Ayanna Soyini Pressley (born February 3, 1974) is an American politician who has served as the U.S. representative for Massachusetts's 7th congressional district since 2019. This district includes the northern three quarters of Boston, most of Cambridge, parts of Milton, as well as all of Chelsea, Everett, Randolph, and Somerville.[1] Before serving in the United States House of Representatives, Pressley served as an at-large member of the Boston City Council from 2010 through 2019. She was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 2018 after she defeated the ten-term incumbent Mike Capuano in the Democraticprimary election for Massachusetts's 7th congressional district and ran unopposed in the general election.[2] Pressley was the first black woman elected to the Boston City Council and the first black woman elected to Congress from Massachusetts.[3][4] Pressley is a member of "The Squad", a group of progressive Congress members.
Early life and education
Pressley was born in Cincinnati, Ohio,[5] and raised in Chicago, Illinois. Her father, Martin Terrell, struggled with addiction and was incarcerated throughout Pressley's childhood,[6] but eventually earned multiple degrees and taught at the college level.[7] Her mother, Sandra Pressley (née Echols),[8] worked multiple jobs to support the family and also worked as a community organizer for the Chicago Urban League advocating for tenants' rights.[9] The marriage ended in divorce.[8]
Pressley grew up on the north side of Chicago[7] and attended Francis W. Parker School,[10] where she was a cheerleader, did modeling and voice-over work, appeared in Planned Parenthood bus advertisements, and was a competitive debater. During her senior year of high school, she was voted the "most likely to be mayor of Chicago" and was the commencement speaker for her class.[11]
Pressley's mother later moved to Brooklyn, where she worked as an executive assistant and remarried.[8] When Pressley was elected to the Boston City Council, her mother would often attend the public meetings, wearing a hat that said "Mama Pressley".[8]
Pressley has publicly recounted having been a survivor of a "near decade of childhood sexual abuse".[12][13] She has also publicly recounted surviving a sexual assault on the campus of Boston University while a student there.[14]
Early political career
After leaving Boston University Metropolitan College, Pressley worked as a district representative for RepresentativeJoseph P. Kennedy II (D−MA), for whom she had interned during college.[9] She became Kennedy's scheduler, then worked as constituency director, before becoming the political director and senior aide for SenatorJohn Kerry[7] (D-Mass.) In 2009, Pressley served as Kerry's political director.[15]
Supporters of Pressley's 2009 Boston City Council campaign march in the 2009 Dorchester Day Parade
Pressley was first elected to the Boston City Council in November 2009. Upon being sworn in on January 4, 2010, she was the first woman of color to serve in the 100-year history of the Boston City Council.[3][16]
In June 2014, the Boston City Council unanimously passed an ordinance Pressley coauthored with Councilor Michelle Wu, which prohibits its city government "from contracting with any health insurer that denies coverage or 'discriminates in the amount of premium, policy fees, or rates charged...because of gender identity or expression". This ordinance guaranteed healthcare (including gender reassignment surgery, hormone therapy, and mental health services) to transgender city employees and their dependents. Pressley declared, "We can't be a world-class city if anyone is made to feel like a second-class citizen."[19][20]
Pressley attends a 2011 event alongside Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley
Pressley worked on the issue of liquor licenses in the city.[21] The ultimate product of Pressley's push was the passage of state legislation in 2014 granting Boston the authority to distribute 75 additional liquor licenses over a three year period, with the aim of distributing them to less advantaged neighborhoods in order to increase economic activity in those neighborhoods. However, The Boston Globe's Meghan Irons observed that an unintentional impact of this was that, "it created uneven competition. It left out certain neighborhoods. It allowed businesses that were already established to get the licenses."[21] Nevertheless, in 2018, The New York Times called Pressley's work on the matter a "major accomplishment".[22] To remedy the shortfalls, Pressley worked with Mayor Walsh to further expand the number of new available liquor licenses.[21] In 2017, Pressley and Mayor Walsh unveiled a proposal to increase the number of liquor license in the city by 152 over a three year period, with the majority of licenses being granted to underserved communities.[23]
Pressley (far left) with fellow city councilor Tito Jackson, Democratic U.S. Senate nominee Elizabeth Warren, and Suffolk County Clerk of Courts Criminal Business Maura Hennigan at the Boston Caribbean Carnival parade in August 2012
In 2017, the Council passed the Equity in City of Boston Contracts Ordinance, which was sponsored by Pressley and Councilor Michelle Wu. It required that the city create a supplier diversity program to conduct outreach to female and minority-owned businesses in regards to the city contracting process. It also required the city to actively solicit bids from at least one female-owned business and one minority-owned business for contracts under $50,000. It also created a quarterly reporting requirement for the city.[24]
According to Erin O'Brien, a political science professor at University of Massachusetts Boston, Pressley did not have the reputation for being controversial or an outsider during her time on the City Council.[25] O'Brien, in 2018, observed that the city's "old guard" viewed Pressley as a "showboat" but that, "in many communities of color, she is viewed as incredibly exciting and voicing issues the council has ignored."[22]
In the Boston City council election of November 2011, Pressley finished first among at-large candidates with 37,000 votes. She led in 13 of the city's 22 wards and finished second in three others. Pressley won Boston's communities of color and many progressive neighborhoods. In all, she placed first in more than half of Boston's 22 wards.[26] Pressley placed first ticket again in November 2013 and November 2015, and placed second in November 2017 behind only Michelle Wu.[27][28][29]
Pressley delivering victory remarks after her November 2018 congressional election win
In January 2018, Pressley announced her challenge to incumbent United States Representative Michael Capuano in the 2018 Democratic primary nomination for the Massachusetts's 7th congressional district.[31] With a Cook Partisan Voting Index of D+34, the 7th is by far the most Democratic district in New England. The GOP has only nominated a candidate in this district five times since longtime Speaker Tip O'Neill retired in 1986.
The 7th district is traditionally Democratic and is the state's only district where the majority of residents are not white. Capuano received endorsements from civil rights veteran and U.S. Representative John Lewis of Georgia as well as U.S. Representative Maxine Waters of California.[32]
For years before she challenged him, Pressley had been speculated as a likely top-contender to succeed Capuano if he were to retire.[33]
Pressley was endorsed by the editorial boards of both The Boston Globe[34] and the Boston Herald[35] as well as a local chapter of the hotel and electrical worker union.[36] Grassroots movements including Democracy for America, Brand New Congress and the Justice Democrats supported Pressley.[37] She received the endorsements of former Massachusetts Democratic Party chair John E. Walsh,[38] Massachusetts Attorney General Maura Healey,[6] former Newton mayor Setti Warren[39] and Boston city councilor Michelle Wu.[40] The nomination win in New York's 14th congressional district of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez over long-time representative Joseph Crowley increased the visibility of Pressley's campaign.[41][42] While some political commentators distinguished Pressley's campaign from the one of Ocasio-Cortez as Capuano was understood to have one of the most progressive records in Congress, the incumbents both represented districts in which the majority of voters are not white.[43]
Like Capuano, Pressley campaigned as a staunch progressive, admitting that her voting record would likely be almost identical to Capuano's. However, Pressley contended that a reliably liberal voting record was not enough to meet the needs of a district whose demographics and character had changed over the years. She also claimed that the district needed to be represented by someone who would take a more aggressive role in opposing the presidency of Donald Trump. She campaigned with the slogan "change can't wait", and promised that she would bring "activist leadership".[44]
In the September 4, 2018, Democratic primary election, Pressley defeated Capuano by a margin of 59% to 41%.[45] The primary victory was a surprise,[45] as the last poll before the election showed Capuano with a significant lead, 48% to 35%.[46] Part of the reason the polls may have been inaccurate was a surge in the number of primary voters. According to Boston NPR station WBUR, 24 percent of primary voters in the 7th district primary had not voted in the five previous primaries. The percentage of new voters included a disproportionate number of Hispanic and Asian voters.[47] She won the general election unopposed,[48] though the Democratic primary in her district is seen as tantamount to election.[citation needed]
Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley, Dayton NAACP President Derrick L. Foward and NAACP National Policy Advisor Hilary O. Shelton meet at U.S. Capital, discussing upcoming 114th NAACP National Convention to be held in Boston, Massachusetts, in 2023.
Pressley was unopposed for the Democratic nomination.[49] Rayla Campbell, a claims adjuster and occupational zoning activist from Randolph, mounted a write-in campaign as a Republican.[50][49] Pressley won the election.
2022
Presley defeated Republican Donnie Palmer in the general election.
Pressley is a member of the informal group known as "The Squad", whose members form a unified front to push for progressive changes such as the Green New Deal and Medicare-for-all. The other original members of "The Squad" are Ilhan Omar (D-MN), Rashida Tlaib (D-MI), and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY).[55] Pressley is the oldest and most politically experienced of the four, and she was asked by the group to act as their spokesperson after then-President Donald J. Trump attacked them.[25]
In an interview with The Boston Globe in July 2019, Pressley said her office received death threats after President Trump's tweets on July 14, 2019, and in general since her election.[56]
In May 2019, Pressley gave the commencement address to the graduates of University of Massachusetts Boston, saying they are "President Trump's worst nightmare". In her speech, she said, "Represented here today are dreamers and doers, immigrants, people of every race identity, every gender identity and sexuality, sisters rocking Senegalese twists and hijabs."[57]
On September 17, 2019, Pressley filed a resolution that called for the House Judiciary Committee to launch impeachment proceedings against Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh.[58]
In November 2019, Pressley introduced a criminal justice reform resolution that called for decriminalizing consensual sex work, abolishing cash bail, legalizing marijuana, abolishing capital punishment and solitary confinement, and shrinking the U.S. prison population by greater than 80 percent. The house resolution was called The People's Justice Guarantee.[59]
In May 2019, Pressley and Senator Cory Booker introduced the Healthy MOMMIES Act, legislation that would expand Medicaid coverage in an attempt to provide comprehensive prenatal, labor, and postpartum care with an extension of the Medicaid pregnancy pathway from 60 days to a full year following birth for the purpose of assuring new mothers have access to services unrelated to pregnancy. The bill also directed Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program's Payment and Access Commission report its data regarding doula care coverage under state Medicaid programs and subsequently develop strategies aimed at improving access to doula care.[70]
On March 5, 2019, Pressley proposed lowering the voting age from 18 years old to 16 in an amendment she introduced in Congress. This was her first amendment on the House floor and was intended to amend the For the People Act of 2019. Her amendment was defeated 305–126–2, with a slight majority of the Democrats and one Republican voting in favor.[72]
On December 5, 2019, Pressley, Cory Booker, and Representatives Cedric Richmond, Marcia Fudge, and Barbara Lee introduced the Create a Respectful and Open World for Natural Hair (CROWN) Act to ban discrimination based on hair textures and hairstyles that are commonly associated with a particular race or national origin.[73]
Immigration
In June 2018, Pressley called for the defunding of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, saying the law enforcement agency poses an "existential threat" to immigrant communities.[74] In June 2019, Pressley was one of four Democratic representatives to vote against the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Humanitarian Assistance and Security at the Southern Border Act (H.R. 3401), a $4.5 billion border funding bill sponsored by Nita Lowey that required Customs and Border Protection enact health standards for individuals in custody such as forming standards for individuals for "medical emergencies; nutrition, hygiene, and facilities; and personnel training."[75][76][77]
Sexual violence and sex work
In 2018, Pressley said that she would make ending sexual violence a major priority of her work in Congress.[78]
Pressley supports decriminalizing sex work, saying it "would improve the health and safety of sex workers and put them on the path to greater stability." She argued that sex work is the only work available to some marginalized people, especially transgender women of color, and that they would be less at risk if they could self advocate and report unlawful acts committed against them.[79]
Labor
On April 9, 2019, Pressley was one of four House Democrats to introduce the Be HEARD Act, legislation intended to abolish the tipped minimum wage along with ending mandatory arbitration and pre-employment nondisclosure agreements. The bill would also give workers additional time to report harassment.[80][81]
Foreign policy
On July 23, 2019, Pressley voted in favor of H. Res. 246, a House Resolution introduced by Illinois Congressman Brad Schneider that formally condemns the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions movement against Israel. The resolution passed 398–17; Pressley was the only member of "the Squad" to vote in favor of it.[82][83][84] On September 23 Pressley was one of eight Democrats to vote against the funding of Israel's Iron Dome missile defense system.[85]
Speaking at a fundraiser with Ilhan Omar in Somerville, Massachusetts, Pressley condemned the 2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike that killed Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, saying: "It is consistent with the impulsive, reckless, short-sighted foreign policy of the occupant of this White House who I think proceeds as if he's engaging in a game of Battleship and does not prioritize diplomacy."[86]
In 2023, Pressley was among 56 Democrats to vote in favor of H.Con.Res. 21 which directed President Joe Biden to remove U.S. troops from Syria within 180 days.[87][88]
She condemned Hamas's October 2023 attack on Israel. On October 16, 2023, Pressley signed a resolution calling for a ceasefire in the Israel–Hamas war. She said on the press call: "Let me make it plain: the murder of innocent Israeli civilians by Hamas is horrific and unacceptable. And the murder of innocent Palestinian civilians is a horrific and unacceptable response from Israel. Vengeance should not be a foreign policy doctrine."[90]
Student loan forgiveness
In early February 2021, Pressley supported a plan to cancel up to $50,000 in student loan debt for approximately 44 million Americans who have federal student loans. She has asked President Biden to forgive this debt by using executive order rather than going through the legislative process that would likely get bogged down in partisanship. Pressley told The Boston Globe, "It's about an equitable economic recovery. If people really do believe that Black Lives Matter, then the only receipts that matter in this moment are budgets and policies."[91]
Credit reports
As a city councilor, Pressley introduced an ordinance that would have prohibited the use of credit scores by employers in assessing prospective and existing hires.[92]
As a congresswoman, Pressley was the author of a credit report reform bill titled the "Comprehensive Credit Reporting Enhancement, Disclosure, Innovation, and Transparency Act" ("CREDIT Act"). It passed the House 221-to-189 in January 2020. The resolution would have:[93]
Placed limits on employers' use of credit scores in their hiring process
In November 2019, Pressley endorsed Senator Elizabeth Warren for president ahead of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[95] This set Pressley apart from the other three members of "The Squad", who had endorsed Bernie Sanders.[96] Pressley, who was named one of Warren's three national co-chairs, became a prominent surrogate on the campaign circuit.[97] After Warren's withdrawal, Pressley did not transfer her support to Joe Biden or Bernie Sanders[98] until the time of the Democratic National Convention, when she endorsed Biden for president.[99]
Criminal justice reform
Pressley is a supporter of prison reform and supports programs for prisoner reentry that starts well before an inmate has been released from incarceration. In 2020, Pressley's husband, who spent ten years in prison, testified before the United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security saying "All the other things that organizations can offer, like identification cards, are important, but it all starts with where you lay your head at night." In the autumn of 2019, Pressley introduced a resolution calling for an overhaul of the criminal justice system called the People's Justice Guarantee.[100]
In early June 2020, Pressley and Libertarian representative Justin Amash introduced the End Qualified Immunity Act.[101][102] The act would remove from law enforcement officers, and other officials, the protection of qualified immunity that had routinely protected them from prosecution when they could claim that acts that would otherwise trigger criminal charges had been committed as part of performing their official duties.[103]
Public transit and infrastructure
April 2023 press conference by Pressley (far right) and Senator Ed Markey (second from right) promoting their "Freedom to Move" legislation. They are joined by Boston Mayor Michelle Wu (second from left) and others
Pressley advocates for making public transit fare-free for users. In 2020, she co-authored the Freedom to Move Act with Senator Ed Markey, which would have offered $5 billion in annual competitive grants to transit agencies that offer fare-free transit access.[104] She and Markey reintroduced the bill in April 2023.[105]
On November 5, 2021, Pressley was one of six House Democrats who broke with their party and voted with a majority of Republicans against the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, a $1.2trillion infrastructure spending bill.[106][107]
Voting age
In January 2023, Pressley was one of 13 cosponsors of an amendment to the Constitution of the United States extending the right to vote to citizens sixteen years of age or older.[108]
Pressley with her husband in 2019Pressley speaking in the House chamber about her alopecia
Pressley lives in Boston's Dorchester neighborhood with her husband, Conan Harris,[110] and her stepdaughter.[3]
In January 2019, her husband resigned from his position as a senior public safety adviser at Boston City Hall to form his own consulting firm, Conan Harris & Associates.[111]
Pressley has stated that she is a "woman of faith" who "grew up in the church" and she is the granddaughter of a Baptist preacher.[112][113]
She has been public about her experience as a survivor of child sexual abuse,[114] and also of having been sexually assaulted while a student at Boston University.[14]
In January 2020, Pressley revealed that she had been diagnosed with alopecia areata, resulting in the loss of all of her hair; she said in a public announcement, "I want to be freed from the secret and the shame that that secret carries with it."[115] In 2022, she appeared in the docuseries The Hair Tales, where she discussed her experience of alopecia.[116]
^"Women of Color in Congress". History, Art, & Archives. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
^Herndon, Astead W (November 6, 2019). "Ayanna Pressley Endorses Elizabeth Warren for President". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020. Ms. Pressley was not a part of the initial round of home-state endorsements during Ms. Warren's campaign launch earlier this year, leading to speculation that she would sit out the presidential primary or back Ms. Harris, the 2020 race's only black woman. Instead, Ms. Pressley joined Ms. Warren's cause, politically cementing the informal friendship that has existed among them for years.
^Atkins, Kimberly (March 5, 2020). "Warren Promises To Talk Sexism Later, But Others Aren't Waiting". WBUR. Archived from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020. One of Warren's most visible surrogates on the campaign trail — from Boston to South Carolina to Iowa — was Rep. Ayanna Pressley, who endorsed Warren early on despite the other members of the so-called "Squad" of progressive congresswomen of color backing Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders.
^Bonnie Kristian (June 5, 2020). "How the Supreme Court could change policing in an instant". The Week. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020. Though the text of the bill has yet to be released as of this writing, so the exact provisions remain unknown, Rep. Justin Amash (L-Mich.) is partnering with Rep. Ayanna Pressley (D-Mass.) to introduce the 'End Qualified Immunity Act.''Qualified immunity was created by the Supreme Court in contravention of the text of the [Civil Rights Act of 1871] and the intent of Congress,' Amash argued in a letter urging colleagues to support his bill. 'It is time for us to correct their mistake [ ... and] ensure that those whose rights are violated by the police aren't forced to suffer the added injustice of being denied their day in court.'
^Sibilla, Nick (June 11, 2020). "Court Rejects Qualified Immunity For Cops Who Shot A "Motionless" black Man 22 Times". Forbes magazine. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020. That proposal comes on the heels of the End Qualified Immunity Act, sponsored by Reps. Justin Amash (L-MI) and Ayanna Pressley (D-MA), which would end qualified immunity for all local and state government officials, not just police officers and prison guards.
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Thermoplastic polymer Polypropylene (PP) Names IUPAC name Poly(1-methylethylene) Other names Polypropylene; Polypropene;Polipropene 25 [USAN]; Propene polymers;Propylene polymers; 1-Propene; [-Ch2-Ch(Ch3)-]n Identifiers CAS Number 9003-07-0 Y ChemSpider None ECHA InfoCard 100.117.813 UNII 1ASA949VIC Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID00872805 Properties Chemical formula (C3H6)n Density 0.855 g/cm3, amorphous 0.946 g/cm3, crystalline Melting point 130 to 171 °C (266 to 340 …
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