Share to:

Black Belt (geological formation)

Black Belt is a physical geography term referring to a roughly crescent-shaped geological formation of dark fertile soil in the Southern United States. It is about 300 miles (480 km) long and up to 25 miles (40 km) wide in c. east–west orientation, mostly in central Alabama and northeast Mississippi.^[1]^[2]

During the Cretaceous period, about 145 to 66 million years ago, most of what are now the central plains and the Southeastern United States were covered by shallow seas. Tiny marine plankton grew in those seas, and their carbonate skeletons accumulated into massive chalk formations. That chalk eventually became a fertile soil, highly suitable for growing crops. The Black Belt arc was the shoreline of one of those seas, where large amounts of chalk had collected in the shallow waters.^[3]

History

Before the 19th century, this region was a mosaic of prairies and oak-hickory forest.^[4]

In the 1820s and 1830s, the region was identified as prime land for upland cotton plantations. Short-staple cotton did well here, and its profitable processing was made possible by invention of the cotton gin. It grew better in the upland regions than did the long-staple cotton of the Low Country.

Socioeconomic region

After 1865, the phrase was sometimes used to describe a geopolitical region, much as the terms Snow Belt, Rust Belt, Sun Belt, and Bible Belt are used today. Booker T. Washington wrote in his 1901 autobiography^[5]

I have often been asked to define the term "Black Belt". So far as I can learn, the term was first used to designate a part of the country which was distinguished by the colour of the soil. The part of the country possessing this thick, dark, and naturally rich soil was, of course, the part of the South where the slaves were most profitable, and consequently they were taken there in the largest numbers. Later, and especially since the war, the term seems to be used wholly in a political sense—that is, to designate the counties where the black people outnumber the white.

Since the 1920s the term Black Belt fell out of favor as a term outside of the specialized field of physical geology, but various authors have written about the fact that the Black Belt geographical formation contained a large number of slaves before the American Civil War, many of whom worked the cotton plantations.^[6] Some publications still use the phrase to refer to the geopolitical region.^[7]

References

^ "Black Belt". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
^ Black Belt Prairie
^ McClain, Craig (June 27, 2012). "How Presidential Elections Are Impacted by a 100 Million Year-Old Coastline". Deep-Sea News. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
^ "The Black Belt Prairie in Mississippi and Alabama". Mississippi State University.
^ Washington, Booker T. (1901). Up From Slavery. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
^ Arthur Raper, "The Black Belt", Southern Spaces, 2004
^ Gibbs, Robert M. (2003). "Reconsidering the Southern Black Belt". The Review of Regional Studies. 33 (3): 254–263. doi:10.52324/001c.8429. Retrieved January 26, 2020.

Sennek

Sennek(Laura Groeseneken)Informasi latar belakangNama lainSennek, LolaLahir30 April 1990 (umur 33)Leuven, BelgiaGenreSoul,elektronikapopRockPekerjaanSingersongwriterInstrumenVokalpianoTahun aktif2014–sekarangArtis terkaitOzark HenrySitus webhttp://www.sennekmusic.com Sennek dalam Eurovision Spain PreParty 2018 di Madrid. Laura Groeseneken (lahir 30 April 1990), juga dikenal sebagai Sennek, adalah seorang penyanyi dan penulis lagu asal Belgia. Ia mewakili Belgia dalam Kontes Lagu Eurovisio…

Arundhati (film 2009)

ArundhatiPoster teatrikalSutradaraKodi RamakrishnaProduserM Shyam Prasad ReddyDitulis olehChintapalli RamanaPemeranAnushka ShettySonu SoodArjan BajwaSayaji ShindePenata musikKotiSinematograferK. K. Senthil KumarPenyuntingMarthand K VenkateshPerusahaanproduksiMallemala EntertainmentsTanggal rilis 16 Januari 2009 (2009-01-16) NegaraIndiaBahasaTeluguAnggaran₹130 juta (setara dengan ₹230 juta atau US$3,3 juta pada tahun 2023)[1]Pendapatankotor₹550 juta (set…

Barry Pepper

Barry PepperPepper in San Diego, California, 2009LahirBarry Robert PepperPekerjaanAktorTahun aktif1992–sekarangSuami/istriCindy Pepper (1997-present)(1 child Annaliese Pepper)Situs webhttp://www.barrypepper.com Barry Robert Pepper (lahir 4 April 1970) adalah aktor asal Kanada. Kehidupan awal Pepper adalah anak termuda dari tiga bersaudara. Ia lahir di Campbell River, British Columbia, Kanada. Filmografi Film Tahun Film Peran Catatan 1996 Urban Safari Rico 1998 Firestorm Packer Saving Priv…

Dhimmitude

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut). …

Chetumal

Untuk the ancient Maya site known as Chetumal, lihat Santa Rita Corozal. Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Chetumal – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (June 2011) Chetumal BenderaLambang dari P. BlancoKoordinat: 18°30′13″N …

Katedral Pinsk

Katedral PinskKatedral Basilika Santa Perawan Maria Diangkat ke Surga di PinskКатэдральны Унебаўзяцця Найсвяцейшай Панны МарыіKatedral PinskLokasiPinsk, Lenina str., 18Negara BelarusDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusKatedral, Basilika minorTipe arsitekturGerejaGayaBaroquePeletakan batu pertama1706Selesai1730AdministrasiKeuskupanKeuskupan Pinsk Katedral Pinsk atau yang bernama resmi Katedral Basilika Santa Perawan Maria Diangkat ke Surga…

Hernán Ferraro

Argentine volleyball player Hernán FerraroFerraro in 2022Personal informationFull nameHernán Josue Ferraro[1]NationalityArgentineBorn (1968-05-13) 13 May 1968 (age 55)Buenos AiresHeight1.71 m (5 ft 7 in)Weight74 kg (163 lb)Spike300 cm (120 in)Block300 cm (120 in)Volleyball informationNumber8Career YearsTeams 2004 Azul; Rojas Scholem; Náutico Hacoaj; Rosario Sonder; Boca JRSNational team 2004 Argentina Hernán Ferraro (born (1968-0…

Aluminium oksida

Sel satuan dari corundum Aluminium oksida (alumina) Aluminium oksida adalah sebuah senyawa kimia dari aluminium dan oksigen, dengan rumus kimia Al2O3. Nama mineralnya adalah alumina, dan dalam bidang pertambangan, keramik dan teknik material senyawa ini lebih banyak disebut dengan nama alumina. Sifat-sifat Aluminium oksida adalah insulator (penghambat) panas dan listrik yang baik. Umumnya Al2O3 terdapat dalam bentuk kristalin yang disebut corundum atau α-aluminum oksida. Al2O3 dipakai sebagai b…

سفارة اليونان في النمسا

سفارة اليونان في النمسا اليونان النمسا الإحداثيات 48°11′48″N 16°22′19″E / 48.1968°N 16.372°E / 48.1968; 16.372 البلد النمسا المكان فيينا الاختصاص النمسا تعديل مصدري - تعديل سفارة اليونان في النمسا هي أرفع تمثيل دبلوماسي[1] لدولة اليونان لدى النمسا.[2][3] تقع ال�…

1943 New Jersey gubernatorial election

1943 New Jersey gubernatorial election ← 1940 November 2, 1943 1946 → Nominee Walter Evans Edge Vincent J. Murphy Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 634,364 506,604 Percentage 55.2% 44.1% County resultsEdge: 50-60% 60–70% 70–80%Murphy: 50–60% 70–80% Governor before election Charles Edison Democratic E…

Siège de Saint-Valery

Siège de Saint-Valery Informations générales Date août 1358 - 29 avril 1359 Lieu Saint-Valery-sur-Somme Issue Victoire française Belligérants Royaume de France Royaume de Navarre Commandants Robert de Fiennes Guy V de Châtillon Forces en présence 2,000 hommes Guerre de Cent AnsBatailles Jacqueries, Grandes compagnies et Navarrais (1357-1364) Grande Jacquerie (1358) Paris (1358) Longueil-Sainte-Marie (1358) Meaux (1358) Pont-des-Carrières (1358) Bois de Boulogne (1358) Amiens (1358) Sain…

الدوري النمساوي 1992–93

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر 2019) الدوري النمساوي 1992–93 تفاصيل الموسم الدوري النمساوي النسخة 82 البلد النمسا المنظم اتحاد النمسا ل�…

Harmonia

Patung Harmonia di Pennsylvania. Dalam mitologi Yunani, Harmonia adalah dewi harmoni dan kerukunan. Padanan Romawinya adalah Konkordia, dan lawannya adalah Eris yang dipadankan dengan Diskordia dari Romawi. Harmonia adalah anak dari Ares dan Afrodit, dan ibu dari Ino, Polidorus, Autonoe, Agaue dan Semele. Dalam mitologi Athena menganugerahkan kota Thebes untuk Kadmos dan Zeus memberi Harmonia pada Kadmos sebagai istri. Pada hari pernikahan mereka, semua dewa memberikan hadiah. Kadmos memberi ist…

العلاقات الجامايكية الليبيرية

العلاقات الجامايكية الليبيرية جامايكا ليبيريا جامايكا ليبيريا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الجامايكية الليبيرية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين جامايكا وليبيريا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه ال…

William Smith (lexicographer)

English lexicographer, 1813–1893 William SmithSir William Smith in 1893Born(1813-05-20)20 May 1813Enfield, Middlesex, EnglandDied7 October 1893(1893-10-07) (aged 80)London, EnglandResting placeHighgate CemeteryAlma mater University College London University College School Occupation(s)Lexicographer and editorWorks A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Sir William Smith (20 May 1813 –…

2022 Georgia gubernatorial election

For related races, see 2022 United States gubernatorial elections. 2022 Georgia gubernatorial election ← 2018 November 8, 2022 2026 → Turnout57.02% 0.22pp Nominee Brian Kemp Stacey Abrams Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 2,111,572 1,813,673 Percentage 53.4% 45.9% County results Congressional district results State House district results State Senate districts results Precinct resultsKemp: 40–50% …

Parlemen Afrika Selatan

Parlemen Republik Afrika Selatan Inggris:Parliament of South AfricaAfrika:Parlement van Suid-AfrikaZulu:iPhalamende yaseNingizimu AfrikaXhosa:iPalamente yoMzantsi AfrikaSwazi:iPhalamende yeNingizimu AfrikaNdebele:iPalamende yeSewula AfrikaSotho:Palamente ya Afrika BorwaSotho Utara:Palamente ya Afrika-BorwaTsonga:Palamende ra Afrika DzongaTswana:Palamente ya Aforika BorwaVenda:Phaḽamennde ya Afurika TshipembeParlemen Ke 27Coat of arms or logoLogoJenisJenisBikameral MajelisDewan Provinsi Nasiona…

1950 New Orleans mayoral election

1950 New Orleans mayoral election ← 1946 January 24, 1950 (1950-01-24) 1954 → Candidate deLesseps Morrison Charles C. Zatarain Party Democratic Democratic Popular vote 120,582 58,620 Percentage 65.1% 31.7% Mayor of New Orleans before election deLesseps Morrison Democratic Elected Mayor of New Orleans deLesseps Morrison Democratic Elections in Louisiana Federal government Presidential elections 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852…

Nikolaos Kasomoulis

Nikolaos KasomoulisΝικόλαος ΚασομούληςStatue of Kasomoulis in ThessalonikiBorn1795Pisoderi or KozaniDied1872StylidaParentKostantinos Kasomoulis (father) Nikolaos Kasomoulis (Greek: Νικόλαος Κασομούλης, 1795–1872) was a participant in the Greek Revolution of 1821, and one of the main historical sources about it. Biography He was of Aromanian origin.[1][2] Kasomoulis was born either in the village of Pisoderi, whence his family hailed, or in Ko…

Babsk

BabskfrazioneBabsk – VedutaChiesa a Babsk LocalizzazioneStato Polonia Voivodato Łódź Distretto Rawa ComuneBiała Rawska TerritorioCoordinate51°50′N 20°21′E / 51.833333°N 20.35°E51.833333; 20.35 (Babsk)Coordinate: 51°50′N 20°21′E / 51.833333°N 20.35°E51.833333; 20.35 (Babsk) Altitudine150 e 142 m s.l.m. Superficie150 km² Abitanti690 (2006) Densità4,6 ab./km² Altre informazioniCod. postale96-205 Prefisso(+48) …

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya

Black Belt (geological formation)

History

Socioeconomic region

References

Further reading