This battle was fought by the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu against a coalition of Ishida Mitsunari, several of which defected before or during the battle, leading to a Tokugawa victory. The Battle of Sekigahara was the largest battle of Japanese feudal history and is often regarded as the most important.
Mitsunari's defeat in the battle of Sekigahara is considered as the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate establishment, which ruled Japan for another two and a half centuries until 1868.[6]
Katō Kiyomasa and other generals opposed Mitsunari and Konishi Yukinaga. Tokugawa Ieyasu gathered both Kiyomasa and Masanori to his cause in a bid to challenge the opposition from Mitsunari, who claimed to fight for the cause of the Toyotomi clan.[9] At this moment, political tensions were high in the capital as rumors of assassination attempts towards Ieyasu floated, while a son of Maeda Toshiie, Toshinaga, was accused of being involved in the conspiracy and forced to submit to Ieyasu.[9]Uesugi Kagekatsu, one of Hideyoshi's regents, stood against Ieyasu by building up his army, which Ieyasu officially questioned and demanded answers about Kagekatsu's suspicious activity to Kyoto. Naoe Kanetsugu, responded with a mocking letter towards Ieyasu's own violations of Hideyoshi's orders.[10]
Mitsunari met with Ōtani Yoshitsugu, Mashita Nagamori and Ankokuji Ekei and conspired to raise anti-Tokugawa army. They then also appointed Mōri Terumoto to be the overall commander. They formed what came to be referred to as the Western Army. Mōri immediately marched and captured Osaka Castle, while the main army of Tokugawa were still on their way to suppress Kagekatsu.[11]
At first, Mitsunari wanted to use Gifu Castle, which at that time were commanded by grandson of Oda Nobunaga, Oda Hidenobu, and Ōgaki Castle as choke points to impede the Eastern army advances.[12] However, several developments of war forced him to abort the plan as:
Mitsunari realized that the Tokugawa army was heading towards Osaka castle.[21]
As the Western Army failed to secure Gifu and Ōgaki castles as their strategic bases, and the Osaka castle being threatened, Mitsunari changed his plan and prepared his army for an open battle on the field of Sekigahara against the main body of Eastern Army led by Ieyasu.[12] As preparation for the inevitable conflict, Ieyasu had also bought massive amounts of Tanegashima (gun) matchlock .[21]
However, one day before the battle begin, in September 14, the Mōri clan of Western Army, through their vassal named Kikkawa Hiroie, colluding with the Eastern Army and promised the Mōri clan would change sides during battle, on the condition they would be pardoned after the war ended. The correspondencies between the Mōri clan with Eastern army involved Hiroie with Kuroda Yoshitaka and Kuroda Nagamasa as representatives of the Eastern Army.[22]
The battle
At dawn on October 21, 1600, the Tokugawa advance guard stumbled into Ishida's army. Neither side saw each other because of the dense fog caused by the earlier rain. Both sides panicked and withdrew, but each was now aware of their adversary's presence.[21] Mitsunari placed his position in defensive formation, while Ieyasu deployed his forces south of the Western Army position. Last-minute orders were issued and the battle began. Traditional opinion has stated the battle was started around 8:00 am.[23] However, recent Japanese historians research estimates that the battle was actually started at 10:00 am.[24][25][b]
The battle started when Ii Naomasa, who was heavily involved in the Battle of Gifu Castle before, immediately commanded his notable 3,600 crimson clad Ii no Akazoane (Ii's red devils) units to attack the center of the Western army.[27][28] Meanwhile, Watanabe Daimon explained that by many indications of the battle records, the assignment of Naomasa as Ichiban-yari or the first unit to charge the enemy when the battle started, the armies may have been already settled before the battle. Masanori has agreed with Naomasa's intention to lead the first attack, since Daimon argued that Naomasa was appointed by Ieyasu as the supreme field commander, who was responsible for all commands and strategies during the clash in Sekigahara.[c]
Naomasa charged onwards with 30 spearmen and clashed with the ranks of the Western army.[29] Meanwhile, Fukushima Masanori charging forth from his position, followed the track of Naomasa and immediately engaged with Hideie troops.[30]
At this point, the battle entered a deadlock. Ōta Gyūichi - who was present at the battle - wrote in his chronicle that "friends and foes are pushing each other" and "gunfire thunders while hails of arrows fly in the sky...".[31][32] According to the records from Spanish accounts, There are 19 cannons from the De Liefde [nl], a Dutch trading ship that English sailor William Adams came to Japan on, was used by Tokugawa's army at this battle as well.[33][34]
During the battle of Sekigahara, there are several Western army who changes their sides. The most notable one was Kobayakawa Hideaki, one of the daimyō who had been courted by Tokugawa. There are two versions regarding the timeline of Hideaki's defection:
The conventional theory regarding Hideaki's defection has stated that the defection occurred half-way of the battle. Although he had agreed to defect to the Tokugawa side beforehand, during the actual battle, Hideaki was allegedly hesitant and remained neutral, and is reported to have joined the battle only around noon as a member of the Eastern Army. Some later historical accounts claim that as the battle grew more intense, Ieyasu finally ordered his arquebuses to fire at Kobayakawa's position on Mount Matsuo to force a choice.[35] This version allegedly originated from an anecdote about Hideaki which surfaced from Edo period.[24]
Modern Japanese researchers of Sekigahara battle such as Jun Shiramine and Junji Mitsunare more leaned to the theory that Kobayakawa Hideaki already defected to the side of Tokugawa from the start of the battle, based on the correspondence documents between Hideaki and Kuroda Nagamasa before the battle, the disposition of Otani Yoshitsugu's army position which allegedly already aware of Hideaki's potential betrayal at the start of the battle,[24] Stephen Turnbull also argued the sheer distance between the Eastern Army positions and Kobayakawa's, far out of range of arquebuses and likely too far for a shot to even be heard, make this very unlikely.[35] and that the "story about Ieyasu ordering ‘cannon-shot’ into his ranks to push Hideaki defection was unverified and unreliable story."[35] On the other hand, Yūichi Goza gave his explanation that the story about Ieyasu shooting his cannon to the location of Hideaki came from secondary sources that appeared in Edo period, so he assumed the story of Kobayakawa hesitation and dramatization of the event were embellishment from Pro-Tokugawa Shogunate historiography to depict the hard struggle of Ieyasu in Sekigahara.[36]
Regardless of what actually transpired, in the end Kobayakawa forces has overwhelmed Yoshitsugu's position.[23] At the same time, The troops of Yoshitsugu also engaged the troops of Tōdō Takatora and Oda Yūraku.[citation needed]
Another defectors who followed suit with Hideaki step was Western Army daimyos Wakisaka Yasuharu, Ogawa Suketada, Akaza Naoyasu and Kutsuki Mototsuna who also change their sides during the battle, turning the tide of battle. these four commanders were recorded to establish contact with Tōdō Takatora, one of Eastern Army main commander, and being promised with secret deal. Their contact with Takatora occurred several days before the battle.[37]
Another Turncoat who changed their allegiance from the Western Army came from the Mōri clan. Mōri Terumoto and his forces had remained entrenched at Osaka Castle rather than join the battle, and later after the battle was over, Terumoto, through his vassal, Kikkawa Hiroie, quietly surrender to Ieyasu.[38] Professor Yoshiji Yamasaki of Toho University has concluded. If such a neutrality-for-territorial-preservation agreement existed, then it badly backfired on Mōri, as domains which were possessed by the Mōri clan were instead reduced afterward, and some Mōri faction troops did indeed fight for the Alliance's side at Sekigahara rather than stay neutral. Although this was not widespread among the Mōri clan, as Mōri Hidemoto was still genuinely trying to aid the Western Army, his efforts were sabotaged by a Mōri clan vassal named Kikkawa Hiroie, who refused to cooperate and, stating he was still eating, stationed his troops in front of Hidemoto, obstructing Hidemoto troops advancing to help Mitsunari. Furthermore, Hiroie also obstructed another Western Army contingent led by Chōsokabe Morichika from marching and attacking the Tokugawa forces.[39]
Western Army collapsed
Map position of the opposing forces at Sekigahara from the "Japanese War History series" published by Army general staff in 1893. However it is deemed unreliable by Shiramine Jun.[d]
Watanabe Daimon stated that one of most notable cracks within the Western Army forces occurred from Ukita Hideie's front. On this field, forces of Hideie began to wane and steadily overcame by the forces of Fukushima Masanori due to their difference of qualities.[41] It was said that the reason of the difference between Ukita with Fukushima soldiers cohesion was due to the Ukita clan's riot before the war, which caused many senior samurai vassals of Ukita clan deserted their ranks and joined the Tokugawa faction.[42] This prompted Ukita Hideie to enter the Sekigahara battlefield with fresh recruits of freelance Rōnin mercenaries to fill the gap left within his army. This proved fatal for them in long duration battle where their less disciplined mercenaries must fight against the more disciplined and trained regular army of Fukushima clan, as the Ukita clan ranks now began to break their cohesion and finally collapsed under pressure despite their forces has outnumbered the forces of Fukushima Masanori themselves.[41]
Meanwhile, Ōtani Yoshitsugu's forces retreated as Yoshitsugu committed suicide,[43] leaving the Western Army's right flank wide open, which exploited by Masanori and Hideaki to roll the flank of Western Army. Mitsunari, who realized the situation was desperate, also commencing retreat to his troops.[23] Meanwhile, a surviving Western army commander, Shima Sakon now suddenly fought the troops of Kuroda Nagamasa, who had taken a detour on the north to flank the Mitsunari and Sakon positions.[44] In the end, Sakon was shot and fatally wounded by a round from an arquebus.[45]
Edo period screen depicting the Battle of Sekigahara – 160,000 men fought on 21 October 1600.
Shimazu Yoshihiro found his troops completely surrounded by the troops of Honda Tadakatsu and Masanori from the front, while Hideaki troops struck his rear.[46][47] The Shimazu clan only manage to get out of encirclement after huge casualties and only 200 soldiers under Yoshihiro left. However, the ordeal of Yoshihiro did not stop as Ii Naomasa chased him tenaciously. Only after Naomasa was incapacitated by gun shot from a rifleman did the chasers stop pursuing them.[48]
In the end, as the Western Army forces crumbled while no reinforcements came in, which further complicated by the massive amount of their army defections amid the clash, the battle was finally over.[23] Historian Andō Yūichirō estimated by all account, this battle in Sekigahara was only taking place just about 4 hours duration, contrary to the Edo period portrayal that the battle goes from 8 pm until noon.[25]
Meanwhile, 15,000 soldiers of Western Army were being held up by 500 troops under Hosokawa Yūsai at Siege of Tanabe in Maizuru, Kyoto Prefecture.[50] Some of those 15,000 troops respected Hosokawa. Due to these incidents, large numbers of soldiers from both Eastern and Western Army did not participate in Sekigahara.[51]
Another Western Army continent which failed to reach the Sekigahara battlefield was a force led by Tachibana Muneshige, who had been stalled by Kyōgoku Takatsugu in the Siege of Ōtsu.[52] As result, Muneshige was forced to go into Osaka castle after he learned the main Western Army had been annihilated. However, as Mōri Terumoto decided to surrender to the Eastern Army, Muneshige took his army to return to his homeland in Kyushu.[53]
Aftermath
Regarding the Ogaki castle which still under siege of Mizuno Katsunari during the Sekigahara battle, the garrison commander Akizuki Tanenaga immediately surrendered and opened the castle for Katsunari as soon as the news about the victory of Eastern Army reached him.[54] In response, Katsunari immediately wrote a letter to Ii Naomasa to ask Ieyasu to give pardon for Tanenaga, which accepted by Ieyasu.[55]
Practically speaking, the immediate effect of the Eastern Army victory in Sekigahara was the shift of authority to manage and distribute entire domains or land properties in Japan from the Toyotomi clan to Tokugawa Ieyasu.[56] Ieyasu redistributed domains with worth of 6,8 millions koku,[57] accordingly for many of his allies who assisted him to won the battle.[58] the distribution were as following:[59]
Matsudaira Tadayoshi which previously had 100,000 koku in Musashi Province, Yuki region, got increase to 520,000 koku in Echizen Province, Fukui region
Fukushima Masanori had his 200,000 koku increased to 498,000 koku in the region of nowadays Aki District, Hiroshima
Horio Tadauji had his domains increased to 240,000 koku in Matsue, Izumo.[62]
Ieyasu also promoted many of his Fudai daimyō (Tokugawa clan hereditary vassals) to at least 10,000 koku increase for each of their domains in various places in Japan.
Meanwhile, Kobayakawa Hideaki, who defected from Western Army side during the battle and contributed greatly to the victory, was given increase from his previous stipend into a domain which covered parts of Bizen Province and Mimasaka Province, with total fief revenue was worth of 520,000 koku.[63] However, it was noted by historians that Ieyasu only gave very small domain increases for his own prime generals, the Shitennō (Tokugawa clan), which consisted of Ii Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa, in comparisons for the likes of other daimyo lords who just entered Tokugawa ranks during this battle.[64][60] Although it was argued that the relatively disproportionate rewards for them were due to their own decision to decline the offer for sharp increases for their domain rewards.[65][66][67]
Regarding the losers of war, There are about 87 daimyo lords who has their domains confiscated and their power stripped due to their support for Mitsunari during the war.[68] Meanwhile, the Chōsokabe clan, headed by Chōsokabe Morichika, was stripped of its title and domain of Tosa Province and given to Yamauchi Kazutoyo as recognition of Kazutoyo loyalty to the Tokugawa clan during the war.[69] Former Chōsokabe retainers resisted this forceful takeover by the Tokugawa clan and Yamauchi clan. In response, Ii Naomasa sent military reinforcements to assist Kazutoyo in suppressing rebellion of Chōsokabe clan vassals in Tosa.[70] Naomasa sent his vassal, Suzuki Hyōe, along with an army that carried by 8 ships to help Kazutoyo, who finally pacified the area in 5 weeks, after killing about 273 enemies.[71][72]
Later in September 17, Ieyasu dispatched his army to attack Sawayama Castle in Ōmi Province, the territory which controlled by the clan of Ishida Mitsunari. During this operation, Ieyasu entrusted Kobayakawa Hideaki's troops at the vanguard. Most of the castle's troops were at the Battle of Sekigahara, leaving the castle's garrison with only 2,800 men to defend. Despite the absence of the lord of the castle, the castle's soldiers fought well, but eventually some soldiers such as Moritmo Hasegawa betrayed the castle and opened the castle for the besieging army. most of Mitsunari relatives, including his father Masatsugu, Masazumi, and Kagetsuin (Mitsunari's wife), were killed in battle or committed suicide.[73][e]
Regarding the Shimazu clan, as Shimazu Yoshihiro was deemed guilty for his support for the Western Army, Ieyasu prepared a massive army to punish them with his son Hidetada as commander in chief, with the composition Eastern Army forces which active in the western provinces theater such as the armies of Katō Kiyomasa, Kuroda Yoshitaka, Nabeshima Naoshige and The Tachibana clan. However, the operation were aborted later after Shimazu Yoshihisa, the head of the clan, entered negotiation with Ieyasu. In the end, with the conclusion of the negotiations which undergoes until 1602, with the intercession from Kiyomasa, Yoshitada, and Tachibana Muneshige, the Shimazu clan were relieved from punishments, and even became the only Western Army clan which territories not deprived despite being the loser of war.[76]
in 1603, Ieyasu officially appointed as shōgun by EmperorGo-Yōzei,[78][77][7] this battle was perceived as the beginning of stability in the country of Japan. In 1664, Hayashi Gahō, Tokugawa historian and rector of Yushima Seidō, has wrote his elegy:
Evil-doers and bandits were vanquished and the entire realm submitted to Lord Ieyasu, praising the establishment of peace and extolling his martial virtue. That this glorious era that he founded may continue for ten thousands upon ten thousands of generations, coeval with heaven and earth.[79]
In 1931, the location of Sekigahara battle now became Monuments of Japan. It marked the position of Ieyasu, Mitsunari, and Ōtani Yoshitsugu death location.[80]
October 20 – Ieyasu moves to Akasaka. The two coalitions make contact at Kuisegawa, near Akasaka. The Eastern force retreats to Sekigahara. The Western coalition heads to Sekigahara from Ogaki Castle.
October 21 – Battle of Sekigahara
October - siege of Yanagawa is the last battle of the Kyūshū Sekigahara Campaign.
November 5 - Naoe Kanetsugu called a full withdrawal of all Uesugi forces, putting an end to Uesugi's campaigns in the north.
Cultural depictions
The Battle of Sekigahara has many depiction in modern time, Ryōtarō Shiba worked historical novel titled Sekigahara in the 1960s. James Clavell's worked on his 1975 novel, Shōgun, as historical-fiction depiction of the battle.[81]Tokyo Broadcasting System aired a television miniseries about the subject in January 1981, also entitled Sekigahara [ja],
The 2000 video game Kessen is set during the conflict between the Tokugawa and Toyotomi clans, and features the Battle of Sekigahara.[82] video game Nioh also portray events related with the Sekigahara battle.[83]
Appendix
Footnotes
^the memorandum about Sekigahara campaign has theorized that the castle was still not fallen at that moment. However, Yoshihiro saw the smoke soared high from the direction of Ōgaki castle and though the castle was already fallen, as Yoshihiro position at that moment were far from Ogaki castle after being beaten by Katsunari's forces before.[20]
^If the theory was true, Professor Watanabe Daimon surmised that this means Ii Naomasa acted as both supreme commander and the Ichiban-Yari unit (vanguard unit which was expected to draw first blood in medieval Japanese warfare).[1]
^professor Jun Shiramine argued this kind of map were relied solely on "Kuroda clan chronicles" record without considering other source materials.[40]
^After the castle fell in 1601, Naomasa appointed to take control to Sawayama Castle,[57] However, as Naomasa has no intention to keep the castle, he immediately dismantle the structures of Sawayama Castle, while its materials were moved to renovate and expand Hikone Castle, the traditional castle belonged to the Ii clan.[74][75]
^ abTetsuo Owada (2013). 図解関ヶ原合戦までの90日: 勝敗はすでに決まっていた! [Illustrated 90 Days to the Battle of Sekigahara: The Victory or Defeat Has Already Been Determined!] (in Japanese). PHP研究所. p. 53. ISBN4569815545. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
^尾西市史 通史編 · Volume 1 [Onishi City History Complete history · Volume 1] (in Japanese). 尾西市役所. 1998. p. 242. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
^参謀本部 (1911), "石川貞清三成ノ陣ニ赴ク", 日本戦史. 関原役 [Japanese military history], 元真社
^Mitsutoshi Takayanagi (1964). 新訂寛政重修諸家譜 6 (in Japanese). Retrieved 16 May 2024.
^Fujii Jizaemon (1979). 関ヶ原合戦史料集 [Sekigahara Team History Collection] (in Japanese). 藤井治左衛門. p. 421. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
^Tadachika Kuwata (1977). 戦国時代の謎と怪異 (in Japanese). 日本文芸社. p. 191. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
^ abcyujirekishima (2023). "関ヶ原合戦と小早川秀秋…近年の研究動向を踏まえ、裏切りの真相にアプローチ!". Sengoku-his (in Japanese). sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 27 May 2024. referencing : Jun Shiramine, New Interpretation: The Truth of the Battle of Sekigahara: The Dramatized Battle of Tenka (Miyatai Publishing, 2014); Hiroyuki Shiba, "Tokugawa Ieyasu – From the lord of the border to the ruler of the nation" (Heibonsha, 2017) & "Illustrated Guide to Toyotomi Hideyoshi" edited by Hiroyuki Shiba (Ebisu Kosho Publishing, 2022)
^ abAndō yūichirō (安藤優一郎) (2022). "だから織田と豊臣はあっさり潰れた…徳川家康が「戦国最後の天下人」になれた本当の理由" [The reason why Oda and Toyotomi were easily defeated... Tokugawa Ieyasu was the "last of the Sengoku period."]. President Online (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. pp. 1–5. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^pinon (2024). "「島津豊久」は父・家久と伯父・義弘の薫陶を受けた名将であった!" [Shimazu Toyohisa was a famous general who was mentored by his father, Iehisa, and his uncle, Yoshihiro!]. 戦国ヒストリー (in Japanese). sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 11 June 2024. Kirino Sakujin (関ヶ原島津退き口―敵中突破三〇〇里― / Shimazu's Retreat at Sekigahara: Breaking Through Enemy Lines 300 Miles (Gakken Publishing, 2010); Niina Kazuhito(薩摩島津氏 / Satsuma Shimazu Clan) (Ebisu Kosho Publishing, 2014); Niina Kazuhito (島津家久・豊久父子と日向国 / Shimazu Iehisa and Toyohisa, Father and Son, and Hyuga Province ) (Miyazaki Prefecture, 2017); Niina Kazuhito (「不屈の両殿」島津義久・義弘 関ヶ原後も生き抜いた才智と武勇 / Shimazu Yoshihisa and Yoshihiro: The "Indomitable Princes" - The Wisdom and Bravery that Survived After Sekigahara ) (Kadokawa、2021年)
^Yūichi Goza (呉座勇一) (2023). "家康は「早く裏切れ」と小早川秀秋に催促したわけではない…関ヶ原合戦の「家康神話」が崩壊する衝撃的新説" [Ieyasu did not urge Kobayakawa Hideaki to "quickly betray"...A shocking new theory that collapses the "Ieyasu myth" of the Battle of Sekigahara]. PRESIDENT Online(プレジデントオンライン) (in Japanese). PRESIDENT inc. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^Tatsuo, Fujita (2018). 藤堂高虎論 -初期藩政史の研究 [Todo Takatora Theory - Research on the history of early feudal government]. 塙書房. ISBN4827312966.
^Watanabe Daimon. "関ヶ原合戦の前日、すでに毛利輝元は徳川家康と和睦していた!?" [The day before the Battle of Sekigahara, Mori Terumoto had already made peace with Tokugawa Ieyasu!]. rekishikaido (in Japanese). PHPオンライン. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
^Tomohiko Harada (原田伴彦) (1967). 関ケ原合戦前後: 転換期を生きた人々 [Before and after the Battle of Sekigahara: People who lived in a time of change] (in Japanese). 德間書店. p. 153. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
^Tomohiko Harada (原田伴彦) (1956). 関ヶ原合戦前後: 封建社会における人間の研究 [Before and After the Battle of Sekigahara: A Study of Humanity in Feudal Society] (in Japanese). 德間書店. p. 129. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
^Hamada Koichiro; University of Hyogo, Himeji Dokkyo University (2023). "「どうする家康」徳川家康の秀忠への怒りを解かせた、徳川四天王・榊原康政の直言" [“What should Ieyasu do?” The direct words of Yasumasa Sakakibara, one of the Four Heavenly Kings of Tokugawa, that relieved Tokugawa Ieyasu of his anger towards Hidetada.]. sengoku-his.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 26 May 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Jizaemon, Fuji, ed. (1979). 関ヶ原合戦史料集 [Sekigahara Battle Historical Materials Collection] (in Japanese). 新人物往来社. p. 421. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
^Kyota Shimomura (下村効) (1994). "豊臣氏官位制度の成立と発展-公家成・諸大夫成・豊臣授姓-" [The Establishment and Development of the Toyotomi Clan Official Rank System - Becoming a Court Noble, Becoming a Shodaifu, and Being Given the Toyotomi Family Name]. 日本史研究 (377).
^ abMotoki Kuroda (黒田基樹) (2023). "石田三成の領地は井伊直政へ…関ヶ原合戦に勝ち680万石以上の所領配分権を手にした家康がしたこと" [Ishida Mitsunari's territory went to Ii Naomasa... What Ieyasu did after winning the Battle of Sekigahara and gaining the right to distribute over 6.8 million koku of land]. PRESIDENT Online(プレジデントオンライン) (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
^林千寿 (2010). "慶長五年の戦争と戦後領国体制の創出-九州地域を素材として―" [The War of 500 Years of Keicho and the Creation of the Postwar Feudal System: Using the Kyushu Region as a Subject]. 日本歴史 (742号).
Bryant, Anthony (1995). Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle For Power. Osprey Campaign Series. Vol. 40. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1-85532-395-7.
Davis, Paul (1999). "Sekigahara, 21 October 1600". 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-514366-9.
Wilson, William Scott (2004). The Lone Samurai: The Life of Miyamoto Musashi. Tokyo: Kodansha International.
Paul Davis references
Paul Davis used the following sources to compile the chapter "Sekigahara, 21 October 1600" in 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present "Sekigahara, 21 October 1600."
De Lange, William. Samurai Battles: The Long Road to Unification Groningen: Toyo Press, 2020
Sadler, A.L. The Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu London: George Allen & Unwin, 1937
Turnbull, Stephen. The Samurai: A Military History New York: Macmillan, 1977
External links
SengokuDaimyo.com The website of samurai author and historian Anthony J. Bryant. Bryant is the author of the above-mentioned Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power.
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Don't Sit Down 'Cause I've Moved Your ChairLagu oleh Arctic Monkeysdari album Suck It and SeeSisi-BBrick by BrickDirilis16 April 2011 (2011-04-16)Format7digital download10GenreStoner rock[1]Durasi3:04LabelDominoPencipta Alex Turner Jamie Cook Matt Helders Nick O'Malley ProduserJames FordSampul alternatifMusic videoDon't Sit Down 'Cause I've Moved Your Chair di YouTube Don't Sit Down 'Cause I've Moved Your Chair adalah sebuah lagu dari grup musik indie rock Inggris Arctic Monkeys. La…
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Jembatan Faux Namti (Wujiazhai) di sepanjang Sungai Sicha di wilayah Lembah Nanxi. Lebih dari 800 kuli Tiongkok tewas di sini.[1] Jalur kereta api Yunnan–Vietnam (Hanzi: 滇越铁路; Pinyin: Dian–Yue tielu; Vietnam: tuyến đường sắt Hải Phòng - Vân Nam/ 綫塘鐵海防-雲南; Prancis: Chemins de Fer de L'Indo-Chine et du Yunnancode: fr is deprecated , jalur kereta api Indochina–Yunnan) adalah jalur kereta api sepanjang 855 km yang dibangun oleh Pran…
Vietnam vehicle license plates This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Vehicle registration plates of Vietnam – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2020 standard template for cars and trucks2020 standard template for motorbikes…
James Anthony BaileyLahirJames Anthony McGinnis(1847-07-04)4 Juli 1847Detroit, MichiganMeninggal11 April 1906(1906-04-11) (umur 58)Mount Vernon, New YorkSebab meninggalErysipelasDikenal atasCo-founder dari Ringling Bros. Barnum & Bailey Circus [1]Suami/istriRuth Louisa McCaddon (m. 1868) James Bailey House di Harlem, New York City James Anthony Bailey (4 Juli 1846 - 11 April 1906), dengan nama lahir James Anthony McGinnis, adalah seora…
American politician Kathy BernierMember of the Wisconsin Senatefrom the 23rd districtIn officeJanuary 7, 2019 – January 3, 2023Preceded byTerry MoultonSucceeded byJesse JamesMember of the Wisconsin State Assemblyfrom the 68th districtIn officeJanuary 3, 2011 – January 7, 2019Preceded byKristen DexterSucceeded byJesse JamesChippewa County ClerkIn officeJanuary 3, 1998 – February 11, 2011DeputyDiane FinchLisa MerrellPreceded byJerome DachelSucceeded bySandi Frion P…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (نوفمبر 2018) ليزا ديفيس معلومات شخصية الميلاد 20 أبريل 1936 (88 سنة)[1] لندن مواطنة المملكة المتحدة الحياة العملية المهنة ممثلة، وممثلة أفلام اللغة الأم ال…
Overview of cannabis use and culture in Washington state Seattle Hempfest, 2007 Part of a series onCannabis ArtsCulture 420 (chan) Books Magu (deity) Names Religion Judaism Latter-day Saints Sikhism Smoke-in Spiritual use Sports Stoner film Stoner rock Terms Chemistry Cannabinoid receptors Cannabinoid receptor type 1 Cannabinoid receptor type 2 Cannabinoids 2-AG 2-AGE, Noladin ether AEA CBC CBL CBD CBDV CBG CBN CBV NADA THC THCV Virodhamine Synthetic cannabinoids AM-2201 CP-55940 Dimethylheptylp…
Jalan Tol Semarang Seksi ABCPeta Jalan Tol Semarang ABCInformasi ruteBagian dari Jalan Tol Trans-JawaDikelola oleh Jasa MargaPanjang:24.75 km (15,38 mi)Berdiri:9 Juli 1983; 40 tahun lalu (1983-07-09) – sekarangPersimpangan besarUjung Barat: Jalan Tol Semarang-Batang Simpang Susun KrapyakRamp JatingalehSimpang Susun JangliSimpang Susun TembalangSimpang Susun GayamsariRamp KaligaweUjung Selatan/Timur: Jalan Tol Semarang–Solo Jalan Tol Semarang-DemakLetakKota besar:Kota …
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Сибирь (значения). Сибирь географический регион Северная Азия (не вполне совпадает с принятым ныне определением Сибири) 60° с. ш. 105° в. д.HGЯO Страна Россия Население37 275 609 (УрФО, СФО и ДФО)[1] чел. (2022) Сибирь …
SCTV Awards 2023DeskripsiPrestasi dalam acara televisiTanggal22 November 2023LokasiJakarta, IndonesiaNegaraIndonesiaIkhtisarSinetron Paling NgetopTakdir Cinta yang KupilihAktor Utama Paling NgetopRandy PangalilaAktor Pendamping Paling NgetopBryan MckenzieAktris Utama Paling NgetopCut SyifaAktris Pendamping Paling NgetopSyifa HadjuSiaran televisi/radioSaluranSCTV← 2022 SCTV Awards2024 → SCTV Awards 2023 adalah sebuah ajang penghargaan bagi insan artis, film dan sinetron oleh SCTV. Ini…
Mother of Josè Rizal In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Realonda and the second or maternal family name is Quintos. Teodora Alonso RealondaBornTeodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos(1827-11-09)November 9, 1827Santa Cruz, Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines, Spanish EmpireDiedAugust 16, 1911(1911-08-16) (aged 84)San Nicolas, Manila, Philippine IslandsResting placeRizal Shrine, Calamba, LagunaSpouse Francisco Rizal Mercado (m. 1848&…
1980s policy of the Soviet Union promoting openness and freedom of information For other uses, see Glasnost (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Glasnost – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) GlasnostRussian…
Radio station in New York City WWRLNew York, New YorkUnited StatesBroadcast areaNew York metropolitan areaFrequency1600 kHzBrandingNew York's BIN 1600ProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishFormatAll-news radioAffiliationsBlack Information NetworkOwnershipOwneriHeartMedia(IHM Licenses LLC)Sister stationsWAXQ, WHTZ, WKTU, WLTW, WOR, WWPR-FMHistoryFirst air dateAugust 26, 1926(97 years ago) (1926-08-26)Call sign meaningWoodside Radio LaboratoryTechnical information[1]Licensing authorityFCCF…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Jugurtha (homonymie). JugurthaJugurtha emprisonné par les Romains : gravure provenant d'une édition espagnole du Bellum Iugurthinum, Madrid, 1772.FonctionRoi de NumidieBiographieNaissance 160 av. J.-C.CirtaDécès 104 av. J.-C.RomeActivité Militaire, souverainPère MastanabalFratrie GaudaConjoint InconnuEnfant OxyntasParentèle Bocchus (beau-père)Micipsa (père adoptif)modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Jugurtha (en berbère …
العلاقات الألمانية الهولندية ألمانيا هولندا السفارات سفارة ألمانيا في لاهاي السفير : السفير الألماني فرانز جوزيف كريمب سفارة هولندا في برلين السفير : السفيرة الهولندية مونيك فان دالين تعديل مصدري - تعديل السفارة الألمانية في لاهاي به…
Thin layer of ice extruded from a plant For the hoar-frost like crystals that grow on thin sea ice, see Frost flower (sea ice). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Frost flower – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Frost flowe…