Battle of Pistoria

Battle of Pistoria
	Part of Catilinarian conspiracy
Date	c. 3 January 62 BC
Location	near Pistoria (today called Pistoia)
Result	Government victory
Belligerents
Roman Republic	Catilinarian rebels
Commanders and leaders
Marcus Petreius; Gaius Antonius Hybrida;	Catiline †
Strength
More than Catiline	At least 3,000

The Battle of Pistoria was fought early January 62 BC between the forces of the Roman Republic and Catiline, a senatorial conspirator who had been organising an attempted conspiracy against the consuls the previous year.

After his conspiracy was uncovered in early November 63 BC and he was denounced by Cicero he withdrew from Rome and went north into Etruria to join forces with his man there, Gaius Manlius.^[1] After arriving there, Catiline took up magisterial insignia; he and Manlius were declared hostes by the Senate. It also assigned Gaius Antonius Hybrida – co-consul with Cicero for 63 BC^[2] – to lead an army against the insurrectionists.^[3] Antonius' campaign continued into the new year and he was prorogued as proconsul.^[4]

After word of the conspiracy's collapse with the death of its leaders in Rome, Catiline tried to escape for Transalpine Gaul but was blocked by three legions under Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer.^[5] With his escape route to Gaul blocked, he withdrew south from the Apennine passes and toward Antonius' encamped at Faesulae.^[6] When Antonius was reinforced by a detachment led by Publius Sestius in the last days of December, he moved out to engage the Catilinarians,^[7] engaging them probably in the first days of January.^[8]

By the time of the battle, Catiline's army had dwindled to somewhere north of three thousand.^[9]^[10] The strength of Antonius' forces is unclear but Sallust implies that his army outnumbered Catiline's.^[11] On the day of the battle, Antonius was afflicted with gout and passed command to his legate, Marcus Petreius.^[12] Catiline's forces initially held, but Petreius summoned his praetorian cohort and broke the Catilinarian centre, routing Catiline's army.^[13] Catiline was found dead in the midst of his enemy far forward from his line of the battle.^[14]

References

Citations

^ Golden 2013, p. 129.
^ Broughton 1952, p. 165.
^ Golden 2013, p. 130; Broughton 1952, p. 166.
^ Broughton 1952, p. 175.
^ Sumner 1963, pp. 215–16.
^ Sumner 1963, p. 217. Also rejecting Sallust's implication (Sall. Cat., 57.4) that he was pinned between both armies simultaneously.
^ Sumner 1963, p. 217.
^ See Sumner 1963, p. 218.
^ Sumner 1963, p. 215, citing Dio 37.40.1.
^ Gruen 1995, p. 430, citing Dio 37.40.1; Gruen dismisses Appian's claim (App. BCiv. 2.7) of twenty thousand as "grossly inflated".
^ Sall. Cat., 53.20. "In this narrow defile the superior numbers of the enemy cannot surround us".
^ Sall. Cat., 59.4.
^ Sall. Cat., 60.
^ Sall. Cat., 61.

Sources

Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
Golden, Gregory K (2013). Crisis management during the Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05590-2. OCLC 842919750.
Gruen, Erich (1995). The last generation of the Roman republic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02238-6.
Sallust (1921) [1st century BC]. "Bellum Catilinae". Sallust. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rolfe, John C. Cambridge: Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius.
Sumner, GV (1963). "The last journey of L Sergius Catilina". Classical Philology. 58 (4): 215–219. doi:10.1086/364820. ISSN 0009-837X. JSTOR 266531. S2CID 162033864.
Phillips, EJ (1976). "Catiline's conspiracy". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 25 (4): 441–448. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435521.
Yavetz, Z (1963). "The failure of Catiline's conspiracy". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 12 (4): 485–499. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4434810.