointer payload.^[4] The Aerosonde has been employed by SOCOM and U.S. Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) under the designation MQ-19 under service provision contracts. A typical system comprises four air vehicles and two ground control stations that are accommodated in tents or tailored to fit in most vehicles. The system can also include remote video terminals for individual users to uplink new navigation waypoints and sensor commands to, and receive sensor imagery and video from, the vehicle from a ruggedized tablet device. Originally, the Aerosonde suffered from engine-reliability issues, but Textron says it has rectified those issues.^[5]

By November 2015, Textron Systems was performing Aerosonde operations in "eight or nine" countries for its users, including the U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force, and SOCOM, as well as for commercial users consisting of a customer in the oil and gas industry. Instead of buying hardware, customers pay for "sensor hours," and the company decides how many aircraft are produced to meet requirements. 4,000 fee-for-service hours were being performed monthly, and the Aerosonde had exceeded 110,000 flight hours in service.^[6]

Variants

Specifications (Aerosonde)

General characteristics

Crew: Remote-controlled
Length: 5 ft 8 in (1.7 m)
Wingspan: 9 ft 8 in (2.9 m)
Height: 2 ft 0 in (0.60 m)
Wing area: 6.1 ft² (0.57 m²)
Empty: 22lb (10 kg)
Loaded: 28.9 lb (13.1 kg)
Maximum take-off: 28.9 lb (13.1 kg)
Powerplant: Modified Enya R120 model aircraft engine, 1.74 hp (1280 W)

Lycoming El-005 Multi Fuel power plant

Performance

Maximum speed: 69 mph (111 km/h)
Range: 100 miles (150 km)
Service ceiling: 15,000 ft (4,500 m)
Rate of climb: 2.5 m/sec (8.2 ft/sec)
Wing loading: 5 lb/ft² (23 kg/m²)
Power/Mass: 0.06 hp/lb (98 W/kg)

References

^ Tad McGeer (25 February 1999). "Laima: The First Atlantic Crossing by Unmanned Aircraft" (PDF). Aerovel Corp. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2008.
^ Po-Hsiung Lin. "Fly Into Typhoon Haiyan With UAV Aerosonde" (PDF). National Taiwan University. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
^ "Typhoon Long Wang". National Taiwan University. 1 October 2005. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011.
^ U.S. Chooses Aerosonde, Other UAVs for ISR Services - Ainonline.com, 16 March 2012
^ Textron Awaits Key UAV Decisions - Ainonline.com, 15 June 2015
^ Textron keen to expand Aerosonde operations - Flightglobal.com, 10 November 2015

Display information at Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington.
G.J. Holland, T. McGeer and H.H. Youngren. Autonomous aerosondes for economical atmospheric soundings anywhere on the globe. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 73(12):1987-1999, December 1992.
"DOD 4120.15-L - Addendum: MDS Designators allocated after 19 August 1998 (until September 2009)". 2009. designation-systems.net. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2011.

Cyclone reconnaissance