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American Pie (song)

This article is about the Don McLean song. For the Shea Diamond song, see Shea Diamond.

"American Pie"
U.S. vinyl single. Artwork was also used as the front cover for the album of the same name and many other international releases of the single.
Single by Don McLean
from the album American Pie
B-side
  • "Empty Chairs" (promo)
  • "American Pie part 2" (first release)
Released
  • October 1971 (original)
  • November 1991 (re-release)
RecordedMay 26, 1971
GenreFolk rock[1]
Length
  • 8:42 (LP)
  • 4:11 (single part 1)
  • 4:31 (single part 2)
LabelUnited Artists
Songwriter(s)Don McLean
Producer(s)Ed Freeman
Don McLean singles chronology
"Castles in the Air"
(1971) 		"American Pie"
(1971) 		"Vincent"
(1972)
Music video
"American Pie" on YouTube
Audio
"American Pie" on YouTube
Live video
"American Pie live performance on BBC, July 29, 1972" on YouTube

"American Pie" is a song by American singer and songwriter Don McLean. Recorded and released in 1971 on the album of the same name, the single was the number-one US hit for four weeks in 1972 starting January 15[2] after just eight weeks on the US Billboard charts (where it entered at number 69).[3] The song also topped the charts in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. In the UK, the single reached number 2, where it stayed for three weeks on its original 1971 release, and a reissue in 1991 reached No. 12. The song was listed as the No. 5 song on the RIAA project Songs of the Century. A truncated version of the song was covered by Madonna in 2000 and reached No. 1 in at least 15 countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. At 8 minutes and 42 seconds, McLean's combined version is the sixth longest song to enter the Billboard Hot 100 (at the time of release it was the longest). The song also held the record for almost 50 years for being the longest song to reach number one[4] before Taylor Swift's "All Too Well (10 Minute Version)" broke the record in 2021.[5] Due to its exceptional length, it was initially released as a two-sided 7-inch single.[6] "American Pie" has been described as "one of the most successful and debated songs of the 20th century".[7]

The repeated phrase "the day the music died" refers to a plane crash in 1959 that killed early rock and roll stars Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Ritchie Valens, ending the era of early rock and roll; this became the popular nickname for that crash. The theme of the song goes beyond mourning McLean's childhood music heroes, reflecting the deep cultural changes and profound disillusion and loss of innocence of his generation[7] – the early rock and roll generation – that took place between the 1959 plane crash and either late 1969[8] or late 1970.[9][10] The meaning of the other lyrics, which cryptically allude to many of the jarring events and social changes experienced during that period, has been debated for decades. McLean repeatedly declined to explain the symbolism behind the many characters and events mentioned; he eventually released his songwriting notes to accompany the original manuscript when it was sold in 2015, explaining many of these. McLean further elaborated on the lyrical meaning in a 2022 documentary celebrating the song's 50th anniversary, in which he stated the song was driven by impressionism, and debunked some of the more widely speculated symbols.

In 2017, McLean's original recording was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[11] To mark the 50th anniversary of the song, McLean performed a 35-date tour through Europe, starting in Wales and ending in Austria, in 2022.[12]

Background

Buddy Holly
Ritchie Valens
The Big Bopper
Early rock and roll musicians killed in the February 3, 1959 plane crash alluded to in the song

Don McLean drew inspiration for the song from his childhood experience delivering newspapers during the time of the plane crash that killed early rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and The Big Bopper:

I first found out about the plane crash because I was a 13-year-old newspaper delivery boy in New Rochelle, New York, and I was carrying the bundle of the local Standard-Star papers that were bound in twine, and when I cut it open with a knife, there it was on the front page.

— Don McLean[13]

McLean reportedly wrote "American Pie" in Saratoga Springs, New York, at Caffè Lena, but a 2011 New York Times article quotes McLean as disputing this claim.[14] Some employees at Caffè Lena claim that he started writing the song there, and then continued to write the song in both Cold Spring, New York,[15] and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[16] McLean claims that the song was only written in Cold Spring and Philadelphia.[14] Tin & Lint, a bar on Caroline Street in Saratoga Springs, claims the song was written there, and a plaque marks the table. While a 2022 documentary on the history of the song claims Saint Joseph's University as where the song was first performed,[17][18] McLean insists that the song made its debut in Philadelphia at Temple University[14] when he opened for Laura Nyro on March 14, 1971.[16]

The song was produced by Ed Freeman and recorded with a few session musicians. Freeman did not want McLean to play rhythm guitar on the song but eventually relented. McLean and the session musicians rehearsed for two weeks but failed to get the song right. At the last minute, the pianist Paul Griffin was added, which is when the tune came together.[19] McLean used a 1969 or 1970 Martin D-28 guitar to provide the basic chords throughout "American Pie".[20]

The song debuted in the album American Pie in October 1971 and was released as a single in November. The song's eight-and-a-half-minute length meant that it could not fit entirely on one side of the 45 RPM record, so United Artists had the first 4:11 taking up the A-side of the record and the final 4:31 the B-side. Radio stations initially played the A-side of the song only, but soon switched to the full album version to satisfy their audiences.[21]

Upon the single release, Cash Box called it "folk-rock's most ambitious and successful epic endeavor since 'Alice's Restaurant.'"[22] Record World called it a "monumental accomplishment of lyric writing".[23]

Interpretations

The sense of disillusion and loss that the song transmits isn't just about deaths in the world of music, but also about a generation that could no longer believe in the utopian dreams of the 1950s... According to McLean, the song represents a shift from the naïve and innocent '50s to the darker decade of the '60s

Alva Yaffe, Musicholics, [7]

Don called his song a complicated parable, open to different interpretations. "People ask me if I left the lyrics open to ambiguity. Of course I did. I wanted to make a whole series of complex statements. The lyrics had to do with the state of society at the time."

Super seventies, [24]

The song has nostalgic themes,[25] stretching from the late 1950s until late 1969 or 1970. Except to acknowledge that he first learned about Buddy Holly's death on February 3, 1959 – McLean was age 13 – when he was folding newspapers for his paper route on the morning of February 4, 1959 (hence the line "February made me shiver/with every paper I'd deliver"), McLean has generally avoided responding to direct questions about the song's lyrics; he has said: "They're beyond analysis. They're poetry."[26] He also stated in an editorial published in 2009, on the 50th anniversary of the crash that killed Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson (all of whom are alluded to in the final verse in a comparison with the Christian Holy Trinity), that writing the first verse of the song exorcised his long-running grief over Holly's death and that he considers the song to be "a big song... that summed up the world known as America".[27] McLean dedicated the American Pie album to Holly.

Some commentators have identified the song as outlining the darkening of cultural mood, as over time the cultural vanguard passed from Pete Seeger and Joan Baez (the "King and Queen" of folk music), then from Elvis Presley (known as "the King" of Rock and Roll), to Bob Dylan ("the Jester" – who wore a jacket similar to that worn by cultural icon James Dean, was known as "the voice of his generation" ("a voice that came from you and me"),[28] and whose motorcycle accident ("in a cast") left him in reclusion for many years, recording in studios rather than touring ("on the sidelines")), to The Beatles (John Lennon, punned with Vladimir Lenin, and "the Quartet" – although McLean has stated the Quartet is a reference to other people[6]), to The Byrds (who wrote one of the first psychedelic rock songs, "Eight Miles High", and then "fell fast" – the song was banned, band member Gene Clark entered rehabilitation, known colloquially as a "fallout shelter", and shortly after, the group declined as it lost members, changed genres, and alienated fans), to The Rolling Stones (who released Their Satanic Majesties Request and the singles "Jumpin' Jack Flash" and "Sympathy for the Devil" ("Jack Flash", "Satan", "The Devil"), and used Hells Angels – "Angels born in Hell" – as Altamont event security, with fatal consequences, bringing the 1960s to a violent end[29]), and to Janis Joplin (the "girl who sang the blues" but just "turned away" – she died of a heroin overdose the following year).

It has also been speculated that the song contains numerous references to post-World War II American political events, such as the assassination of John F. Kennedy (known casually as "Jack"), First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy ("his widowed bride"),[30] and subsequent killing of his assassin (whose courtroom trial obviously ended as a result ["adjourned"]),[31] the Cuban Missile Crisis ("Jack be nimble, Jack be quick"),[32] the murders of civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner,[33] and elements of culture such as sock hops ("kicking off shoes" to dance, preventing damage to the varnished floor), cruising with a pickup truck,[31][34] the rise of the political protest song ("a voice that came from you and me"), drugs and the counterculture, the Manson Family and the Tate–LaBianca murders in the "summer swelter" of 1969 (the Beatles' song "Helter Skelter") and much more.[6]

Apparent allusions to notable 50s songs include Don Cornell's The Bible Tells Me So ("If the Bible tells you so?"), Marty Robbins' A White Sport Coat, the lonely teenager ("With a pink carnation") mirroring Robbins' narrator who is rejected in favor of another man for the prom, and The Monotones' The Book of Love ("Did you write the book of love").[35]

Many additional and alternative interpretations have also been proposed.

For example, Bob Dylan's first performance in Great Britain was also at a pub called "The King and Queen", and he also appeared more literally "on the sidelines in a (the) cast" – as one of many stars at the back far right of the cover art of the Beatles' album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band ("the Sergeants played a marching tune").[32]

The song title itself is a reference to apple pie, an unofficial symbol of the United States and one of its signature comfort foods,[36] as seen in the popular expression "As American as apple pie".[37] By the twentieth century, this had become a symbol of American prosperity and national pride.[37]

The original United Artists Records inner sleeve featured a free verse poem written by McLean about William Boyd, also known as Hopalong Cassidy, along with a picture of Boyd in full Hopalong regalia. Its inclusion in the album was interpreted to represent a sense of loss of a simplistic type of American culture as symbolized by Hopalong Cassidy and by extension black and white television as a whole.[38]

Mike Mills of R.E.M. reflected: "'American Pie' just made perfect sense to me as a song and that's what impressed me the most. I could say to people this is how to write songs. When you've written at least three songs that can be considered classic that is a very high batting average and if one of those songs happens to be something that a great many people think is one of the greatest songs ever written you've not only hit the top of the mountain but you've stayed high on the mountain for a long time."[39]

McLean's responses

For McLean, the song is a blueprint of his mind at the time and a homage to his musical influences, but also a roadmap for future students of history:

"If it starts young people thinking about Buddy Holly, about rock 'n' roll and that music, and then it teaches them maybe about what else happened in the country, maybe look at a little history, maybe ask why John Kennedy was shot and who did it, maybe ask why all our leaders were shot in the 1960s and who did it, maybe start to look at war and the stupidity of it — if that can happen, then the song really is serving a wonderful purpose and a positive purpose."

Mark Kennedy, "Don McLean looks back at his masterpiece, 'American Pie'" (2022) [19]

When asked what "American Pie" meant, McLean jokingly replied, "It means I don't ever have to work again if I don't want to."[40] Later, he stated, "You will find many interpretations of my lyrics but none of them by me... Sorry to leave you all on your own like this but long ago I realized that songwriters should make their statements and move on, maintaining a dignified silence."[41] He also commented on the popularity of his music, "I didn't write songs that were just catchy, but with a point of view, or songs about the environment."

In February 2015, however, McLean announced he would reveal the meaning of the lyrics to the song when the original manuscript went for auction in New York City, in April 2015.[42] The lyrics and notes were auctioned on April 7, 2015, and sold for $1.2 million.[43] In the sale catalogue notes, McLean revealed the meaning in the song's lyrics: "Basically in 'American Pie' things are heading in the wrong direction. It [life] is becoming less idyllic. I don't know whether you consider that wrong or right but it is a morality song in a sense."[44] The catalogue confirmed that the song climaxes with a description of the killing of Meredith Hunter at the Altamont Free Concert, ten years after the plane crash that killed Holly, Valens, and Richardson, and did acknowledge that some of the more well-known symbols in the song were inspired by figures such as Elvis Presley ("the king") and Bob Dylan ("the jester").[44]

In 2017, Bob Dylan was asked about how he was referenced in the song. "A jester? Sure, the jester writes songs like 'Masters of War', 'A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall', 'It's Alright, Ma' – some jester. I have to think he's talking about somebody else. Ask him."[45]

In 2022, the documentary The Day the Music Died: The Story of Don McLean's American Pie, produced by Spencer Proffer, was released on the Paramount+ video on-demand service. Proffer said that he told McLean: "It's time for you to reveal what 50 years of journalists have wanted to know." McLean stated that he "needed a big song about America", and the first verse and melody ("A long, long time ago...") seemed to just come to mind.[19]

McLean also answered some of the long-standing questions on the song's lyrics, although not all. He revealed that Presley was not the king referenced in the song, Joplin was not the "girl who sang the blues", and Dylan was not the jester, although he is open to other interpretations.[46] He explained that the "marching band" refers to the military–industrial complex, "sweet perfume" refers to tear gas, and Los Angeles is the "coast" that the Trinity head to ("caught the last train for the coast"), commenting "even God has been corrupted". He also said that the line "This'll be the day that I die" originated from the John Wayne film The Searchers (which inspired Buddy Holly's song "That'll Be the Day"), and the chorus's line "Bye-bye, Miss American Pie" was inspired by a song by Pete Seeger, "Bye Bye, My Roseanna". McLean had originally intended to use "Miss American apple pie", but "apple" was dropped.[19]

On the whole, McLean stated that the lyrics were meant to be impressionist, and that many of the lyrics, only a portion of which were included in the finished recording, were completely fictional with no basis in real-life events.[46]

Personnel

Credits from Richard Buskin, except where noted.[47]

Musicians

  • Don McLean – vocals, acoustic guitar
  • Paul Griffin – piano, clavinet[48][49]
  • David Spinozza – electric guitar
  • Bob Rothstein – bass, backing vocals
  • Roy Markowitz – drums
  • West Forty Fourth Street Rhythm and Noise Choir – chorus

Technical

  • Ed Freeman - producer
  • Tom Flye - engineer, tambourine
  • Photography/ artwork – George Whiteman[50]

Charts

Certifications

Region Certification Certified units/sales
Canada (Music Canada)[67] 5× Platinum 400,000‡
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[68] Gold 45,000‡
Italy (FIMI)[69] Gold 50,000‡
New Zealand (RMNZ)[70] 4× Platinum 120,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)[71] 2× Platinum 1,200,000‡
United States (RIAA)[72] 3× Platinum 3,000,000‡

‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Parodies, revisions, and uses

In 1999, "Weird Al" Yankovic wrote and recorded a parody of "American Pie". Titled "The Saga Begins", the song recounts the plot of Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace from Obi-Wan Kenobi's point of view. While McLean gave permission for the parody, he did not make a cameo appearance in its video, despite popular rumor. McLean himself praised the parody, even admitting to almost singing Yankovic's lyrics during his own live performances because his children played the song so often.[73][74] An unrelated comedy film franchise by Universal Pictures, who secured the rights to McLean's title, also debuted in 1999.[75]

"American Pie" was the last song to be played on Virgin Radio before it was rebranded as Absolute Radio in 2008.[76] It was also the last song played on BFBS Malta in 1979.

Jeremy Renner sings an a cappella version in the 2006 movie Love Comes to the Executioner, as his character walks to the execution chamber.[77]

In 2012, the City of Grand Rapids, Michigan, created a lip dub video to "American Pie" in response to a Newsweek article that stated the city was "dying".[78] (Due to licensing issues, the version used in the video was not the original, but rather a later-recorded live version.) The video was hailed as a fantastic performance by many, including film critic Roger Ebert, who said it was "the greatest music video ever made".[79]

On March 21, 2013, Harmonix announced that "American Pie" would be the final downloadable track made available for the Rock Band series of music video games.[80] This was the case until Rock Band 4 was released on October 6, 2015, reviving the series' weekly releases of DLC.

On March 14, 2015, the National Museum of Mathematics announced that one of two winners of its songwriting contest was "American Pi" by mathematics education professor Dr. Lawrence M. Lesser.[81] The contest was in honor of "Pi Day of the Century" because "3/14/15" would be the only day in the 21st-century showing the first five digits of π (pi).

On April 20, 2015, John Mayer covered "American Pie" live on the Late Show with David Letterman, at the request of the show's eponymous host.[82]

On January 29, 2021, McLean released a re-recording of "American Pie" featuring lead vocals by country a cappella group Home Free.[83]

The song was featured in Marvel's Black Widow movie in 2021.[84] It is the favorite song of the character Yelena Belova, and sung by Red Guardian later in the film to comfort her.[85]

"American Pie" is also featured in the 2021 Tom Hanks movie Finch.[86]

During his visit to the United States in 2023, South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol sang this song at a state dinner.[87] This has attracted worldwide attention, as well as the attention of Don McLean. [88]

Madonna version

"American Pie"
Single by Madonna
from the album The Next Best Thing
ReleasedFebruary 8, 2000 (2000-02-08)
RecordedSeptember 1999
StudioUndisclosed location (New York City)
GenreDance-pop
Length4:33
Label
Songwriter(s)Don McLean
Producer(s)
Madonna singles chronology
"Beautiful Stranger"
(1999) 		"American Pie"
(2000) 		"Music"
(2000)
Music video
"American Pie" on YouTube

Background and release

American singer Madonna recorded a cover version of "American Pie" for the soundtrack of her film The Next Best Thing (2000). Her cover is much shorter than the original, containing only the beginning of the first verse and all of the second and sixth verses. Reworked as a dance-pop track, it was produced by Madonna and William Orbit. It was recorded in September 1999 in New York City, after Rupert Everett, Madonna's co-star in The Next Best Thing, convinced her to cover the song for the film's soundtrack.[89][90] Madonna said of her choice to cover the song: "To me, it's a real millennium song. We're going through a big change in terms of the way we view pop culture, because of the Internet. In a way, it's like saying goodbye to music as we knew it—and to pop culture as we knew it."[91] "American Pie" was released as the lead single from The Next Best Thing on February 8, 2000, by Maverick Records and Warner Bros. Records.[92]

"American Pie" was later included as an international bonus track on her eighth studio album, Music (2000). However, it was not included on her greatest hits compilation GHV2 (2001), as Madonna had regretted putting it on Music, elaborating: "It was something a certain record company executive twisted my arm into doing, but it didn't belong on the album so now it's being punished... My gut told me not to [put the song on Music], but I did it and then I regretted it so just for that reason it didn't deserve a place on GHV2".[93][94] A remix of the song was featured on her remix compilation album Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones (2022).

Reception

"American Pie" was an international hit, reaching number one in numerous countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Iceland, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Finland. The song was the 19th-best-selling single of 2000 in the UK and the ninth best-selling single of 2000 in Sweden. The single was not released commercially in the United States, but it reached number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 due to strong radio airplay.

Chuck Taylor of Billboard was impressed by the recording and commented, "Applause to Madonna for not pandering to today's temporary trends and for challenging programmers to broaden their playlists. ... In all, a fine preview of the forthcoming soundtrack to The Next Best Thing."[95] Peter Robinson of The Guardian called the cover as "brilliant".[96] Don McLean himself praised the cover, saying it was "a gift from a goddess", and that her version is "mystical and sensual".[97] NME, on the other hand, gave it a negative review, saying that "Killdozer did it first and did it better", that it was "sub-karaoke fluff" and that "it's a blessing she didn't bother recording the whole thing."[98]

In 2017, the Official Charts Company stated the song had sold 400,000 copies in the United Kingdom and was her 16th best selling single to date in the nation.[99]

Music video

The music video, filmed in the southern United States and in London,[100] and directed by Philipp Stölzl, depicts a diverse array of ordinary Americans, including scenes showing same-sex couples kissing. Throughout the music video Madonna, who is wearing a tiara on her head, dances and sings in front of a large American flag.[101]

Two versions of the video were produced, the first of which was released as the official video worldwide, and later appeared on Madonna's Celebration: The Video Collection (2009). The second version used the "Humpty Remix", a more upbeat and dance-friendly version of the song. The latter aired on MTV in the US to promote The Next Best Thing; it features different footage and new outtakes of the original while omitting the lesbian kiss. Everett, who provides backing vocals in the song, is also featured in the video.

Formats and track listings

Credits and personnel

Credits are adapted from the liner notes for "American Pie".[112]

Charts

Certifications

Certifications and sales for "American Pie"
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)[170] Gold 35,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[171] Gold 25,000*
Belgium (BEA)[172] Gold 25,000*
Denmark — 12,701[173]
France (SNEP)[174] Gold 250,000*
Germany (BVMI)[175] Gold 250,000^
Italy — 70,000[176]
Spain — 35,000[177]
Sweden (GLF)[178] Platinum 30,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[179] Gold 25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[180] Gold 400,000[99]

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

Release history

Release dates and formats for "American Pie"
Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref.
United States February 8, 2000 Contemporary hit radio
[92]
France February 25, 2000
Maverick
[181][182]
Germany February 28, 2000 Maxi CD Warner Music
[183]
United Kingdom
  • Maverick
  • Warner Bros.
[184]
Australia March 7, 2000 Maxi CD[a] Warner Music
[113]
Japan March 8, 2000 Maxi CD
[185]

Notes

  1. ^ a b In Australia and the UK, "American Pie" was made available in two maxi CD variants.

See also

References

  1. ^ DeMain, Bill (August 18, 2021). "The story behind American Pie by Don McLean". Loudersound.com. Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  2. ^ "The Hot 100 Week of January 15, 1972". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  3. ^ "The Hot 100 Week of November 27, 1971". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  4. ^ "The Longest & Shortest Hot 100 Hits: From Kendrick Lamar, Beyoncé & David Bowie to Piko-Taro". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
  5. ^ Trust, Gary (November 22, 2021). "Taylor Swift's 'All Too Well (Taylor's Version)' Soars In at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c "Don McLean explains why he won't reveal the meaning of "American Pie"". CBS News. March 29, 2017. Archived from the original on March 30, 2017. Retrieved March 30, 2017. "But the quartet practicing in the park, that's not the Beatles?" Axelrod asked. "No," McLean replied.
  7. ^ a b c "Decoding the Ambiguous Lyrics of Don McLean's American Pie". Musicoholics. July 26, 2020. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  8. ^ "Understanding American Pie – Interpretation of Don Mclean's epic anthem to the passing of an era". UnderstandingAmericanPie.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2003. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
  9. ^ The Day the Music Died: A Closer Look at the Lyrics of "American Pie" Archived June 28, 2021, at the Wayback Machine: States "I met a girl who sang the blues/And I asked her for some happy news/But she just smiled and turned away – McLean turns to Janis Joplin for hope, but she dies of a heroin overdose on October 4, 1970."
  10. ^ Songfacts: American Pie Archived June 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine: States that "The line, 'I met a girl who sang the blues and I asked her for some happy news, but she just smiled and turned away,' is probably about Janis Joplin. She died of a drug overdose in 1970."
  11. ^ "National Recording Registry Picks Are 'Over the Rainbow'". Library of Congress. March 29, 2017. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
  12. ^ "Don McLean sets 'American Pie' 50th anniversary Europe/UK tour". AM 880 KIXI. September 21, 2021. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
  13. ^ Cott, Jonathan (February 5, 2009). "The Last Days of Buddy Holly". Rolling Stone. No. 1071. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
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  16. ^ a b "Memory Bank's a Little Off, But Sentiment Still Holds". Philly. August 12, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
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  18. ^ McDonald, Shannon (November 28, 2011). "Don McLean: 'American Pie' was written in Philly and first performed at Saint Joseph's University". Newsworks. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
  19. ^ a b c d Kennedy, Mark (July 20, 2022). "Don McLean looks back at his masterpiece, 'American Pie'". AP. Archived from the original on July 24, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  20. ^ Coen, Jim (April 23, 2015). "Don McLean Revisits His Tasty Classic, "American Pie"". Guitar World. Archived from the original on September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
  21. ^ Schuck & Schuck 2012, p. 15.
  22. ^ "Cashbox Single Picks" (PDF). Cash Box. November 20, 1971. p. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 28, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
  23. ^ "Picks of the Week" (PDF). Record World. November 20, 1971. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
  24. ^ ""American Pie" – Don McLean". Super seventies. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  25. ^ Browne, Ray Broadus; Ambrosetti, Ronald J. (May 11, 1993). Continuities in Popular Culture: The Present in the Past & the Past in the Present and Future. Popular Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-593-8. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2019 – via Google Books.
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  28. ^ Maslin, Janet in Miller, Jim (ed.) (1981), The Rolling Stone History of Rock & Roll, p. 220
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