Anabaena

Anabaena
	Anabaena flos-aquae
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Cyanobacteria
Class:	Cyanophyceae
Order:	Nostocales
Family:	Nostocaceae
Genus:	Anabaena; Bory de Saint-Vincent ex Bornet & Flahault, 1886
Species
	A. aequalis; A. affinis; A. angstumalis angstumalis; A. angstumalis marchita; A. aphanizomendoides; A. azollae; A. bornetiana; A. catenula; A.cedrorum; A. circinalis; A. confervoides; A. constricta; A. cyanobacterium; A. cycadeae; A. cylindrica; A. echinispora; A. felisii; A. flos-aquae flos-aquae; A. flos-aquae minor; A. flos-aquae treleasei; A. helicoidea; A. inaequalis; A. lapponica; A. laxa; A. lemmermannii; A. levanderi; A. limnetica; A. macrospora macrospora; A. macrospora robusta; A. monticulosa; A. nostoc; A. oscillarioides; A. planctonica; A. raciborskii; A. scheremetievi; A. sphaerica; A. spiroides crassa; A. spiroides spiroides; A. subcylindrica; A. torulosa; A. unispora; A. variabilis; A. verrucosa; A. viguieri; A. wisconsinense; A. zierlingii

Anabaena is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria that exist as plankton. They are known for nitrogen-fixing abilities, and they form symbiotic relationships with certain plants, such as the mosquito fern. They are one of four genera of cyanobacteria that produce neurotoxins, which are harmful to local wildlife, as well as farm animals and pets. Production of these neurotoxins is assumed to be an input into its symbiotic relationships, protecting the plant from grazing pressure.

A DNA sequencing project was undertaken in 1999, which mapped the complete genome of Anabaena, which is 7.2 million base pairs long. The study focused on heterocysts, which convert nitrogen into ammonia. Certain species of Anabaena have been used on rice paddy fields, proving to be an effective natural fertilizer.

Nitrogen fixation by Anabaena

Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, vegetative cells differentiate into heterocysts at semiregular intervals along the filaments. Heterocyst cells are terminally specialized for nitrogen fixation. The interior of these cells is micro-oxic as a result of increased respiration, inactivation of O₂-producing photosystem (PS) II, and formation of a thickened envelope outside of the cell wall. Nitrogenase, sequestered within these cells, transforms dinitrogen into ammonia at the expense of ATP and reductant—both generated by carbohydrate metabolism, a process supplemented, in the light, by the activity of PS I. Carbohydrate, probably in the form of glucose, is synthesized in vegetative cells and moves into heterocysts. In return, nitrogen fixed in heterocysts moves into the vegetative cells, at least in part in the form of amino acids.^[2]

The fern Azolla, forms a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to this essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed a "super-plant", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass in as little as 1.9 days.^[3] The typical limiting factor on its growth is phosphorus, abundance of which, due to chemical runoff, often leads to Azolla blooms. Unlike other known plants, the symbiotic microorganism is transferred directly from one generation to the next. This has made Anabaena azollae completely dependent on its host, as several of its genes are either lost or have been transferred to the nucleus in Azolla's cells.^[4]

Primitive vision pigments studied in Anabaena

Anabaena is used as a model organism to study simple vision. The process in which light changes the shape of molecules in the retina, thereby driving the cellular reactions and signals that cause vision in vertebrates, is studied in Anabaena. Anabaena sensory rhodopsin, a specific light-sensitive membrane protein, is central to this research.^[5]

DNA repair

Double strand breaks (DSBs) are a type of DNA damage that can be repaired by homologous recombination. This enzymatic repair process occurs in several enzymatic steps including an early step catalyzed by RecN protein.^[6] A study of the dynamics of RecN in DSB repair in Anabaena indicated differential regulation of DSB repair so that it is active in vegetative cells but absent in mature heterocysts that are terminal cells.^[7]

References

^ Anabaena Bory de Saint-Vincent ex Bornet & Flahault, 1886: 180, 224
^ Herrero, Antonia; Flores, Enrique, eds. (2008). The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8.^{[page needed]}
^ Iwao Watanabe, Nilda S.Berja (1983). "The growth of four species of Azolla as affected by temperature". Aquatic Botany. 15 (2): 175–185. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(83)90027-X.
^ The Arctic Azolla event - The Geological Society
^ Schapiro, Igor (May 2014). "Ultrafast photochemistry of Anabaena Sensory Rhodopsin: Experiment and theory". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1837 (5): 589–597. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.09.014. PMID 24099700.
^ "InterPro". www.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
^ Hu S, Wang J, Wang L, Zhang CC, Chen WL. Dynamics and Cell-Type Specificity of the DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Protein RecN in the Developmental Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 2;10(10):e0139362. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139362. PMID 26431054; PMCID: PMC4592062