Albanians of Western Thrace

The Albanians of Western Thrace form an ethnic minority in Greek Macedonia and Western Thrace along the border with Turkey. They speak the Northern Tosk subbranch of Tosk Albanian and are descendants of the Albanian population of Eastern Thrace who migrated during the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey in the 1920s.^[1]^[2]

In Greece they are known as Arvanites, a name that was applied to both Greeks and Albanians that immigrated from Albanian areas such as Northern Epirus during the Ottoman Empire.^[3] Some Albanian-speakers of Western Thrace and Macedonia use the common Albanian self-appellation, Shqiptar when speaking their own language and refer to Albanians from Albania with the exonym ‘’Alvanos’’.^[2]

History

During the Ottoman Empire, Albanian communities migrated towards today's European Turkey (Eastern Thrace), especially near Istanbul.^[4] Many Muslim Albanians achieved high office in Ottoman society and many of them, most notably the Köprülü family, became Grand Viziers of the Empire. The majority of the Albanian emigration came from Northern Kosovo and the Korça region of Albania. Descendants of this immigrants would later play an important role in the National Renaissance of Albania.^[4] The number of Albanians that resided in the region is unknown, as statistical data of the Ottoman Empire were based on religious identification (millets). Thus, the Orthodox Albanians were part of the Rûm millet, while Muslims were categorised alongside Turks.^[5]

Among this population, Orthodox Albanians in Eastern Thrace resided in partly homogeneous communities, either villages or neighborhoods, and were mainly descendants of immigrants from the Korça region.^[4] At the conclusion of the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, Greece and Turkey signed the Treaty of Lausanne, which included a population exchange between the two countries. The treaty used religion as the indicator of national affiliation, thus including populations without ethnic provisions, even Albanians, in the population exchange. Under this treaty the Muslims of Greece were exchanged with the Christians of Turkey, with an exception of the Muslims of Western Thrace and the Christians of Istanbul.^[6]

Under this provision, the Albanian Orthodox community of Eastern Thrace, was re-accommodated in Western Thrace, where they settled mainly in new and ethnically homogeneous villages built in order to receive the refugees.^[2] Today, this population lives in the same villages, but a part emigrated to bigger towns such as Thessaloniki and Athens.^[1]

Distribution

The community settled in the villages of Tychero,^[7] Ardánio, Paradimí, Gemisti, Féres, Ántheia, Díkaia, N. Cheimónio, Kavýli, Tarsio, Kípoi, Kleisó, Péplos, Pýthio, Pyrólitho, Rígio, Sakkos, Thourio, Asimenio, Apalos, Lykofi, Sofikó,^[8] Paliouri, Ladi, Metaxades and Vrysika.^[9] Today, there are no Albanian speaking populations in these villages, since they mixed in with the native populations and have been taught the local Greek language.^[10]^[11]

In the 1951 census in Greece, Albanians formed around 3% of the total population in the Evros, and 0.4% in Xanthi regional unit. In the whole Western Thrace they counted 1.3% of the total population.

References

^ ^a ^b Greek Helsinki Monitor (1995): "Report: The Arvanites". Online report
^ ^a ^b ^c Euromosaic (1996): "L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce". Report published by the Institut de Sociolingüística Catalana.
^ "ARCHIVE OF THE THRACIAN FOLKLORE AND LANGUAGE TREASURY 27" (PDF).
^ ^a ^b ^c Berisha, Mal (November 2000), Diaspora Shqiptare në Turqi (in Albanian), New York: ACCL Publishing, p. 13
^ Psomiades, Harry J. (2000), The Eastern question: the last phase : a study in Greek-Turkish diplomacy (2 ed.), Michigan: Pella Pub. Co., p. 138, ISBN 0-918618-79-7, 9780918618795
^ Haddad, Emma (2008), The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, p. 121, ISBN 978-0-521-86888-4, 9780521868884
^ Baltsiotis, Lambros (2004). "Εκδοχές της ελληνικής εθνικής ιστορίας του 19ου και των αρχών του 20ού αιώνα στο λόγο των αρβανίτικων κοινοτήτων σήμερα". Historein: 5.
^ Kotsoglou, Despina (2018). «Τα δημογραφικά και κοινωνικά χαρακτηριστικά των Αρβανιτών της Θράκης. Democritus University of Thrace. pp. 16, 52. Τον Οκτώβριο του 1922, ο ελληνισμός της περιοχής εγκαταλείπει την Ανατολική Θράκη και μεταναστεύει στην Ελλάδα. Οι βόρειοι Αρβανίτες εγκαθίστανται ως επί το πλείστον σε χωριά του βορείου Έβρου: Δίκαια, Καβύλη, Σάκκο, Κλεισσώ, Νέο Χειμώνιο, Θούριο, Σοφικό, Ασημένιο, Ρήγιο, Πύθιο, Απαλός και Λυκόφη
^ Kotsoglou, Despina (2018). «Τα δημογραφικά και κοινωνικά χαρακτηριστικά των Αρβανιτών της Θράκης. Democritus University of Thrace. p. 16. Τα αρβανιτοχώρια, κατά την διάρκεια των Βαλκανικών πολέμων, λεηλατήθηκαν και οι κάτοικοι τους εξορίστηκαν, ενώ πολλοί δολοφονήθηκαν. Τον Οκτώβριο του 1913, η Μανδρίτσα, λεηλατήθηκε από τους Βούλγαρους και οι κάτοικοι της κατέφυγαν στη Θράκη (στα χωριά Παλιούρι, Λάδη, Μεταξάδες και Βρυσικά)...
^ Papachristodoulou. "ARCHIVE OF THE THRACIAN FOLKLORE AND LANGUAGE TREASURY 08" (PDF).
^ "ARCHIVE OF THE THRACIAN FOLKLORE AND LANGUAGE TREASURY 24" (PDF).