Ayyankali

Mahatma Ayyankali
Mahatma Ayyankali
Born	28 August 1863; Venganoor, Kingdom of Travancore; (present day Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India)
Died	18 June 1941 (aged 77); thiruvananthapuram Madras Presidency, British India;
Spouse	Chellamma (m. 1888)
Children	7

Mahatma Ayyankali (28 August 1863 – 18 June 1941) was an Indian politician, prominent social reformer, educator, economist, lawmaker, and revolutionary leader. He worked for the advancement of the oppressed people in the princely state of Travancore. His struggle resulted in many changes that improved the socio-political structure of Kerala. His determined and relentless efforts changed the lives of Dalits.^[2]

Background

Ayyankali was born on 28 August 1863 in Venganoor, Thiruvananthapuram, Travancore. He was the first of eight children born to Ayyan and Mala, who were members of the Pulayar community. The family led a marginally better life compared to other Pulayars as they were given 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land by the landlord with whom Ayyan was an Adiyalan spending all his time serving the Janmi or Zamindar (feudal landlord).^[3] Members of the Pulayar community generally worked as bonded labor to the Janmis during this time and did not have the right to own land or even enter temples to pray.^[4]

The region in which Ayyankali lived, which now forms a part of the state of Kerala, was particularly affected by social divisions during his lifetime and was described as a "mad house" of castes.^[5] The Pulayars were regarded as the slaves of the agrarian society in the kingdom^[6] and they suffered greatly from oppressive discrimination, particularly from the landowning castes including the Nair caste.^[7]

Suffering from this social injustice caused Ayyankali to join his Pulayar friends who gathered at the end of their workday to sing and dance to folk music that protested the situation.

Some joined him in forming a group that challenged the members of the oppressor castes sometimes leading to physical fights. His popularity earned him the names of Urpillai and Moothapullai translated roughly as 'Leader of the Land' or 'Elder Leader'.^[7]

Ayyankali married Chellamma in 1888. The couple had seven children.^[1]

Campaigning

Freedom of movement

In 1893, Ayyankali, dressed in clothing traditionally associated with oppressor caste people,^[8] and defied the social conventions that applied to oppressed people by riding on a road in a bullock cart he had bought. Both the act of purchase and that of traveling on a road that was traditionally the domain of the upper castes were daring acts. In a similar act of defiance, he entered the marketplace at Nedumangad. These protests, which have been described by Nisar and Kanadasamy as "laying claim to the public space", strengthened the resolve of others from the oppressed communities of Travancore to shake off the shackles of social oppression, leading to further acts of protest elsewhere, such as in Kazhakkoottam.^[9] The outcome of the continued protest marches, which sometimes turned violent, became known as Chaliyar riots.^[8] By 1900, the Pulayars gained the right to use most roads in the state, although they were still barred from roads that led to Hindu temples.^[10]

Later, in 1904, Ayyankali was inspired by the speech of the reformist Ayyavu Swamikal. He had been preaching the need to break caste divisions because he thought that doing so would limit the number of people who were converting from Hinduism to Christianity.^[a] A branch of Swamikal's Brahma Nishta Matam, an organisation, was established in that year by Ayyankali and some friends in Venganoor. Ayyankali also drew inspiration from the activities of Narayana Guru, a contemporary social reformer from the Ezhava caste, although the two men differed in their philosophy and the means of turning it into reality.^[12] The Ezhava and Pulayar communities did ally occasionally with each other on occasions, one of which was the campaign to gain access to the Hindu temple in Vaikom.^[13]

Education

Ayyankali also sought to improve access to education for the oppressed classes. A few Pulayars had gained access to schools set up by the Colonial Missionary Society and London Missionary Society from around the mid-nineteenth century.^[b] Conversion to Christianity was a prerequisite for attendance at such schools, and there were cases where Pulayars offered to contribute to the cost of supplying teachers for them.^[14] However, Ayyankali, who was illiterate,^[15] believed that education should be available to all children and this meant that government schools should allow access to untouchables.^[14]

The government was already attempting to modernize its approach to social welfare. Several public schools were opened for "untouchable" communities after 1895 but the right to primary education was limited in scope.^[14] State funding of education became effective in 1904^[16] but even after the government ordered schools to admit children "untouchable" castes in 1907, local officials found ways to refuse it.^[14] In that year, helped by the experience gained from organizing the Brahma Nishta Mattam,^[17] Ayyankali founded the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangham (SJPS) (Association for the Protection of the Poor) which campaigned for access to schools and raised funds to set up Pulayar-operated schools in the interim.^[13] This attracted support from both Hindus and Christians.^[18]^[c]

An attempt by Ayyankali to enroll a Pulayar girl in a government school led to violent acts perpetrated by oppressor castes against the community and eventually to the burning down of the school building in the village of Ooruttambalam. His response was an organized strike of agricultural labor, a first strike action by oppressed agricultural laborers of the region. They withdrew from the paddy fields owned by the oppressor castes until the government acceded to their demand for removing restrictions based on caste to education.^[19]^[d]

Ayyankali was also central to the success of the Pulaya challenge against the traditional strictures that prohibited females of the community from covering their upper body in the public. The oppressor caste Hindus had insisted the custom was necessary to distinguish the low status of untouchable people. During the 19th century, this belief came under increasing attack from various untouchable groups and Christian missionaries. The Channar revolt helped the Nadar people to not follow the practice before Ayyankali's birth. However, this revolt did not do anything for the Pulaya self-dignity to cover themselves until 1915–16.^[20]

Representation

Ayyankali later became a member of the assembly of Travancore, known as the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly (SMPA) or Praja Sabha.^[16]

Public acceptance, honors and veneration

In 2002, Ayyanakali was commemorated on an Indian postage stamp.

The historian P. Sanal Mohan has described Ayyankali as "the most important leader of modern Kerala".^[2] He is also known as the Kerala Spartacus. The anniversary of Ayyankali's birth has been celebrated by his descendants and by special interest groups.^[21]

References

Notes

^ The number of conversions to Christianity had burgeoned after 1860, when the influence of Christian missionaries as a route to achieving social change became apparent to the oppressed population.^[11]
^ The London Missionary Society established the Pulaya Charity School in Thiruvananthapuram in 1861, and similar schools were built across the region.^[14]
^ Sources vary regarding whether Ayyankali or Krishnathi Asan later founded the All-Cochin Pulaya Maha Sabha (Pulaya Great Assembly) in 1913.^[13]^[16]
^ The date of this strike is disputed. Some sources say it occurred in 1915 but others say 1907-08.^[10]

Citations

^ ^a ^b Nisar & Kandasamy (2007), p. 65
^ ^a ^b Mohan (2013), p. 249
^ Nisar & Kandasamy (2007), pp. 64–65
^ Oommen (2001)
^ Nossiter (1982), pp. 25–27
^ Mendelsohn & Vicziany (1998), p. 86
^ ^a ^b Nisar & Kandasamy (2007), pp. 65–66
^ ^a ^b Nisar & Kandasamy (2007), p. 67
^ Nisar & Kandasamy (2007), pp. 66–68
^ ^a ^b Mendelsohn & Vicziany (1998), p. 97
^ Padmanabhan (2010), p. 104
^ Nisar & Kandasamy (2007), p. 69
^ ^a ^b ^c Thachil (2014), p. 190
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Padmanabhan (2010), pp. 104–106
^ Mendelsohn & Vicziany (1998), p. 263
^ ^a ^b ^c Houtart & Lemercinier (1978)
^ Nisar & Kandasamy (2007), p. 68
^ Mohan (2013), p. 231
^ Ramachandran (2000), pp. 103–106
^ Mendelsohn & Vicziany (1998), pp. 85–86
^ "Tributes paid to Ayyankali". The Hindu. 2 September 2001. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

Bibliography

Houtart, Francois; Lemercinier, Genevieve (June 1978), "Socio-Religious Movements in Kerala: A Reaction to the Capitalist Mode of Production: Part One", Social Scientist, 6 (11): 3–34, doi:10.2307/3516609, JSTOR 3516609
Jeffrey, Robin (1976), The Decline of Nayar Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore 1847–1908, Sussex University Press, ISBN 0-85621-054-4
Mendelsohn, Oliver; Vicziany, Marika (1998), The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty and the State in Modern India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-52155-671-2
Mohan, P. Sanal (2013), "Religion, Social Space, and Identity: The Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha and the Making of Cultural Boundaries in Twentieth Century Kerala", in Channa, Subhadra Mitra; Mencher, Joan P. (eds.), Life as a Dalit: Views from the Bottom on Caste in India, SAGE Publications India, ISBN 978-8-13211-777-3
Nisar, M.; Kandasamy, Meena (2007), Ayyankali — Dalit Leader of Organic Protest, Other Books, ISBN 978-8-19038-876-4
Nossiter, Thomas Johnson (1982), "Kerala's identity: unity and diversity", Communism in Kerala: a study in political adaptation, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04667-2
Oommen, T. K. (September 2001), "Civil Society: Religion, Caste and Language in India", Sociological Bulletin, 50 (2): 219–235, doi:10.1177/0038022920010204, JSTOR 23619840, S2CID 152165092
Padmanabhan, Roshni (2010), "Learning to Learn: Dalit Education in Kerala", in Raman, K. Ravi (ed.), Development, Democracy and the State: Critiquing the Kerala Model of Development, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-13515-006-8
Ramachandran, V. K. (2000), "Kerala's Development Achievement and their Replicability", in Parayil, Govinda (ed.), Kerala: the Development Experience: Reflections on Sustainability and Replicability, Zed Books, ISBN 978-1-85649-727-5
Thachil, Tariq (2014), Elite Parties, Poor Voters: How Social Services Win Votes in India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-10707-008-0

KM Seethi,”Mahatma Ayyankali: Trailblazer of Dalit Emanicipation,”

EurasiaReview,https://www.eurasiareview.com/29112021-mahatma-ayyankali-trailblazer-of-dalit-emancipation/

External links

[12] The number of conversions to Christianity had burgeoned after 1860, when the influence of Christian missionaries as a route to achieving social change became apparent to the oppressed population.^[11]

[16] The London Missionary Society established the Pulaya Charity School in Thiruvananthapuram in 1861, and similar schools were built across the region.^[14]

[21] Sources vary regarding whether Ayyankali or Krishnathi Asan later founded the All-Cochin Pulaya Maha Sabha (Pulaya Great Assembly) in 1913.^[13]^[16]

[23] The date of this strike is disputed. Some sources say it occurred in 1915 but others say 1907-08.^[10]

[FOOTNOTENisarKandasamy200765-1] Nisar & Kandasamy (2007), p. 65

[FOOTNOTEMohan2013249-2] Mohan (2013), p. 249

[FOOTNOTENisarKandasamy200764–65-3] Nisar & Kandasamy (2007), pp. 64–65

[FOOTNOTEOommen2001-4] Oommen (2001)

[FOOTNOTENossiter198225–27-5] Nossiter (1982), pp. 25–27

[FOOTNOTEMendelsohnVicziany199886-6] Mendelsohn & Vicziany (1998), p. 86

[FOOTNOTENisarKandasamy200765–66-7] Nisar & Kandasamy (2007), pp. 65–66

[FOOTNOTENisarKandasamy200767-8] Nisar & Kandasamy (2007), p. 67

[FOOTNOTENisarKandasamy200766–68-9] Nisar & Kandasamy (2007), pp. 66–68

[FOOTNOTEMendelsohnVicziany199897-10] Mendelsohn & Vicziany (1998), p. 97

[FOOTNOTEPadmanabhan2010104-11] Padmanabhan (2010), p. 104

[FOOTNOTENisarKandasamy200769-13] Nisar & Kandasamy (2007), p. 69

[FOOTNOTEThachil2014190-14] Thachil (2014), p. 190

[FOOTNOTEPadmanabhan2010104–106-15] Padmanabhan (2010), pp. 104–106

[FOOTNOTEMendelsohnVicziany1998263-17] Mendelsohn & Vicziany (1998), p. 263

[FOOTNOTEHoutartLemercinier1978-18] Houtart & Lemercinier (1978)

[FOOTNOTENisarKandasamy200768-19] Nisar & Kandasamy (2007), p. 68

[FOOTNOTEMohan2013231-20] Mohan (2013), p. 231

[FOOTNOTERamachandran2000103–106-22] Ramachandran (2000), pp. 103–106

[FOOTNOTEMendelsohnVicziany199885–86-24] Mendelsohn & Vicziany (1998), pp. 85–86

[25] "Tributes paid to Ayyankali". The Hindu. 2 September 2001. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

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Ayyankali

Background

Campaigning

Freedom of movement

Education

Representation

Public acceptance, honors and veneration

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

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