African diaspora in the Americas

African diaspora in the Americas
Regions with significant populations
United States	46,936,733
Brazil	20,656,458
Haiti	10,896,000
Colombia	4,671,160
Mexico	2,576,213
Jamaica	2,531,000
Dominican Republic	1,704,000
Panama	1,258,915
Canada	1,198,540
Cuba	1,034,044
Venezuela	936,770
Peru	828,824
Ecuador	814,468
Puerto Rico	574,287
Nicaragua	572,000
Trinidad and Tobago	452,536
Bahamas	324,000
Barbados	280,000
Uruguay	255,074
Guyana	227,062
Suriname	202,500
Honduras	191,000
Argentina	149,493
Saint Lucia	142,000
Belize	108,000
Languages
	English, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Haitian Creole, Papiamento, Dutch
Religion
	Christianity, Rastafari, Afro-American religions, Traditional African religions, Islam, others
Related ethnic groups
	African diaspora, Maroons

The African diaspora in the Americas refers to the people born in the Americas with partial, predominant, or complete sub-Saharan African ancestry. Many are descendants of persons enslaved in Africa and transferred to the Americas by Europeans, then forced to work mostly in European-owned mines and plantations, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Significant groups have been established in the United States (African Americans), in Canada (Black Canadians), in the Caribbean (Afro-Caribbean), and in Latin America (Afro-Latin Americans).

History

After the United States achieved independence, next came the independence of Haiti, a country populated almost entirely by people of African descent and the second American colony to win its independence from European colonial powers. After the process of independence, many countries have encouraged European immigration to America, thus reducing the proportion of black and mulatto population throughout the country: Brazil, the United States, and the Dominican Republic. Miscegenation and more flexible concepts of race have also reduced the overall population identifying as black in Latin America, whereas the one-drop rule in the United States has had the opposite effect.^[35]

From 21 to 25 November 1995, the Continental Congress of Black Peoples of the Americas was held. Black people still face discrimination in most parts of the continent. According to David D.E. Ferrari, vice president of the World Bank for the Region of Latin America and the Caribbean, black people have lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, more frequent and more widespread diseases, higher rates of illiteracy and lower income than Americans of different ethnic origin. Women, also the subjects of gender discrimination, suffer worse living conditions.

On 4 November 2008, the first black U.S. president, Barack Obama, won 52% of the vote. His father was from Kenya and his mother was from Kansas.^[36]

Distribution

African diaspora in the Americas by percentage of population
Country	% Black African	% Mixed Black African
Haiti^[3]	95%	~5%
Saint Kitts and Nevis	92.5%	3%
Barbados^[24]	92.4%	3.1%
Martinique	92.4%
Jamaica^[10]	92.1%	6.1%
Curaçao	91.8%
The Bahamas^[23]	90.6%	2.1%
Turks and Caicos	87.6%	2.5%
Antigua and Barbuda	87.3%	4.7%
Montserrat	86.2%	4.8%
Saint Lucia^[33]	85.3%	10.9%
Anguilla	85.3%	3.8%
Dominica	84.7%	9%
Grenada	82.4%	13.3%
British Virgin Islands	76.3%	5.4%
U.S. Virgin Islands	76%	2.1%
Vincent and the Grenadines	71.2%	23%
French Guiana^[37]	66%
Bermuda	52%	9%
Suriname^[27]	37.4%	13.4%
Guyana^[26]	30.2%	16.7%
Trinidad and Tobago	34.2%^[38]	22.8%^[22]
Panama^[13]	32.8%
Belize^[34]	25.6%	6.1%
Cayman Islands	20%	40%
Dominican Republic^[11]	15.8%	70.4%
Aruba	15%
United States^[1]	12.4%	1.8%
Brazil	10.2%	45.3%
Guadeloupe	10%	76.7%
Cuba	9.3%	26.6%
Colombia^[39]	9.34%
Nicaragua	9%
Puerto Rico^[20]	7%	10.5%
Ecuador	4.8%
Uruguay^[25]	4.6%	3.2%
Canada	4.26%
Venezuela^[16]	3.6%	51.6%
Peru^[18]	3.6%
Mexico	2.04%
Honduras^[28]^[29]	2%
Costa Rica^[40]	1.1%	6.7%
Argentina	0.37%
Guatemala	0.3%
Bolivia	0.2%
El Salvador	0.13%
Paraguay	0.13%
Chile	0.06%

Notable people of African descent in the Americas

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar – American basketball player
Archie Alleyne – Canadian musician
Deandre Ayton – Bahamian basketball player
Ronald Acuna Jr. – Venezuelan baseball player
Ozzie Albies – Curaçaoan baseball player
Laz Alonso – Cuban actor
Edem Awumey – Canadian writer
Susana Baca – Peruvian musician
Leandro Barbosa – Brazilian basketball player
Charles Barkley – American basketball player
RJ Barrett – Canadian basketball player
Abelardo Barroso – Cuban singer
Mario Bazán – Peruvian athlete
DaMarcus Beasley – American football player
Jean Beausejour – Chilean football player
Adrián Beltré – Dominican baseball player
Halle Berry – American actress
Beyoncé – American singer
Usain Bolt – Jamaican sprinter
Cory Booker – American politician
E. R. Braithwaite – Guyanese writer, educator and diplomat
Melvin Brown – Mexican football player
Rudel Calero – Nicaraguan football player
Mariah Carey – American singer
Sueli Carneiro – Brazilian philosopher and political activist
Ramiro Castillo – Bolivian football player
Aimé Césaire – Martinican author, philosopher and politician
Bill Cosby – American actor and comedian
Celia Cruz – Cuban singer
Teófilo Cubillas – Peruvian football player
Stephen Curry – American basketball player
Léon Damas – French Guianese writer
Edwidge Danticat – Haitian-American author
Charlie Davies – American football player
Oscar D'León – Venezuelan musician
Giovani dos Santos – Mexican football player
Drake – Canadian rapper
Nicki Minaj – Trinidadian rapper
Tim Duncan – American basketball player
Kevin Durant – American basketball player
Giovanny Espinoza – Ecuadorian football player
Patrick Ewing – Jamaican basketball player
Frantz Fanon – Martinican philosopher and Pan-Africanist
Jefferson Farfán – Peruvian football player
Marielle Franco – Brazilian politician
Marcus Garvey – Jamaican Pan-Africanist
Gilberto Gil – Brazilian musician and politician
Juan José Nieto Gil – Colombian president
Edray H. Goins – African American president of the National Association of Mathematicians (NAM)
Eddy Grant – Guyanese pop and reggae music star
Kevin Hanchard – Canadian actor
Devern Hansack – Nicaraguan baseball pitcher
James Harden – American basketball player
Kamala Harris – American politician, Vice President of the United States
Wilson Harris – Guyanese writer
Buddy Hield – Bahamian basketball player
Kyrie Irving – American basketball player
Michael Jackson – American singer
Janet Jackson – American singer
Lamar Jackson – American football player
C. L. R. James – Trinidadian historian and academic
LeBron James – American basketball player
Wyclef Jean – Haitian musician
Dwayne Johnson – American actor and wrestler
Magic Johnson – American basketball player
Michael Jordan – American basketball player
Colin Kaepernick – American civil rights activist and American football player
Martin Luther King Jr. – American civil rights activist
Hayden Knight – American football player
Don Lemon – American journalist
Mia Love – American politician
Malcolm X – American human rights activist
Bob Marley – Jamaican reggae musician
Jackson Martínez – Colombian football player
Margareth Menezes – Brazilian singer and producer
Totó la Momposina – Colombian singer
Zezé Motta – Brazilian actress
Morella Muñoz – Venezuelan singer
Milton Nascimento – Brazilian singer
Anthony Nesty – Surinamese swimmer
Lupita Nyong'o – Mexican actress
Barack Obama – American politician, first black president of the United States
Michelle Obama – American politician, former First Lady of the United States
Shaquille O'Neal – American basketball player
David Ortiz – Dominican baseball player
Deval Patrick – American politician
Chris Paul – American basketball player
Pelé – Brazilian soccer player
Carlos Posadas – Argentine musician
Álex Quiñónez – Ecuadorian Olympic sprinter
Rubén Rada – Uruguayan singer
Lionel Richie – American singer
Robinho – Brazilian football player
Walter Rodney – Guyanese historian and political activist
Arturo Rodríguez – Argentine boxer
Bill Russell – American basketball player
Carlos Andrés Sánchez – Uruguayan football player
Jerry Jeudy, American football player
Pablo Sandoval – Venezuelan athlete
Milton Santos – Brazilian geographer
Tupac Shakur – American rapper
Cayetano Alberto Silva – Uruguayan musician
Will Smith – American actor and singer
Domingo Sosa – Argentine soldier
Sloane Stephens – American tennis player
María Isabel Urrutia – Colombian athlete
Bebo Valdés – Cuban pianist
Elcina Valencia – Colombian teacher
Dwyane Wade – American basketball player
Derek Walcott – Saint Lucian poet, playwright and the 1992 Nobel Prize Literature Winner
Denzel Washington – American actor
The Weeknd – Canadian singer
Kanye West – American singer
Russell Westbrook – American basketball player
Andrew Wiggins – Canadian basketball player
Eric Eustace Williams – Trinidad and Tobago's first Prime Minister
Serena Williams – American tennis player
Zion Williamson – American basketball player
Russell Wilson – American football player
Tiger Woods – American golfer

Related bibliography

Ethnic domination and racist discourse in Spain and Latin America. Dijk, Teun A. van. van. Gedisa Editorial SA ISBN 84-7432-997-3
Gender, class and race in Latin America: some contributions. Luna, Lola G. Ed PPU, SA ISBN 84-7665-959-8
Gender, race and class "color" desensientes Latinas. Impoexports, Colombia, Yumbo
Afro Atlantic Histories resource, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC.

References

^ ^a ^b "US Census Bureau" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ "Tabela 1.3.1 – População residente, por cor ou raça, segundo o sexo e os grupos de idade – Brasil – 2010" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Haiti — The World Factbook". CIA.
^ "Grupos étnicos información técnica". Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
^ Homburger, Julian R.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Nelson, Dominic; Sanchez, Elena; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia; Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, Eduardo; Miranda, Pedro; Langefeld, Carl D.; Gravel, Simon (4 December 2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.
^ Mooney, Jazlyn A.; Huber, Christian D.; Service, Susan; Hoon Sul, Jae; Marsden, Clare D.; Zhang, Zhongyang; Sabatti, Chiara; Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Bedoya, Gabriel (25 October 2018). "Understanding the Hidden Complexity of Latin American Population Isolates". PLOS Genetics. 103 (5): 707–726. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.013. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 6218714. PMID 30401458.
^ Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, María; Everardo, Paola; Avila, Francisco de; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge (25 September 2014). "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals". PLOS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004572. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4177621. PMID 25254375.
^ "Afrocolombianos". encolombia.com (in Spanish). 6 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
^ "Sociodemographic panorama of Mexico 2020". 25 July 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Jamaica – People".
^ ^a ^b "Dominican Republic — The World Factbook". CIA.
^ Moya Pons, Frank (2010). Historia de la República Dominicana (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Editorial CSIC. ISBN 978-84-00-09240-5. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
^ ^a ^b "El 32,8 % de la población de Panamá se reconoce como afrodescendiente". March 2023.
^ Census Profile, 2016 Census Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine Statistics Canada. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.one.cu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ ^a ^b "Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011" (PDF). Ine.gov.ve. May 2014. p. 29. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
^ Censo poblacional de Venezuela 2011
^ ^a ^b "Población Afroperuana" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
^ http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/cpv/ ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b "Puerto Rico 2020 census".
^ "Nicaragua — The World Factbook". CIA.
^ ^a ^b "Trinidad and Tobago 2011 population and housing census demographic report" (PDF). Central Statistical Office. 30 November 2012. p. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
^ ^a ^b "ThebBahamas — The World Factbook". CIA.
^ ^a ^b "Barbados — The World Factbook". CIA.
^ ^a ^b "La población Afro-uruguaya en el Censo 2011" (in Spanish). 7 March 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ ^a ^b "Censusstatistieken 2012" (PDF). Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname). p. 76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Honduras — The World Factbook". CIA.
^ ^a ^b "Honduras - XVII Censo de Población y VI de Vivienda 2013". Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Honduras. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
^ Perfil, Redacción (28 March 2015). "Los afro- argentinos y el racismo que perdura". Perfil.com.
^ "Cuadro P42. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según grupo de edad. Año 2010" [Table P42. Total for the country. African-descendant population in private households by sex, according to age group, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 29 October 2013.
^ "Cuadro P43. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según lugar de nacimiento. Año 2010" [Table P43. Total for the country. African-descendant population in private homes by sex, according to place of birth, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 18 April 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Saint Lucia — The World Factbook". CIA.
^ ^a ^b "Belize — The World Factbook". CIA.
^ Daniel, G. Reginald. Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths?. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-271-02883-1
^ Goldstein, Bonnie (30 July 2012). "Obama descended from slave ancestor". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- French Guiana". CIA. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
^ Bethel, Camille (February 2013). "Census: Mixed population on the rise | Trinidad Express Newspaper | News". Trinidadexpress.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ "Grupos étnicos información técnica". dane.gov.co. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
^ "Costa Rica". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.

[census-1] "US Census Bureau" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2013.

[2] "Tabela 1.3.1 – População residente, por cor ou raça, segundo o sexo e os grupos de idade – Brasil – 2010" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 28 July 2015.

[CIA_Haiti-3] "Haiti — The World Factbook". CIA.

[census<ref-4] "Grupos étnicos información técnica". Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.

[5] Homburger, Julian R.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Nelson, Dominic; Sanchez, Elena; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia; Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, Eduardo; Miranda, Pedro; Langefeld, Carl D.; Gravel, Simon (4 December 2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.

[6] Mooney, Jazlyn A.; Huber, Christian D.; Service, Susan; Hoon Sul, Jae; Marsden, Clare D.; Zhang, Zhongyang; Sabatti, Chiara; Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Bedoya, Gabriel (25 October 2018). "Understanding the Hidden Complexity of Latin American Population Isolates". PLOS Genetics. 103 (5): 707–726. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.013. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 6218714. PMID 30401458.

[PLOS_genetics-7] Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, María; Everardo, Paola; Avila, Francisco de; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge (25 September 2014). "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals". PLOS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004572. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4177621. PMID 25254375.

[8] "Afrocolombianos". encolombia.com (in Spanish). 6 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.

[9] "Sociodemographic panorama of Mexico 2020". 25 July 2020.

[Jamaica-10] "Jamaica – People".

[CIA_Dominican_Republic-11] "Dominican Republic — The World Factbook". CIA.

[12] Moya Pons, Frank (2010). Historia de la República Dominicana (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Editorial CSIC. ISBN 978-84-00-09240-5. Retrieved 28 July 2015.

[Panama-13] "El 32,8 % de la población de Panamá se reconoce como afrodescendiente". March 2023.

[2016census-14] Census Profile, 2016 Census Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine Statistics Canada. Retrieved 6 November 2017.

[15] "Archived copy" (PDF). www.one.cu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[Venezuela-16] "Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011" (PDF). Ine.gov.ve. May 2014. p. 29. Retrieved 8 September 2014.

[Censo_poblacional_de_Venezuela_2011-17] Censo poblacional de Venezuela 2011

[Perú-18] "Población Afroperuana" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2023.

[encifras-19] ttp://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/cpv/ ^{[dead link]}

[Puerto_Rico-20] "Puerto Rico 2020 census".

[Nicaragua-21] "Nicaragua — The World Factbook". CIA.

[Trinidad_and_Tobago-22] "Trinidad and Tobago 2011 population and housing census demographic report" (PDF). Central Statistical Office. 30 November 2012. p. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2016.

[CIA_Bahamas-23] "ThebBahamas — The World Factbook". CIA.

[CIA_Barbados-24] "Barbados — The World Factbook". CIA.

[Uruguay-25] "La población Afro-uruguaya en el Censo 2011" (in Spanish). 7 March 2021.

[Guyana-26] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[Suriname-27] "Censusstatistieken 2012" (PDF). Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname). p. 76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2017.

[CIA_Honduras-28] "Honduras — The World Factbook". CIA.

[Honduras-29] "Honduras - XVII Censo de Población y VI de Vivienda 2013". Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Honduras. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.

[30] Perfil, Redacción (28 March 2015). "Los afro- argentinos y el racismo que perdura". Perfil.com.

[31] "Cuadro P42. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según grupo de edad. Año 2010" [Table P42. Total for the country. African-descendant population in private households by sex, according to age group, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 29 October 2013.

[32] "Cuadro P43. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según lugar de nacimiento. Año 2010" [Table P43. Total for the country. African-descendant population in private homes by sex, according to place of birth, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 18 April 2014.

[CIA_Saint_Lucia-33] "Saint Lucia — The World Factbook". CIA.

[CIA_Belize-34] "Belize — The World Factbook". CIA.

[35] Daniel, G. Reginald. Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths?. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-271-02883-1

[36] Goldstein, Bonnie (30 July 2012). "Obama descended from slave ancestor". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 June 2022.

[37] "CIA - The World Factbook -- French Guiana". CIA. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

[38] Bethel, Camille (February 2013). "Census: Mixed population on the rise | Trinidad Express Newspaper | News". Trinidadexpress.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.

[39] "Grupos étnicos información técnica". dane.gov.co. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.

[CIA_Costa_Rica-40] "Costa Rica". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

African diaspora in the Americas

History

Distribution

Notable people of African descent in the Americas

See also

Related bibliography

References

A Fazenda (1.ª temporada)

Michel Gondry

Hale Passage and Wollochet Bay Navigation Company

Selat, Karangasem

Miss Universe 1963

Elberta, Alabama

Точки Лагранжа

2021 Cedar Rapids mayoral election

Monterosi Tuscia FC

كويكب نوع-T

Pensil warna

Tim nasional sepak bola U-20 Inggris

Linea Mason-Dixon

Santa Maria, Bulacan

Herbert Marcuse

Air quality law

Demographics of Minnesota

Keuskupan Gallup

Film gate

Forty acres and a mule