Blake-class cruiser

	HMS Blenheim
Class overview
Name	Blake class
Operators	Royal Navy
Preceded by	Orlando class
Succeeded by	Edgar class
Built	1888–1894
In commission	1891–1926
Completed	2
Retired	2
General characteristics
Type	First class protected cruiser
Displacement	9,150 long tons (9,297 t)
Length	399 ft 9 in (121.84 m) oa; 375 ft (114.30 m) pp;
Beam	65 ft (19.81 m)
Draught	24 ft (7.32 m)
Propulsion	2 shafts; 3 cylinder triple expansion steam engines; 8 boilers; 13,000 ihp (9,700 kW) natural draught,; 20,000 ihp (15,000 kW) forced draught;
Speed	20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph) natural draught; 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph) forced draught;
Capacity	1800 tons coal
Complement	570
Armament	2 × BL 9.2-inch (234 mm) Mk VI guns; 10 × QF 6-inch (152 mm) guns; 16 × QF 3-pounder (47 mm) Hotchkiss guns; 4 × 14-inch (356 mm) torpedo tubes;
Armour	Deck: 3–6 in (76–152 mm); 9.2 inch gunshields: 4.5 in (110 mm); Conning tower: 12 in (300 mm);

The Blake class was a pair of first-class protected cruisers, the first of their rank in the Royal Navy, designed in the late 1880s and built around 1890.

Design

The Blakes were designed under the supervision of William White, shortly after he had become Director of Naval Construction. They were planned to combine the role of trade protection with the ability to operate with the fleet when required. As such, the design requirement combined high speed and long range. Unlike the preceding class of large cruisers in the Royal Navy, the Orlandos (which were 'belted' or armoured cruisers), the new class were protected cruisers, with protection afforded to their vital internal spaces by a full-length armoured deck, with no vertical armour belt fitted. They were also the ships for which the 'first-class cruiser' designation was created by the Royal Navy. This was due to their superlative nature, being much larger, faster and more powerful than any preceding design. All existing cruisers in the Royal Navy were re-rated in light of this new designation.^[1]^[2]

Main gun armament was similar to that of the Orlandos, consisting of two 9.2 in (234 mm) Mark VI breech loading guns mounted in single mounts fore and aft on the ship's centreline, and ten single 6 in (152 mm) QF guns, all on broadside, of which six were sited on the ships' upper deck (with light open-backed gunshields) and the remaining four were mounted in armoured casemates on the ships' main deck. This dispersed arrangement was chosen to minimise the risk of one shell hit disabling multiple guns at once, a feature seen also in the contemporary Royal Sovereign-class battleships (which the Blake class were essentially cruiser counterparts of). Secondary armament consisted of sixteen 3 pounder guns. Four 14 inch torpedo tubes completed the ships' armament, with two submerged tubes and two above the waterline.

The arched protective deck was at approximately the level of the waterline, with a thickness of 3 in (76 mm) on the flat area in the middle and 6 in (152 mm) on the slopes, which joined the hull's sides at the lower edge. The ships' conning tower was protected by 12 in (305 mm) of armour. The 9.2 inch guns were behind large, curved 4.5 in (114 mm)-armoured gunshields while the casemates protecting the main deck 6 inch guns were 6 inches thick.^[1]

Machinery consisted of 4 three-cylinder triple expansion engines fed by six double-ended cylindrical boilers and driving two shafts. The engines generated 13,000 indicated horsepower (9,700 kW) under natural draught and 20,000 indicated horsepower (15,000 kW) with forced draught, giving a speed of 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) with forced draught and 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) with natural draught. The forward two engines could be disconnected for longer endurance at low speeds. 1,800 long tons (1,829 t) of coal could be carried, double the fuel of the Orlandos, giving a range of 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), which was much less than the 15,000 nautical miles (28,000 km; 17,000 mi) expected.^[1]

Service

The two ships were obsolete by the outbreak of the First World War, and served as depot ships. HMS Blenheim had the more active career, supporting the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force at the Battle of Gallipoli, and repatriating three dignitaries to their home countries after their deaths abroad. They were Prince Henry of Battenberg and former Canadian Prime Ministers Sir John Thompson and Sir Charles Tupper.

Building Programme

The following table gives the build details and purchase cost of the members of the Blake class. Standard British practice at that time was for these costs to exclude armament and stores.

Ship	Builder	Maker of Engines	Date of			Cost according to
Ship	Builder	Maker of Engines	Laid Down	Launch	Completion	(BNA 1895)^[3]
Blake	Chatham Dockyard	Maudslay	July 1888	23 Nov 1889	2 Feb 1892	£440,471
Blenheim	Thames Ironworks	Humphrys	October 1888	5 Jul 1890	26 May 1894	£425,591

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chesneau and Kolesnik 1979, p. 66.
^ Brown 1997, p. 135.
^ Brassey's Naval Annual 1895, p201-217

References

Brassey, T.A. (ed) The Naval Annual 1895
Brown, D.K. Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905. London: Caxton Editions, 1997. ISBN 1-84067-529-2.
Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
Chesneau, Roger and Kolesnik, Eugene (Ed.) Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Conway Maritime Press, 1979. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4