Atari Falcon

Atari Falcon030
Manufacturer	Atari Corporation
Type	Personal computer
Release date	1992; 32 years ago
Discontinued	1993
Operating system	TOS/MultiTOS
CPU	Motorola 68030 @ 16 MHz; Motorola 56001 @ 32 MHz;
Memory	1, 4, or 14 Megabytes of RAM
Graphics	VIDEL video controller
Sound	SDMA sound/DMA co-processor (16-bits, 50 kHz; 8 stereo channels); Yamaha Y3439-F (3 channel PSG)
Predecessor	Atari TT030; Atari MEGA STE

The Atari Falcon030 (usually shortened to Atari Falcon), released in 1992, is the final personal computer from Atari Corporation.^[1] A high-end model of the Atari ST line, the machine is based on a Motorola 68030 CPU and a Motorola 56001 digital signal processor, which distinguishes it from most other microcomputers of the era. It includes a new VIDEL programmable graphics system which greatly improves graphics capabilities.^[2]

Shortly after release, Atari bundled the MultiTOS operating system in addition to TOS. TOS remained in ROM, and MultiTOS was supplied on floppy disk and could be installed to boot from hard disk.^[3]

The Falcon was discontinued in late 1993–a year after its introduction–as Atari restructured itself to focus completely on the release and support of the Jaguar video game console. The Falcon sold in relatively small numbers, mainly to hobbyists.^[4]

Hardware

The heart of the system is the 32-bit Motorola 68030 clocked at 16 MHz. It runs at about 4 MIPS^[5] while displaying video modes with the fewest colors. Despite its 32-bit CPU, the Falcon does not have 32-bit architecture throughout its design, as it has a 16-bit data bus and a 24-bit address bus.^[6] This reduces the 68030's performance when not operating inside its tiny cache and limits the maximum system memory to ≈14 MB.

The microprocessor is optionally supported by a Motorola 56001 DSP clocked at 32 MHz and performing 16 million instructions per second.^[7] Although it is oriented to sound processing (it is directly connected to the RAM and codec via an interconnection matrix), it is also capable of graphics processing (for example, calculation of fractals, deformations, 3D projections, and JPEG decompression). It can even, jointly with the 68030, play MP3 files in real time.

Another innovation (for its time) is the VIDEL video controller. The possibilities offered by the graphics processor are limited only by its frequency (25/32 MHz core, adjustable to 50 MHz with a hardware accelerator) and the slowness of the RAM, as the graphics memory is shared with system memory which can degrade performance significantly when using high resolutions or video modes requiring many bit planes. The parameters are numerous; each timing of a video line (start, end, number of pixels, etc.) is adjustable, the image may be interlaced or not, and the vertical frequency can go down to 50 Hz interlaced to display on a television. The number of colors is also adjustable when VIDEL operates in bit plane mode. This mode is available for compatibility with the previous generation, but is quite complex to manage. There is also a true color 16-bit mode in which bits defining each pixel are grouped together to display 65,536 colors simultaneously,^[2] though CPU performance is degraded while displaying this mode.

In addition, Atari adopted the IDE bus in addition to the SCSI bus for connecting hard drives and CD-ROM drives.^[5] This allows for less expensive disk and CD-ROM devices, as SCSI interfaced devices remained relatively expensive. However, the IDE connector is internal and requires case modification to connect two hard disks or a single CD-ROM. The other drawback is that this early IDE port uses only programmed I/O unlike a SCSI drive that can directly access the RAM (DMA).

Specifications

Source:^[5]

Processor: Motorola 68030 at 16 MHz with MMU and 256 byte instruction and data caches
FPU: optional Motorola 68881 or 68882, PLCC socket
DSP: Motorola 56001 DSP chip at 32 MHz (16 MIPS)
Graphics: "VIDEL" fully programmable video controller^[2]
- Palette of 262,144 possible colours (18 bit), 256 new color registers
- Bitplane modes of 2, 4, 16 or 256 colors (1, 2, 4 or 8 bit)
- Chunky 16-bit truecolor mode
- RGB output can feed either 15 kHz RGB monitor or TV, old Atari SM124 monitor or a VGA monitor
- Despite the capabilities of the Videl, the plain TOS allows the user the choice of only a few resolutions up to 640×480 (or even less in the case of 16-bit mode and VGA). In order to achieve the full potential of the Videl, one has to use one of the numerous existing alternative utilities, such as "Videlity", "Videl Inside", "Blow UP", etc.
- BLiTTER graphics co-processor at 16 MHz (mainly for backward compatibility with STE)
- Backwards compatible with all ST resolutions
Character set: Atari ST character set, based on codepage 437
Audio:
- 16-bit audio input and output up to 50 kHz - 8 stereo channels
- SDMA sound/DMA co-processor
- Yamaha Y3439-F 3 Channel PSG (for backward compatibility with ST)
Memory: 1, 4, or 14 MB of RAM with 512 KB ROM
Bus speed: 16 MHz, Bus width: 16 bit
Drives and I/O:
- 2.5 inch IDE hard disk - internal
- 1.44 MB 3.5 inch PC-compatible floppy disk - internal
- External SCSI-II connector
- MIDI IN and OUT
- 2x serial ports
- Bidirectional LPT port
- DSP port with I²S buses for external expansions as ADCs/DACs, S/PDIF or ADAT interfaces
- 2× 9-pin mouse/joystick ports
- 2× analog joystick (compatible with STE and Jaguar)
- ROM/Cartridge port used mainly by dongles and some expansion cards
- LocalTalk-compatible LAN port

Legacy

Atari created a number of prototypes of the Falcon040 (based on the more capable fully pipelined, integrated-FPU, Motorola 68040, and using a "microbox" case), but canceled it. The microbox case resembled the later Sony PlayStation 2, right down to the ability to run it vertically or horizontally.^[8] It is even referenced in the PS2 patent applications.^[9]

In 1995, the music company C-Lab bought the rights to the Falcon hardware design and began producing their own versions. The Falcon Mk I was a direct continuation of Atari's Falcon030 with TOS 4.04. The Falcon Mk II addressed a number of shortcomings in the original design, making it more suitable to use in a recording studio (these were unofficially termed 'Cubase modifications') such as accepting Line-level audio in without the need for a pre-amp or mixer.^[10] The Falcon Mk X was mounted in a 19" 1U rack case, with external keyboard and space for internal SCSI hard disk drives.^[11]

Due to its expansion capabilities, several accelerators have been produced. Some of them overclock the CPU and/or the bus, while others upgrade the CPU to a Motorola 68060.

References

^ Hutchinson, Andy (October 1992). "Falcon Launched to the world". ST Format. Vol. 39. p. 24.^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b ^c "Atari ST TT Falcon". www.atarimania.com. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
^ Richards, Paula (July 1993). "Multitasking for all Atari Machines". ST Format. Vol. 48. p. 7.
^ "Atari: From Boom to Bust and Back Again". Next Generation. No. 4. Imagine Media. April 1995. p. 39.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Atari Falcon 030 - Classic Computer Brochures". Classic Computer Brochures. 2014-10-01. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
^ "Atari Falcon - Computer - Computing History". www.computinghistory.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
^ alldatasheet.com. "DSP56001 Datasheet(PDF) - Motorola, Inc". www.alldatasheet.com. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
^ Smith, Tony. "PlayStation 2 apes ancient Atari?", The Register, 1999-11-17. Retrieved on 2008-07-28.
^ US patent D452688, Teiyu Goto, "Arithmetic and control unit", issued 1999-12-21
^ Peers, Nick (March 1995). "Battle of the birds". ST Format. Vol. 68. p. 11.^{[dead link]}
^ Lendino, Jamie (2019). Faster Than Light: The Atari ST and the 16-Bit Revolution. Steel Gear Press. p. 243. ISBN 9781732355217.