Ash Hollow Formation
Geologic formation in Nebraska
The Ash Hollow Formation of the Ogallala Group is a geological formation found in Nebraska and South Dakota . It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period . It was named after Ash Hollow, Nebraska and can be seen in Ash Hollow State Historical Park .[ 1] Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park is within this formation.[ 2]
Fossil content
Color key
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text ; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Mammals
Bats
Carnivorans
Carnivorans reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
Genus
Species
Location
Stratigraphic position
Material
Notes
Images
Aelurodon
A. taxoides
Brown , Cherry , Keyapaha , Knox , Sheridan , Hitchcock & Banner counties, Nebraska.[ 4]
Cap Rock & Merritt Dam Members.[ 4]
Abundant remains.[ 4]
A borophagine dog.
Barbourofelis
B. fricki
Channel deposits resting on upper part of the formation.[ 5]
A barbourofelid .
B. morrisi
Cherry County, Nebraska .[ 5]
Channel deposit resting unconformably on the Cap Rock Member.[ 5]
Skull (F:AM 79999) and right ramus (F:AM 80000).[ 5]
A barbourofelid .
?B. whitfordi
Brown County, Nebraska .[ 5]
Lower part of the formation.[ 5]
Right ramus (UNSM 25546).[ 5]
A barbourofelid .
Carpocyon
C. robustus
Brown & Cherry counties, Nebraska.[ 4]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 4]
Skull elements.[ 4]
A borophagine dog.
Epicyon
E. haydeni
Brown , Cherry , Keith and Sheridan counties, Nebraska.[ 4]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 4]
Multiple specimens.[ 4]
A borophagine dog.
E. saevus
Brown , Cherry , Antelope & Keith counties, Nebraska.[ 4]
Cap Rock & Merritt Dam members.[ 4]
Multiple specimens.[ 4]
A borophagine dog.
Eucyon ?
E.? skinneri
Hans Johnson Quarry, Cherry County, Nebraska .[ 6]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 6]
Partial mandible (F:AM 25143).[ 6]
A canine dog.
Ischyrocyon
I. gidleyi
Cherry & Keyapaha counties, Nebraska; Todd , Bennett & Mellette counties, South Dakota.[ 7]
Cap Rock Member.[ 7]
A bear-dog .
Leptarctus
L. wortmani
Nebraska & South Dakota.[ 8]
Many undescribed specimens.[ 8]
A mustelid .
Leptocyon
L. matthewi
Cherry , Brown & Antelope counties, Nebraska.[ 6]
Merritt Dam & Cap Rock members.[ 6]
Skull and limb elements.[ 6]
A canine dog.
Metalopex
M. merriami
Frontier County, Nebraska .[ 9]
Premaxilla , maxilla and ramus fragments.[ 9]
A fox .
Paratomarctus
P. euthos
Brown & Cherry counties, Nebraska, & Todd County, South Dakota .[ 4]
Cap Rock & Merritt Dam members.[ 4]
Numerous specimens.[ 4]
A borophagine dog.
Pseudocyon
P. sp.
Brown & Cherry counties, Nebraska.[ 7]
Cap Rock & Merritt Dam members.[ 7]
A bear-dog .
Vulpes
V. stenognathus
Frontier County, Nebraska .[ 6]
Left molar (UNSM 26136).[ 6]
A fox .
Eulipotyphlans
Eulipotyphlans reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
Genus
Species
Location
Stratigraphic position
Material
Notes
Images
Achlyoscapter
A. sp.
Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska .[ 10]
A right ramal fragment (UW 6670).[ 10]
A talpine mole .
Alluvisorex
A. sp., cf. A. arcadentes
Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska .[ 10]
UW 6734, 6735 & 7722; UNSM 27515.[ 10]
A shrew .
Anouroneomys
A. magnus
Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska .[ 10]
A shrew .
Lemoynea
L. biradicularis
Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska .[ 10]
A desmanine mole .
Limnoecus
cf. L. sp.
Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska .[ 10]
UW 6708 & 6739.[ 10]
A medium-sized shrew .
Sorex
S. edwardsi
Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska .[ 10]
A medium-sized shrew .
S. yatkolai
Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska .[ 10]
UW 6731 (fragment of left ramus ), 6732 & 6733.[ 10]
A diminuitive shrew .
S. sp.
Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska .[ 10]
UW 6736, 6737 & 6738.[ 10]
Probably a new species of shrew , larger than S. edwardsi .
Talpinae
Undetermined genus & species 1
Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska .[ 10]
2 teeth (UW 6671 & 10527).[ 10]
A mole .
Undetermined genus & species 2
Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska .[ 10]
Teeth (UW 10521, 10522, 10523, 10524, 10525 & 10526).[ 10]
A mole .
Undetermined genus & species 3
Lemoyne Quarry, Keith County, Nebraska .[ 10]
An isolated right molar (UW 6675).[ 10]
A mole .
Lagomorphs
Lagomorphs reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
Genus
Species
Location
Stratigraphic position
Material
Notes
Images
Alilepus
A. sp.
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
Mandible and teeth.[ 11]
A leporid .
Hesperolagomys
H. sp., cf. H. galbreathi
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
A premolar (UNSM 101709).[ 11]
A pika .
Hypolagus
H. cf. H. vetus
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
A right premolar (UNSM 101749).[ 11]
A leporid .
Pronotolagus
P. whitei
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
An isolated premolar (UNSM 101675).[ 11]
A leporid .
Russellagus
R. sp.
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
Lower molariform teeth.[ 11]
A pika .
Rodents
Rodents reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
Genus
Species
Location
Stratigraphic position
Material
Notes
Images
Ammospermophilus
A. junturensis
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
Mandible and teeth.[ 11]
An antelope squirrel .
Antecalomys
A. phthanus
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
Teeth and mandibles.[ 11]
A sigmodontine , and the most common fossil cricetid from Pratt Quarry.
Ceratogaulus
C. anecdotus
Brown County, Nebraska .[ 12]
Merritt Dam & Cap Rock members.[ 12]
Skulls, teeth and some postcranial remains.[ 12]
A mylagaulid .
Copemys
C. mariae
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
Mandibles.[ 11]
A cricetid .
C. pisinnus
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
Mandibles and a maxilla .[ 11]
A cricetid .
C. sp.
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
An isolated right molar (UNSM 101560).[ 11]
A cricetid .
Cupidinimus
C. prattensis
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
A right mandible (UNSM 101501).[ 11]
A dipodomyine .
Dipoides
D. tanneri
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
A little worn premolar (UNSM 101612).[ 11]
A castorid .
Eucastor
E. planus
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
Teeth and a partial mandible.[ 11]
Reassigned to Nothodipoides .[ 13]
Hystricops
H. venustus
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
Teeth.[ 11]
A castorid .
Lignimus
L. sp.
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
Teeth and mandible.[ 11]
A possible harrymyine .
Megasminthus
M. sp. indeterminate
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
Maxillae .[ 11]
A jumping mouse .
Mioheteromys
M. sp., cf. M. agrarius
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
An isolated premolar (UNSM 101750) and a partial mandible with lower incisor (UNSM 101573).[ 11]
A heteromyid .
Mylagaulus
M. monodon
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
Teeth, mandible and limb elements.[ 11]
A mylagaulid .
Nothodipoides
N. planus
Brown County, Nebraska & Todd County, South Dakota .[ 11] [ 13]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
Teeth, partial mandible & partial skull.[ 13]
A castorid .
Perognathus
P. sp.
Antelope County, Nebraska .[ 14]
Fragmentary remains within burrows.[ 14]
A pocket-mouse .
?Petauristodon
?P. sp.
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
A molar (UNSM 101659).[ 11]
A petauristine , may represent a new species.
Phelosaccomys
P. hibbardi
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
Teeth.[ 11]
A possible geomyid .
Prodipoides
P. dividerus
Nebraska.[ 15]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 15]
A castorid .
Protospermophilus
P. sp., cf. P. quatalensis
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
An isolated molar (UNSM 101765).[ 11]
A ground squirrel .
Pseudotheridomys
cf. P. sp.
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
A right mandible with teeth (UNSM 101748).[ 11]
An eomyid .
Pterogaulus
P. barbarellae
Nebraska.[ 12]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 12]
A mylagaulid .
cf. Sciurion
cf. S. sp.
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
An isolated left molar (UNSM 101769).[ 11]
A flying squirrel .
Spermophilus
S. (Otospermophilus ) sp.
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
Teeth and jaws.[ 11]
A ground squirrel .
Tregomys
T. shotwelli
Pratt Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 11]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 11]
An isolated right molar (UNSM 101534).[ 11]
A cricetid .
Ungulates
Ungulates reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
Genus
Species
Location
Stratigraphic position
Material
Notes
Images
Calippus
C. cerasinus
Cherry County, Nebraska .[ 16]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 16]
Multiple specimens.[ 16]
An equid .
C. placidus
Minnechaduza Fauna, northern Nebraska.[ 16]
Cap Rock & lower Merritt Dam members.[ 16]
An equid .
Cormohipparion
C. fricki
Hollow Horn Bear Quarry, Todd County, South Dakota .[ 17]
Skull elements.[ 17]
An equid .
C. matthewi
Cherry County, Nebraska .[ 17]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 17]
Multiple specimens.[ 17]
An equid .
C. occidentale
Cherry County, Nebraska .[ 17]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 17]
Numerous specimens.[ 17]
An equid .
Macrogenis
M. crassigenis
Above Burge Quarry, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 18]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 18]
Partial skull (F:AM AINS 467-333-1).[ 18]
A peccary .
Mckennahyus
M. parisidutrai
Cherry County, Nebraska .[ 18] [ 19]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 18] [ 19]
Skull remains.[ 18] [ 19]
A peccary .
Proantilocapra
P. platycornea
Nebraska.[ 20]
Cap Rock Member.[ 20]
An antilocaprid .
Pseudhipparion
P. gratum
Cherry County, Nebraska .[ 21]
Cap Rock & lower Merritt Dam members.[ 21]
An equid .
P. skinneri
Brown & Cherry counties, Nebraska.[ 21]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 21]
Skull elements & teeth.[ 21]
An equid also known from Florida .
Pseudoceras
P. potteri
Nebraska.[ 22]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 22]
Junior synonym of P. skinneri .
P. skinneri
Nebraska.[ 22]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 22]
Multiple specimens.[ 22]
A gelocid .
P. wilsoni
Nebraska.[ 22]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 22]
Junior synonym of P. skinneri .
Skinnerhyus
S. shermerorum
Cherry County, Nebraska .[ 18] [ 23]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 18] [ 23]
Skull remains.[ 23]
A peccary .
Tapirus
T. johnsoni
Brown (Pratt Slide), Cherry , Sheridan & Garden counties, Nebraska.[ 3] [ 24]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 3]
Jaw elements.[ 24]
A tapir .
Teleoceras
T. major
Ashfall Fossil Beds , Nebraska.[ 2]
Over 100 specimens.[ 2]
A rhinoceros .
Ustatochoerus
U. major
Cherry County, Nebraska .[ 25]
Upper part of the formation.[ 25]
Numerous specimens.[ 25]
A merycoidodontid .
U. profectus
Cap Rock Member.[ 5]
Numerous specimens.[ 25]
A merycoidodontid .
U. skinneri
Cherry & Brown counties, Nebraska; Tripp County, South Dakota .[ 25]
Multiple specimens.[ 25]
A merycoidodontid .
Proboscideans
Reptiles
Birds
Crocodilians
Squamates
Squamates reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
Genus
Species
Location
Stratigraphic position
Material
Notes
Images
Agkistrodon
cf. A. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
2 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100283 & 100284).[ 34]
A pit viper .
Ameiseophis
A. robinsoni
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
3 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100266, 100267 & 100274).[ 34]
A colubrine snake.
Calamagras or Ogmophis
C. or O. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
3 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100252, 100253 & 100259).[ 34]
An erycine boa .
Coluber or Masticophis
C. or M. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
2 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100271 & 100273).[ 34]
A colubrine snake.
Colubridae
Subgen. incertae sedis
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
198 vertebrae.[ 34]
Snake remains unidentifiable below the family level.
Crotalus
cf. C. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
2 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100285 & 100291).[ 34]
A rattlesnake .
Elaphe
E. cf. E. kansensis
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
2 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 101112).[ 34]
A rat snake .
E. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
6 vertebrae.[ 34]
A rat snake .
Erycinae
Gen. et. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
2 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100255 & 100258).[ 34]
An erycine boa.
Lampropeltis
L. aff. getula
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
3 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100286, 100290 & 100293).[ 34]
A kingsnake .
L. similis or L. triangulum
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
3 trunk vertebrae.[ 34]
A kingsnake .
Micronatrix
M. juliescottae
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
4 trunk vertebrae.[ 34]
A natricine snake.
Neonatrix
N. cf. N. infera
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
3 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100287, 100288 & 100289).[ 34]
A natricine snake.
Nerodia
N. hillmani
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
6 trunk vertebrae.[ 34]
A natricine snake.
N. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
A trunk vertebra (UNSM 101113).[ 34]
A natricine snake.
Opheodrys
cf. O. sp.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
A trunk vertebra (UNSM 100270).[ 34]
A colubrine snake.
Paleoheterodon or Heterodon
P. or H. sp.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
15 vertebrae.[ 34]
A hognose snake .
Paracoluber
P. storeri
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
2 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100280 & 100294).[ 34]
A colubrine snake.
Pituophis
P. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
3 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100292, 100297 & 101102).[ 34]
A gopher snake .
Sistrurus
S. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34] [ 35]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34] [ 35]
A trunk vertebra (UNSM 100251).[ 34] [ 35]
A rattlesnake .
Texasophis
T. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
A trunk vertebra (UNSM 100265).[ 34]
A colubrine snake.
Thamnophis
T. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
12 trunk vertebrae.[ 34]
A garter snake .
Tregophis
T. brevirachis
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
3 trunk vertebrae (UNSM 100254, 100256, 100257).[ 34]
An erycine boa .
Tropidoclonion
cf. T. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
A trunk vertebra (UNSM 100295).[ 34]
A natricine snake.
Viperidae
Gen. et. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 34]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 34]
A trunk vertebra (UNSM 101121).[ 34]
A viper , vertebra too damaged to be identified below the family level.
Testudines
Amphibians
Amphibians reported from the Ash Hollow Formation
Genus
Species
Location
Stratigraphic position
Material
Notes
Images
Acris
cf. A. sp.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 38]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 38]
One left ilium (UNSM 101143).[ 38]
A cricket frog .
Bufo
B. pliocompactilis
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 38]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 38]
Multiple ilia .[ 38]
A true toad .
B. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 38]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 38]
Multiple ilia .[ 38]
A true toad .
Hyla
H. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 38]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 38]
A right ilium (UNSM 101127).[ 38]
A tree frog .
Rana
R. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 38]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 38]
Multiple ilia .[ 38]
A ranid frog.
Spea
S. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 38]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 38]
One left ilium (UNSM 101128).[ 38]
A spadefoot toad .
Tregobatrachus
T. sp. indet.
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 38]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 38]
A left ilium (UNSM 101126).[ 38]
A frog of uncertain classification.
Varibatrachus
V. abraczinskasae
Pratt Slide, Brown County, Nebraska .[ 38]
Merritt Dam Member.[ 38]
A right ilium (UNSM 101129).[ 38]
A frog .
Plants
See also
References
^ Robert Diffendal Jr.; Roger K. Pabian; J. R. Thomasson (1996). "Geologic History of Ash Hollow State Historical Park, Nebraska" . University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
^ a b c Smith, Jon J.; Turner, Elijah; Möller, Andreas; Joeckel, R. M.; Otto, Rick E. (2018-11-08). "First U-Pb zircon ages for late Miocene Ashfall Konservat-Lagerstätte and Grove Lake ashes from eastern Great Plains, USA" . PLOS ONE . 13 (11): e0207103. Bibcode :2018PLoSO..1307103S . doi :10.1371/journal.pone.0207103 . ISSN 1932-6203 . PMC 6224108 . PMID 30408086 .
^ a b c d e f g h Czaplewski, Nicholas; Bailey, Bruce; Corner, Richard (1999-01-01). "Tertiary Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Northern Nebraska" . Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H.; Taylor, Beryl E. (1999). "Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (243). hdl :2246/1588 .
^ a b c d e f g h Schultz, C.; Schultz, Marian; Martin, Larry (January 1970). "A New Tribe of Saber-toothed Cats (Barbourofelini) from the Pliocene of North America" . Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum : 1–31.
^ a b c d e f g h Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora, Canidae). (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 325) . [New York] : American Museum of Natural History. hdl :2246/5999 .
^ a b c d Hunt, Robert (1998-01-01). "Amphicyonidae" . Mammalogy Papers: University of Nebraska State Museum .
^ a b Korth, William W.; Baskin, Jon A. (May 2009). "A New Species of Leptarctus (Carnivora, Mustelidae) from the Late Clarendonian (Late Miocene) of Kansas" . Annals of Carnegie Museum . 78 (1): 29–44. doi :10.2992/007.078.0103 . ISSN 0097-4463 . S2CID 86409484 .
^ a b Richard H. Tedford; Xiaoming Wang (2008). "Metalopex , a new genus of fox (Carnivora: Canidae: Vulpini) from the late Miocene of western North America". In Xiaoming Wang; Lawrence G. Barnes (eds.). Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America. Contributions in Honor of David P. Whistler . Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 273–278. ISBN 978-1-891276-27-9 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Bown, Thomas (1980-01-01). "The Fossil Insectivora of Lemoyne Quarry (Ash Hollow Formation, Hemphillian), Keith County, Nebraska" . Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by Korth, William W. (1998-11-13). "Rodents and lagomorphs (Mammalia) from the Late Clarendonian (Miocene) Ash Hollow Formation, Brown County, Nebraska" . Annals of the Carnegie Museum . 67 (4): 299–348. doi :10.5962/p.215209 . ISSN 0097-4463 . S2CID 89733664 .
^ a b c d e Korth, William W. (2000-11-29). "Review of Miocene (Hemingfordian to Clarendonian) mylagaulid rodents (Mammalia) from Nebraska" . Annals of the Carnegie Museum . 69 (4): 227–280. doi :10.5962/p.215191 . ISSN 0097-4463 . S2CID 198263863 .
^ a b c Korth, William W. (2007). "The Skull of Nothodipoides (Castoridae, Rodentia) and the Occurrence of Fossorial Adaptations in Beavers". Journal of Paleontology . 81 (6): 1533–1537. Bibcode :2007JPal...81.1533K . doi :10.1666/05-110.1 . ISSN 0022-3360 . JSTOR 4541271 . S2CID 129875541 .
^ a b Voorhies, M. R. (1974). "Fossil Pocket Mouse Burrows in Nebraska". The American Midland Naturalist . 91 (2): 492–498. doi :10.2307/2424348 . ISSN 0003-0031 . JSTOR 2424348 .
^ a b Korth, William W. (June 2008). "Cranial Morphology, Systematics and Succession of Beavers from the Middle Miocene Valentine Formation of Nebraska, USA" . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica . 53 (2): 169–182. doi :10.4202/app.2008.0201 . ISSN 0567-7920 . S2CID 53517390 .
^ a b c d e Jr, Richard Hulbert. "Calippus and Protohippus (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) from the Miocene (Barstovian-Early Hemphillian of Gulf Coastal Plain" . Bulletin Florida State Museum . 32 (3): 221–340.
^ a b c d e f g h Woodburne, Michael O. (September 2007). "Phyletic diversification of the Cormohipparion occidentale complex (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae), late Miocene, North America, and the origin of the Old World Hippotherium datum" . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . 306 (306): 1–138. doi :10.1206/0003-0090(2007)306[1:PDOTCO]2.0.CO;2 . hdl :2246/5872 . S2CID 82559706 .
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41°17′53″N 102°07′12″W / 41.29806°N 102.12000°W / 41.29806; -102.12000