Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Black Star Line

For the 19th-century company operating transatlantic sailing vessels, see Williams & Guion Black Star Line.
The Oceanic Steam Navigation Company (Black Star Line)
Company typePartnership
IndustryShipping, transportation
Founded1919 (1919)
Defunct1922
FateBankruptcy
Area served
Transatlantic

The Black Star Line (1919−1922)[1] was a shipping line incorporated by Marcus Garvey, the organizer of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), and other members of the UNIA. The shipping line was created to facilitate the transportation of goods and eventually African Americans throughout the African global economy. It derived its name from the White Star Line, a line whose success Garvey felt he could duplicate.[2] The Black Star Line became a key part of Garvey's contribution to the Back-to-Africa movement, but it was mostly unsuccessful, partly due to infiltration by FBI agents.[2] It was only one among many businesses which the UNIA originated, such as the Universal Printing House, Negro Factories Corporation, and the widely distributed and highly successful Negro World weekly newspaper.

The Black Star Line and its successor, the Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company, operated between 1919 and 1922. It stands today as a major symbol for Garvey followers and Pan-Africanists. It is not to be confused with the later Black Star Line, the state shipping corporation of Ghana.

History

BSL stock

The Black Star Line was incorporated as a Delaware corporation on June 27, 1919.[3] Having a maximum capitalization of $500,000, BSL shares were sold at UNIA conventions at five dollars each.

The first directors of the Black Star Line were Marcus Garvey, Edgar M. Grey, Richard E. Warner, George Tobias, Jeremiah Certain, Henrietta Vinton Davis, and Janie Jenkins. The officers of the corporation were President Marcus Garvey, First Vice President — Jeremiah Certain, Second Vice President Henrietta Vinton Davis, Treasurer George Tobias, Secretary Richard E. Warner, Assistant Secretary Edgar M. Grey and Assistant Treasurer Janie Jenkins. Six months after incorporation the board of directors voted to increase the Black Star Line market capitalization to $10 million (equivalent to $176 million in 2023).[3]

The Black Star Line surprised all its critics when, only three months after being incorporated, the first of four ships, Yarmouth was bought with the intention of renaming it Frederick Douglass. Yarmouth was a collier in the First World War, and was in poor condition when the Black Star Line bought her. Once reconditioned, Yarmouth sailed for three years between the US and the West Indies as the first Black Star Line ship with an all-black crew and a black captain. Later Joshua Cockburn, the captain of Yarmouth, was accused of receiving a "kick back from the purchase price".[4][5]

USS Piqua in World War I

Yarmouth was not the only ship that BSL bought in poor condition and completely oversold. Garvey spent another $200,000 for more ships (equivalent to $3 million in 2023).[6] One, Shady Side, sailed the "cruise to nowhere" on the Hudson River one summer and sank the next fall because of a leak.[6] Another was the steam yacht Kanawha, once owned by Henry Huttleston Rogers. Booker T. Washington had been an honored guest aboard the ship when it was owned by his friend and confidant, Rogers. However, Rogers had died in 1909, and the once well-maintained yacht had also served in the first World War. After having been renamed Antonio Maceo by the Black Star Line, it blew a boiler and killed a man.[6]

Besides oversold and poorly conditioned ships, the Black Star Line was beset by mismanagement and infiltration by agents of J. Edgar Hoover's Bureau of Investigation (the forerunner to the Federal Bureau of Investigation), including the first African-American agent hired by the bureau, James Wormley Jones, who became an intimate of Garvey, and other agents who − according to historian Winston James − sabotaged it by throwing foreign matter into the fuel, damaging the engines.[7][better source needed] On its first commission, the Yarmouth brought a shipment of whiskey from the US to Cuba (before Prohibition) in record time, but because it did not have docking arrangements in Havana, it lost money sitting in the docks while the longshoremen had a strike.[6] A cargo-load of coconuts rotted in the hull of a ship on another voyage because Garvey insisted on having the ships make ceremonial stops at politically important ports.[6]

Orion

In 1919, J. Edgar Hoover and the BOI charged Marcus Garvey and three other officers with mail fraud. The prosecution stated that the brochure of the Black Star Line contained a picture of a ship that the BSL did not own. The ship pictured was Orion, which in the brochure was renamed Phyllis Wheatley. The BSL was trying to buy the ship at the time, but did not own her yet.[8] The fact that the ship was not owned yet by the BSL constituted mail fraud. "In 1922, Garvey and three other Black Star Line officials were indicted by the US government for using the mails fraudulently to solicit stock for the recently defunct steamship line." On the witness stand, Garvey admitted that $600,000 ($10,922,000 in 2024) had been "blown to the wind".[9] The jury convicted only Garvey, but not the other three officers, and he was sentenced to five years in prison. In 1927, President Calvin Coolidge deported Garvey back to Jamaica.

The Black Star Line ceased sailing in February 1922. The Shady Side was abandoned on mudflats at Fort Lee, New Jersey.[10] The company's losses were estimated to be between $630,000 and $1.25 million ($22,753,000 in 2024).

Liberty Hall, a.k.a. Black Star Line Building in Limón, Costa Rica. The original building was erected in 1922,[11] and then used as UNIA and Black Star Line offices.[12] It was damaged beyond repair by the Limon earthquake on April 22, 1991, and subsequently reconstructed based on the original plans. On April 29, 2016, a fire destroyed the building completely.[13] After the fire, it was confirmed that the building would be rebuilt with aid from organizations and civilian donations.[14]

In popular culture

  • Reggae singer Fred Locks re-introduced the Black Star Line to a Jamaican audience with his 1976 hit "Black Star Liner" (which has been called one of "the most important songs in reggae music of the 1970s"), portraying Garvey as a Moses-like prophet:[15][16] "Seven miles of Black Star Liners coming in the harbor [...] I can hear the elders saying. These are the days for which we've been praying ... Marcus Garvey told us that the Black Star Liners are coming one day for us".[17]
  • The 1977 reggae album by Culture, Two Sevens Clash, featured a song called "Black Starliner Must Come".[18]
  • A 1978 reggae song named "Black Star Liner" by The Regulars (later renamed to Reggae Regular) appears to still be a popular song on YouTube.[19] Also Black Slate on their album Amigo recorded a song called "Freedom Time (Black Star Liner)",[20] with references to Marcus Garvey and "seven miles of Black Star Liner".
  • The Black Star Line was also commemorated by blues singers such as Hazel Meyers and Rosa Henderson;[21] by the musical group Brand Nubian (on their 1993 album In God We Trust);[22] and by Ranking Dread with "Black Starlina" on his Kunta Kinte Roots album.[23]
  • "Train to Zion" by Linval Thompson (writer) and U Brown featured the lines: "Train to Zion is coming / Don't want no one to miss it / It's the Black Star Liner / It's going to Zion..."[24]
  • Black Star Liner was the name of a British electronic group, who won a Mercury Music Prize nomination in 1999 for their album Bengali Batam Youth Foundation.[25]
  • "Marcus Senior" by Burning Spear on their Marcus' Children album, contained lyrics about the struggle Marcus Garvey endured.[26]
  • Spanish singer-songwriter Javier Ruibal sings about the North American slaves' dream of going back to their plundered and subdued Africa, in his song "Black Star Line". Ruibal sings along with Chico Cesar and the song was released on his 2018 album "Paraisos Mejores".[27]
  • Black Star is the group name adopted by Mos Def and Talib Kweli for their work as a duo. Their 1998 album Mos Def & Talib Kweli Are Black Star, was a reference to Garvey and the Black Star Line.[28]
  • In the Xenowealth series of future science fiction novels by Caribbean-American author Tobias Buckell, the Black Starliner Corporation is an interstellar shipping company responsible for resettling marginalized, primarily Black, emigrants from Earth on a number of terraformed planets.[29]
  • The BlackStar Film Festival, a Philadelphia film festival focused on films about and by black, brown and indigenous people from around the world, was named after the shipping company.
  • Black Star Line Festival,[30] founded in 2022 by the artist Chance the Rapper was inspired by the shipping company.[31]

Legacy

The flag of Ghana adopted a black star as an homage to their own shipping line, The Black Star Line, which was the national shipping corporation of Ghana.[32][33]

Bibliography

Notes

  1. ^ "American Experience | Marcus Garvey | People & Events". www.shoppbs.pbs.org. Archived from the original on 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
  2. ^ Grant 2009, p. 187
  3. ^ a b "The Black Star Line was incorporated 96 years ago today". Keyamsha.wordpress.com. 27 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  4. ^ "Joshua Cockburn: First Captain of The Black Star Line | The Essential Writing of Thomas Quirk". Thomas-quirk.com. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  5. ^ "Captain Joshua Cockburn: The Black Star Line, The Whiskey Cruise and The Origin of Rum Row | The Essential Writing of Thomas Quirk". Thomas-quirk.com. 5 August 2014. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  6. ^ a b c d e "American Experience | Marcus Garvey | People & Events". Pbs.org. 1919-06-23. Archived from the original on 2001-02-18. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  7. ^ "Transcript of "Marcus Garvey: Look for Me in the Whirlwind", American Experience". PBS. Archived from the original on 2017-03-11. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  8. ^ Garvey 1995, p. 238
  9. ^ The Broad Ax 1922, p. 1
  10. ^ Murdock 1939
  11. ^ Murillo-Chaverri 1999, p. 197
  12. ^ "Black Star Line (Limón)". Si.cultura.cr. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  13. ^ "Se quema famoso "Black Star Line" en Limón / Crhoy.com". CRHoy.com / Periodico Digital / Costa Rica Noticias 24/7 (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2016-04-30.
  14. ^ Artavia, Silvia (2017-08-31). "Black Star Line se reconstruirá con donativos de los ciudadanos". La Nación, Grupo Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-12-05.
  15. ^ [1]Archived March 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ "Article : Fred Locks". Reggae-vibes.com. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  17. ^ "Fred Locks - Black Star Liners Lyrics". Jah-lyrics.com. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  18. ^ "Culture - Two Sevens Clash (Vinyl, LP, Album)". Discogs.com. 2014-07-10. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  19. ^ "Reggae Regular - The Black Star Liner". YouTube. 2009-09-15. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  20. ^ "Black Slate - Amigo (Vinyl, LP, Album)". Discogs.com. 2013-12-11. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  21. ^ Springer 2006, p. 198
  22. ^ Kellman, Andy (1993-02-02). "In God We Trust - Brand Nubian | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  23. ^ "Ranking Dread - Kunta Kinte Roots (Vinyl, LP)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  24. ^ Song Review by Jo-Ann Greene. "Train to Zion - U-Brown | Song Info". AllMusic. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  25. ^ "Mercury Music Prize 2008 shortlist announced". List.co.uk. 22 July 2008.
  26. ^ "Burning Spear - Social Living - 05 - Marcus Senior". YouTube. 2012-05-27. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  27. ^ "Javier Ruibal lanza "Paraísos mejores"". Cancioneros.com. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  28. ^ Kaufman, Jason (1998-08-26). "Black Star - Black Star,Talib Kweli,Mos Def | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  29. ^ Buckell, Tobias (2006-02-07). Crystal Rain. Tor Books. ISBN 0765350904.
  30. ^ "BLACK STAR LINE FESTIVAL".
  31. ^ Feldman, Ella. "The History Behind Chance the Rapper's Black Star Line Festival". Smithsonian Magazine.
  32. ^ "Ghana Flag". Ghanaweb.com. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  33. ^ "Ghana". Crwflags.com. Retrieved 2015-12-24.

References

External links
Read more information:

Edward Fenech Adami

Edward Fenech Adami Presiden Republik Malta ke-7Masa jabatan4 April 2004 – 4 April 2009 PendahuluGuido de MarcoPenggantiGeorge Abela Informasi pribadiLahir7 Februari 1934Birkirkara, MaltaSuami/istriMary Fenech AdamiSunting kotak info • L • B Edward Fenech Adami (lahir 7 Februari 1934) adalah Perdana Menteri Malta (1987-1996) dan (1998-2004). Ia menjabat sebagai Presiden Republik Malta ketujuh sejak 4 April 2004 saat menggantikan Guido de Marco. [1] Edward Fenech-…

Tio Kiang Sun

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan agar dapat memenuhi kriteria sebagai entri Wikipedia.Bantulah untuk mengembangkan artikel ini. Jika tidak dikembangkan, artikel ini akan dihapus. Tio Kiang Sun Tio Kiang Sun (1 November 1920-) adalah seorang tokoh peranakan…

Keuskupan Agung Pesaro

Keuskupan Agung PesaroArchidioecesis PisaurensisKatolik Katedral PesaroLokasiNegaraItaliaProvinsi gerejawiPesaroStatistikLuas287 km2 (111 sq mi)Populasi- Total- Katolik(per 2004)120.697117,017 (97%)Paroki54InformasiDenominasiGereja KatolikRitusRitus RomaPendirianAbad ke-3KatedralBasilica Cattedrale di S. Maria AssuntaKepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusUskup AgungPiero CocciaPetaSitus webwww.arcidiocesipesaro.it Keuskupan Agung Pesaro (bahasa Latin: Archidioeces…

Denny Kantono

Denny KantonoInformasi pribadiKebangsaan IndonesiaLahir12 Januari 1970 (umur 54)Samarinda,Kalimantan TimurRekor bertandingGanda Pria Denny Kantono (lahir 12 Januari 1970) adalah pemain ganda putra bulu tangkis Indonesia. Ia adalah salah satu atlet berprestasi hasil binaan PB Djarum Kudus. Denny Kantono yang berpasangan dengan Antonius Budi Ariantho berhasil menjuarai beberapa kejuaraan internasional dan pernah menduduki peringkat satu dunia. Antonius B. Ariantho/Denny Kantono dalam sem…

Yakovlev Yak-54

Yakovlev Yak-54 adalah sebuah pesawat olahraga aerobatic dan kompetisi 1990 Rusia yang dirancang oleh Yakovlev Aircraft Corporation. Bagian dari generasi baru pesawat akrobatik dari biro desain Yakovlev yang memiliki garis panjang desain pesawat dimulai pada tahun 1937 dengan UT-2/AIR-10. Ini merupakan pengembangan dari kursi tunggal Yak-55m, yang dirancang oleh Kepala Pembuat Dmitry Drach dan Insinyur Vladimir Popov pertama kali terbang 23 Desember 1993. Pesawat ini diproduksi oleh Fasilitas Sa…

Álvaro Rafael González

Alvaro González Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Álvaro Rafael González LuengoTanggal lahir 29 Oktober 1984 (umur 39)Tempat lahir Montevideo, UruguayTinggi 1,76 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain GelandangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Torino (pinjaman dari Lazio)Nomor 15Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2003–2007 Defensor Sporting 47 (4)2007–2009 Boca Juniors 33 (1)2009–2010 Nacional 37 (3)2010– Lazio 110 (4)2015– → Torino (pinjaman) 1 (0)Tim nasional‡2006–…

Jim Gaffigan

James Gaffigan beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk konduktor, lihat James Gaffigan (konduktor). Jim GaffiganGaffigan pada Januari 2014Nama lahirJames Christopher GaffiganLahir7 Juli 1966 (umur 57)Elgin, Illinois, ASMediaKomedi tunggal, televisi, film, bukuPendidikanLa Lumiere SchoolAlma materUniversitas GeorgetownTahun aktif1991–sekarangSuami/istriJeanne Noth ​(m. 2003)​Anak5Situs webjimgaffigan.com James Christopher Gaffigan (lahir 7 Juli 1966) adalah seorang …

Kuartet

Galat: no context parameter provided. Use {{other uses}} for other uses hatnotes. (bantuan). Di musik, kuartet atau quartette[1][2] (Prancis: quatuorcode: fr is deprecated , Jerman: Quartettcode: de is deprecated , Italia: quartettocode: it is deprecated , Spanyol: cuartetocode: es is deprecated , Polandia: kwartetcode: pl is deprecated ) adalah sebuah ansambel musik yang terdiri atas empat alat musik gesek, biasanya 2 biola, sebuah viola dan selo atau karya musik yang dikarang u…

Mikolas Josef

Untuk pemimpin hoki es Cekoslowakia, lihat Josef Mikoláš. Mikolas JosefJosef pada tahun 2018LahirMikoláš Josef4 Oktober 1995 (umur 28)Praha, Republik CekoTempat tinggalWina, Austria[1]Tahun aktif2013–sekarangKota asalKamenice, Republik Ceko[2]Karier musikGenrePophousefoklorhip hopR&BInstrumenVokalgitarLabelSonyRCASitus webmikolasjosef.com Mikoláš Josef (pelafalan Ceko: ['mikolaːʃ 'jozef]; lahir 4 Oktober 1995), yang lebih dikenal sebagai Mikolas …

Anak Mojokerto

Anak MojokertoNomor katalogMojokerto 1Perning 1Nama umumAnak MojokertoJenisHomo erectusUmur1,43–1,49 juta tahunTempat penemuanMojokerto, IndonesiaTanggal penemuan1936Ditemukan olehAndojoRalph von Koenigswald Anak Mojokerto, juga dikenal sebagai Mojokerto 1 dan Perning 1, adalah fosil bagian atas tengkorak dari remaja manusia purba. Ia ditemukan pada Februari 1936 dekat Mojokerto, yang sekarang masuk wilayah Desa Kepuhklagen, Kecamatan Wringinanom, Gresik (Jawa Timur, Indonesia) oleh seorang an…

Daftar kardinal yang diangkat oleh Martinus V

Pope Martin V. Paus Martinus V (menjabat 1417-31) mengangkat tujuh belas kardinal dalam empat konsistori yang diadakan sepanjang masa jabatan kepausannya. Ia mengangkat Baldassare Cossa - mantan Antipaus Yohanes XXIII yang berekonsiliasi sebagai kardinal.[1] 23 Juni 1419 Baldassare Cossa 23 Juli 1423 Domingo Ram I Lanaja Can. Reg. O.S.A. Domenico Capranica 24 Mei 1426 Jean de la Rochetaillée Louis Aleman C.R.S.J. Henry Beaufort Johann von Bucka O.Praem. Antonio Casini Niccolò Albergati…

Clifford W. Beers

Clifford W. Beers (30 Maret 1876 – 9 Juli 1943) adalah pendiri gerakan kesehatan jiwa setelah dirinya menjadi pasien selama 3 tahun di rumah sakit jiwa di Connecticut.[1] Keluarga Clifford W. Beers lahir pada tahun 1876 di New Haven, Connecticut. Nama ibunya adalah Ida Cooke dan ayahnya bernama Robert Beers. Clifford W. Beers merupakan anak ketiga. Kakak pertamanya wafat saat masih bayi. Sedangkan kakak keduanya juga wafat saat remaja akibat mengalami kejang. Sedangkan sa…

Antonio López de Santa Anna

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón Presiden MeksikoMasa jabatan1833 – 27 Januari 1835 PendahuluValentín Gómez FaríasPenggantiMiguel BarragánMasa jabatan20 Maret 1839 – 10 Juli 1839 PendahuluAnastasio BustamantePenggantiNicolás BravoMasa jabatan10 Oktober 1841 – 26 Oktober 1842 PendahuluFrancisco Javier EcheverríaPenggantiNicolás BravoMasa jabatan4 Maret 1843 – 4 Oktober 1843 PendahuluNicolás BravoPengganti…

Kotak Seks

Verrichtungsboxen di Bonn, Jerman Pemandangan fasilitas drive-in seks di Amsterdam (di mana panel tidak sampai ke tanah), yang sekarang ditutup Sex Drive-in atau Kotak Seks adalah garasi kendaraan (atau lokasi tertutup) yang didesain untuk mempermudah pekerja seks komersial bekerja menggunakan mobil dan dapat ditemukan di beberapa negara di Eropa. Secara umum fasilitas ini dibuat oleh otoritas lokal untuk mengontrol dimana pekerja seks komersial bisa bekerja dan untuk meningkatkan keamanan. Lata…

Katedral Araçatuba

Katedral AraçatubaKatedral Bunda Maria dari AparecidaKatedral AraçatubaLokasiAraçatubaNegaraBrasilDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusKatedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupanKeuskupan Araçatuba Katedral Araçatuba yang bernama resmi Katedral Bunda Maria dari Aparecida adalah sebuah gereja katedral Katolik yang terletak di Araçatuba, Brasil. Katedral ini merupakan pusat kedudukan dan takhta bagi Keuskupan Araçatuba.[1] Lihat juga Keuskupan Araçatuba Gereja Katol…

Gua Marmer (Krimea)

Pemandangan di dalam gua Gua Marmer ( Rusia: Мра́морная пещераcode: ru is deprecated , Ukrainian: Мармурова печераcode: uk is deprecated , bahasa Tatar Krimea: Mermer qobası, Мермер къобасы) adalah sebuah gua di Crimea, di dataran rendah Chatyr-Dag, pegunungan massif . Ini adalah objek wisata populer yang menjadi salah satu gua yang paling banyak dikunjungi di Eropa. Karena keunikannya, Gua Marmer menjadi terkenal di seluruh dunia. Speleolog menga…

Artyom Vitalyevich Anisimov

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Artyom AnisimovInformasi pribadiNama lengkap Artyom Vitalyevich AnisimovTanggal lahir 30 Januari 1991 (umur 33)Tinggi 1,78 m (5 ft 10 in)Posisi bermain GelandangInformasi klubKlub saat ini FC Volga Nizhny NovgorodNomor 22Karier senior…

Kontes Lagu Eurovision Junior 2012

Kontes Lagu Eurovision Junior 2012 Pembawa Acara Ewout Genemans Penyiar Tuan Rumah AVRO Tempat Akan diumumkan, Belanda Jumlah kontestan 2 (sampai sekarang) Peta Partisipasi   Negara peserta Kontes Lagu Eurovision Junior ◄2011        2013► Kontes Lagu Eurovision Junior 2012 adalah kontes yang akan menjadi Kontes Lagu Eurovision Junior edisi kesepuluh dan akan diselenggarakan di Belanda. Kota tuan rumah dan tempat penyelenggaraan, sampa…

Kabupaten Aceh Timur

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Aceh (disambiguasi). Koordinat: 4°37′N 97°37′E / 4.617°N 97.617°E / 4.617; 97.617 Kabupaten Aceh TimurKabupatenTranskripsi bahasa daerah • Jawoe/Jawiاچيه تيموKawasan Pegunungan Mugajah LambangMotto: Udep saree, matee syahid(Aceh) Hidup dengan kehormatan, mati dengan kemuliaanPetaKabupaten Aceh TimurPetaTampilkan peta SumatraKabupaten Aceh TimurKabupaten Aceh Timur (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaKoordinat…

Mandiraja, Banjarnegara

Koordinat: 7°28′20″S 109°30′48″E / 7.47222°S 109.51333°E / -7.47222; 109.51333 MandirajaKecamatanBukit Watu Sodong di MandirajaMandirajaLokasi di Pulau Jawa dan IndonesiaTampilkan peta JawaMandirajaMandiraja (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaKoordinat: 7°28′20″S 109°30′48″E / 7.47222°S 109.51333°E / -7.47222; 109.51333Negara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenBanjarnegaraPemerintahan • CamatANANG SUTANTO,…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya