Battle of Constantine

Siege of Constantine
	Part of French conquest of Algeria
	; A square of the 2nd Light Infantry Regiment under Nicolas Changarnier covering the retreat from Constantine, by Auguste Raffet
Date	21 November 1836 – 24 November 1836
Location	Constantine, French Algeria
Result	Algerian victory
Belligerents
France	Beylik of Constantine
Commanders and leaders
Bertrand Clausel; Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours; Camille Alphonse Trézel; Alexandre-Gaultier de Rigny	Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif; Ali ben Aissa
Strength
8,070 (including 30 officers)	1,200
Casualties and losses
453 deaths; 304 wounded	Unknown

The aim of the 1836 Battle of Constantine to conquer the Algerian city of Constantine involved an attack that was a French failure.^[3]^[4]^[5]

The expedition

Commanded by Bertrand Clauzel, the French expeditionary force amounting to 8,040 men and 30 officers,^[1] left Bône on November 9; on the 18th, it crossed the pass of Râs-el-Akba and was only two marches from Constantine. After an encampment at Raz-Oued-Zenati, the French army endured difficult climatic conditions. The army had reached very high areas. During the night, rain, snow and hail fell with such abundance and continuity that the soldiers, in the bivouac, were exposed to all the rigors of a Russian winter. The land, completely broken up, recalled the mud of Poland.

The army marched further on the 20th and arrived, with the exception of the baggage and a rear guard, in Constantine, where it was forced to stop. The cold was excessive. Several men had their feet frozen; others perished during the night, because since in Raz-el-Akba there was not enough wood to start a fire. Finally, the reinforcements, thanks to which the teams were doubled and tripled, having joined the army, the French army crossed the Bou-Merzoug, one of the tribes of the Wadi Rhummel, on the 21st, and took up position under the walls of Constantine.

The city was defended by nature itself: a ravine 60 m wide, immense depth, and at the bottom of which flows the Rhummel wadi, presents for escarp and counterscarp a sheer-cut rock, unassailable by mine as by the ball. The Mansourah plateau was connected to the city by a very narrow bridge leading to a very strong double door, well defended by the musketry fires of the houses and gardens which surround it.

The siege

Clauzel occupied the plateau of Mansourah with the Duke of Nemours and the troops of General Trézel; General de Rigny was ordered to seize the hills of Koudiat-Aty, to pacify the marabouts and the cemeteries in front of the Ez-Rabahah gate and to block this gate. However, it was impossible for the French army to lead on this point, as the field artillery, was not yet ready. Ahmed Bey shut himself up in Constantine and entrusted its defense to his general (khalifa) Ali Ben Aïssa, who has recruited about 1,200 soldiers, all of whom were determined to defend the city from French colonialism.

The French avant-garde brigade moved to the heights where resistance was successfully defeated. The marshal directed artillery fire against the El-Cantara gate. On the 22nd, the brigade fought against the Muslims who came out through doors that the French Army could not block. The weather continued to be dreadful: the snow was falling in large flakes, the wind was freezing and finally ammunition and food were exhausted. On the 23rd, a new attack against the French who were repulsed. Two simultaneous attacks on the French, on the night of 23-24, were semi-successful, as many French soldiers were put out of action, either killed, wounded, or captured.

French Retreat

On the 24th, Clauzel ordered the retreat. This first day was very difficult; the entire garrison and a multitude of cavalry attacked the rear guard fiercely, including Commander Nicolas Changarnier, of the 2nd Light Infantry. Surrounded by enemies, he formed his battalion in a square and, at the moment of a terrible attack, opened a fire of two ranks at close range, which covered three sides of the square with men and horses.

On the 26th, the French Army camped at Sidi Tamtam. On the 27th, it had passed the difficult parade which led to the Ras el Agba pass, and the Muslims abandoned their pursuit. On the 28th, she reached Guelma, where it left its patients. The losses amounted to 1,000 men for the retreat alone.^[6]

References

Translated from the French wikipedia's page on the subject Siége de Constantine (1836)

^ ^a ^b ^c Ernest Mercier (26 March 2012). Les Deux Sièges de Constantine (1836-1837). HACHETTE LIVRE. pp. 14–19. ISBN 978-2-01-269367-8.
^ ^a ^b Bertrand Goujon (2012-10-04). Monarchies postrévolutionnaires. 1814-1848: (1814-1848). Editions du Seuil. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-2-02-109445-9.
^ Historical Dictionary of Algeria - Phillip C. Naylor Citation
^ Encyclopedia of African History: A - G.. 1 Citation
^ North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present - Phillip C. Naylor Citation
^ Pierre Montagnon (2012-12-15). Histoire de l'Algérie. Des origines à nos jours. Pygmalion. pp. 203–. ISBN 978-2-7564-0921-4.