Blueberry is a widely distributed and widespread group of perennialflowering plant with blue or purple berries. They are classified in the sectionCyanococcus within the genusVaccinium. Vaccinium also includes cranberries, bilberries, huckleberries and Madeira blueberries.[1] Commercial blueberries—both wild (lowbush) and cultivated (highbush)—are all native to North America. The highbush varieties were introduced into Europe during the 1930s.[2]
Blueberries are usually prostrateshrubs that can vary in size from 10 centimeters (4 inches) to 4 meters (13 feet) in height. In commercial production of blueberries, the species with small, pea-size berries growing on low-level bushes are known as "lowbush blueberries" (synonymous with "wild"), while the species with larger berries growing on taller, cultivated bushes are known as "highbush blueberries". Canada is the leading producer of lowbush blueberries, while the United States produces some 40% of the world's supply of highbush blueberries.
Origin and history of cultivation
The genus Vaccinium has a mostly circumpolar distribution, with species mainly present in North America, Europe, and Asia.[1] Many commercially available species with English common names including "blueberry" are from North America,[3] particularly Atlantic Canada and the northeastern United States for wild (lowbush) blueberries, and several US states and British Columbia for cultivated (highbush) blueberries.[4][5]First Nations peoples of Canada consumed wild blueberries for millennia.[4] Highbush blueberries were first cultivated in New Jersey around the beginning of the 20th century.[5][3]
North American native species of blueberries are grown commercially in the Southern Hemisphere in Australia, New Zealand and South American nations. The Colombian or Andean blueberry, Vaccinium meridionale, is wild-harvested and commonly available locally.[6] Several other wild shrubs of the genus Vaccinium also produce commonly eaten blue berries, such as the predominantly European Vaccinium myrtillus and other bilberries, which in many languages have a name that translates to "blueberry" in English.
Description
Five species of blueberries grow wild in Canada, including Vaccinium myrtilloides, Vaccinium angustifolium and Vaccinium corymbosum, which grow on forest floors or near swamps.[7] Wild (lowbush) blueberries are not planted by farmers, but rather are managed on berry fields called "barrens".[4]
Wild blueberries reproduce by cross pollination, with each seed producing a plant with a different genetic composition, causing within the same species differences in growth, productivity, color, leaf characteristics, disease resistance, flavor, and other fruit characteristics.[7] The mother plant develops underground stems called rhizomes, allowing the plant to form a network of rhizomes creating a large patch (called a clone) which is genetically distinct.[7]Floral and leaf buds develop intermittently along the stems of the plant, with each floral bud giving rise to 5–6 flowers and the eventual fruit.[7] Wild blueberries prefer an acidic soil between 4.2 and 5.2 pH and only moderate amounts of moisture.[7] They have a hardy cold tolerance in their Canadian range and the U.S. state of Maine.[7] Fruit productivity of lowbush blueberries varies by the degree of pollination, genetics of the clone, soil fertility, water availability, insect infestation, plant diseases and local growing conditions.[7] Wild (lowbush) blueberries have an average mature weight of 0.3 grams (1⁄128 oz).[7]
Highbush (cultivated) blueberries prefer sandy or loam soils, having shallow root systems that benefit from mulch and fertilizer.[8] The leaves of highbush blueberries can be either deciduous or evergreen, ovate to lanceolate, and 1–8 cm (1⁄2–3+1⁄4 in) long and 0.5–3.5 cm (1⁄4–1+3⁄8 in) broad. The flowers are bell-shaped, white, pale pink or red, sometimes tinged greenish.
The fruit is a berry 5–16 mm (3⁄16–5⁄8 in) in diameter with a flared crown at the end; they are pale greenish at first, then reddish-purple, and finally uniformly blue when ripe.[8] They are covered in a protective coating of powdery epicuticular wax, colloquially known as the "bloom".[7] They generally have a sweet taste when mature, with variable acidity.[7][8] Blueberry bushes typically bear fruit in the middle of the growing season: fruiting times are affected by local conditions such as climate, altitude and latitude, so the time of harvest in the northern hemisphere can vary from May to August.[7][8]
Note: habitat and range summaries are from the Flora of New Brunswick, published in 1986 by Harold R. Hinds, and Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast, published in 1994 by Pojar and MacKinnon.
Vaccinium angustifolium (lowbush blueberry):[9][3] acidic barrens, bogs and clearings, Manitoba to Labrador, south to Nova Scotia; and in the United States, from Maine westward to Iowa and southward to Virginia
Vaccinium boreale (northern blueberry): peaty barrens, Quebec and Labrador (rare in New Brunswick), south to New York and Massachusetts
Vaccinium uliginosum (bog bilberry/blueberry, northern bilberry or western blueberry)
Wild blueberry in autumn foliage, Pilot Mountain, North Carolina, in October
A maturing 'Polaris' blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)
A selection of blueberries, showing the typical sizes of the berries. The scale is marked in centimeters.
The lowbush varieties are V. angustifolium, V. boreale, V. mytilloides, V. pallidum, and V. angustifolium × V. corymbosum. They are still grown in a similar manner to pre-Columbian semi-wild cultivation, i.e. slash and burn. The highbush varieties are darrowii and corymbosum. Rabbiteye (V. ashei/V. virgatum) is considered different from both high- and lowbush.[3]
Identification
Commercially offered blueberries are usually from species that naturally occur only in eastern and north-central North America. Other sections in the genus are native to other parts of the world, including the Pacific Northwest and southern United States,[10] South America, Europe and Asia. Other wild shrubs in many of these regions produce similar-looking edible berries, such as huckleberries and whortleberries (North America) and bilberries (Europe). These species are sometimes called "blueberries" and are sold as blueberry jam or other products.
The names of blueberries in languages other than English often translate as "blueberry", e.g. Scotsblaeberry and Norwegian blåbær. Blaeberry, blåbær and French myrtilles usually refer to the European native bilberry (V. myrtillus), while bleuets refers to the North American blueberry. Russian голубика ("blue berry") does not refer to blueberries, which are non-native and nearly unknown in Russia, but rather to their close relatives, bog bilberries (V. uliginosum).
Cyanococcus blueberries can be distinguished from the nearly identical-looking bilberries by their flesh color when cut in half. Ripe blueberries have light green flesh, while bilberries, whortleberries and huckleberries are red or purple throughout.
Blueberries are sold fresh or are processed as individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or dried or infused berries. These may then be used in a variety of consumer goods, such as jellies, jams, pies, muffins, snack foods, pancakes, or as an additive to breakfast cereals.
Blueberry jam is made from blueberries, sugar, water, and fruit pectin. Blueberry sauce is a sweet sauce prepared using blueberries as a primary ingredient.
Blueberry wine is made from the flesh and skin of the berries, which is fermented and then matured; usually the lowbush variety is used.
Nutrients
Blueberries consist of 14% carbohydrates, 0.7% protein, 0.3% fat and 84% water (table). They contain only negligible amounts of micronutrients, with moderate levels (relative to respective Daily Values) (DV) of the essential dietary mineralmanganese, vitamin C, vitamin K and dietary fiber (table). Generally, nutrient contents of blueberries are a low percentage of the DV (table). A 100-gram serving provides a relatively low amount of food energy – 240 kilojoules (57 kcal) – with a glycemic load of 6.
Phytochemicals and research
Blueberries contain anthocyanins, other polyphenols and various phytochemicals under preliminary research for their potential biological effects.[13] Most polyphenol studies have been conducted using the highbush cultivar of blueberries (V. corymbosum), while content of polyphenols and anthocyanins in lowbush (wild) blueberries (V. angustifolium) exceeds values found in highbush cultivars.[14]
A cut blueberry showing how, having been frozen and then thawed, the anthocyanins in the pericarp are able to run into the damaged cells, staining the flesh.
Structure of anthocyanins, the blue pigments in blueberries.[13]
Cultivation
Blueberries may be cultivated, or they may be picked from semiwild or wild bushes. In North America, the most common cultivated species is V. corymbosum, the northern highbush blueberry. Hybrids of this with other Vaccinium species adapted to southern U.S. climates are known collectively as southern highbush blueberries.[15]
So-called "wild" (lowbush) blueberries, smaller than cultivated highbush ones, have intense color. The lowbush blueberry, V. angustifolium, is found from the Atlantic provinces westward to Quebec and southward to Michigan and West Virginia. In some areas, it produces natural "blueberry barrens", where it is the dominant species covering large areas. Several First Nations communities in Ontario are involved in harvesting wild blueberries.
"Wild" has been adopted as a marketing term for harvests of managed native stands of lowbush blueberries. The bushes are not planted or selectively bred, but they are pruned or burned over every two years, and pests are "managed".[16]
Numerous highbush cultivars of blueberries are available, with diversity among them, each having individual qualities. A blueberry breeding program has been established by the USDA-ARS breeding program at Beltsville, Maryland, and Chatsworth, New Jersey. This program began when Frederick Vernon Coville of the USDA-ARS collaborated with Elizabeth Coleman White of New Jersey.[17] In the early part of the 20th century, White offered pineland residents cash for wild blueberry plants with unusually large fruit.[18] After 1910 Coville began to work on blueberry, and was the first to discover the importance of soil acidity (blueberries need highly acidic soil), that blueberries do not self-pollinate, and the effects of cold on blueberries and other plants.[19] In 1911, he began a program of research in conjunction with White, daughter of the owner of the extensive cranberry bogs at Whitesbog in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. His work doubled the size of some strains' fruit, and by 1916, he had succeeded in cultivating blueberries, making them a valuable crop in the Northeastern United States.[18][20] For this work he received the George Roberts White Medal of Honor from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
The rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum syn. V. ashei) is a southern type of blueberry produced from the Carolinas to the Gulf Coast states. Production of rabbiteye blueberries was a focus in Texas in the early 21st century.[21] Other important species in North America include V. pallidum, the hillside or dryland blueberry. It is native to the eastern U.S., and common in the Appalachians and the Piedmont of the Southeast. Sparkleberry, V. arboreum, is a common wild species on sandy soils in the Southeast.
Successful blueberry cultivation requires attention to soil pH (acidity) measurements in the acidic range.[22][23][24]
Blueberry bushes often require supplemental fertilization,[23] but over-fertilization with nitrogen can damage plant health, as evidenced by nitrogen-burn visible on the leaves.[22][23]
In 2018, Oregon produced the most cultivated blueberries, recording 59 million kilograms (131 million pounds), an amount slightly exceeding the production by Washington.[26] In descending order of production volume for 2017, other major producers were Georgia, Michigan, New Jersey, California, and North Carolina.[27]
Hammonton, New Jersey, claims to be the "Blueberry Capital of the World",[28] with over 80% of New Jersey's cultivated blueberries coming from this town.[29] Every year the town hosts a large festival, which draws thousands of people to celebrate the fruit.[30]
Maine is known for its wild blueberries,[31] but the state's lowbush (wild) and highbush blueberries combined account for 10% of all blueberries grown in North America. Some 44,000 hectares (110,000 acres) are farmed, but only half of this acreage is harvested each year due to variations in pruning practices.[32] The wild blueberry is the official fruit of Maine.[33]
Canada
Canadian production of wild and cultivated blueberries in 2015 was 166,000 tonnes valued at $262 million, the largest fruit crop produced nationally accounting for 29% of all fruit value.[34]
British Columbia was the largest Canadian producer of cultivated blueberries, yielding 70,000 tonnes in 2015,[34] the world's largest production of blueberries by region.[35]
Atlantic Canada contributes approximately half of the total North American wild/lowbush annual production with New Brunswick having the largest in 2015, an amount expanding in 2016.[36]Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Québec are also major producers.[37] Nova Scotia recognizes the wild blueberry as its official provincial berry,[38] with the town of Oxford, Nova Scotia known as the Wild Blueberry Capital of Canada.[39]
Québec is a major producer of wild blueberries, especially in the regions of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (where a popular name for inhabitants of the regions is bleuets, or "blueberries") and Côte-Nord, which together provide 40% of Québec's total provincial production. This wild blueberry commerce benefits from vertical integration of growing, processing, frozen storage, marketing and transportation within relatively small regions of the province.[40] On average, 80% of Québec wild blueberries are harvested on farms (21 million kilograms (23,000 short tons)), the remaining 20% being harvested from public forests (5 million kilograms (5,500 short tons)).[40] Some 95% of the wild blueberry crop in Québec is frozen for export out of the province.[40]
Europe
Highbush blueberries were first introduced to Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands in the 1930s, and have since been spread to numerous other countries of Europe.[2]V. corymbosum only began to be cultivated in Romania in a few years leading up to 2018 and rapidly increased in production and sales in that time (as with berries in general). As of 2018[update] it remains relatively unmolested by pests and diseases (see Diseases below).[41]
In Brazil, blueberries are produced in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo and Minas Gerais.[44]
Blueberries were first introduced to Australia in the 1950s, but the effort was unsuccessful. In the early 1970s, the Victorian Department of Agriculture imported seed from the U.S. and a selection trial was started. This work was continued into the mid-1970s when the Australian Blueberry Growers' Association was formed.[45]
In the 21st century, the industry grew in Argentina: "Argentine blueberry production has increased over the last three years with planted area up to 400 percent," according to a 2005 report by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.[46] "Argentine blueberry production has thrived in four different regions: the province of Entre Rios in northeastern Argentina, the province of Tucuman, the province of Buenos Aires and the southern Patagonian valleys", according to the report.[47] In the Bureau of International Labor Affairsreport of 2014 on child labor and forced labor, blueberries were listed among the goods produced in such working conditions in Argentina.[48]
DDT began to be used in blueberry soon after its discovery in 1939, and a few years later in the mid-1940s research began into its use in North America.[3]
Because "wild" is a marketing term generally used for all low-bush blueberries, it is not an indication that such blueberries are free from pesticides.[49]
Blueberries are naturally relatively unmolested by arthropod pests. Nonetheless, there are 24 insect taxa known to be pest (organism)s in North America, the worst in New Jersey, Michigan, Maine, and Eastern Canada being Rhagoletis mendax. Secondary but still important are Acrobasis vaccinii, Grapholita packardi, and Conotrachelusnenuphar. These four are the most common targets for development of IPM practices. as of 2019[update], IPM research has also taken an interest in Drosophila suzukii and arthropods like aphids (that vector diseases such as scorch virus and shoestring virus) and cicadellids (vectoring the phytoplasma that causes blueberry stunt). Managing pests down to the cosmetic level is necessary in this fruit because they are a premium type product.[3]
Changes in locale and environment – to new geographies, and into greenhouses – has required new pest management regimes, including innovative IPM. Conversely, importing foreign potential enemies into North America may yield good results: Operophtera brumata is a pest of blueberries and birches which is successfully parasitized by Cyzenis albicans despite the lack of historical, natural contact between the two. The same results were obtained with Scirtothrips citri and Beauveria bassiana. Results are available for Choristoneura rosaceana and overwhelming numbers of Trichogramma minutum, and Cyclocephala longula overwhelmed by Steinernema scarabaei. This has also been attempted with flower thrips and potential predators but with inconclusive results.[3]
Insect resistance was not a priority in breeding programs until about the year 2000, and is still not a high priority. However it may become more common as it becomes easier, especially using marker-assisted breeding. V. ashei is naturally more resistant than V. corymbosum to Scaphytopius magdalensis. V. ashei is less resistant than V. darrowii to Prodiplosis vaccinia. There is variation between cultivars of V. ashei in resistance to Oberea myops. There is variation in resistance among cultivars of V. corymbosum to Acrobasis vaccinii and Popillia japonica. Wild V. spp. have greater resistance than highbush cultivars to I. pepperi. There is significant variation between highbush cultivars in abundance of various Tephritidae, thrips, and Homalodisca vitripennis.[3]
In 2021, world production of blueberries (lowbush and highbush combined) was 1.1 million tonnes, led by the United States with 32% of global production, Peru with 20%, and Canada with 13% (table).[50]
In 2019, Canada was the largest producer of wild blueberries, mainly in Quebec and the Atlantic provinces,[51] but Canadian production of wild blueberries decreased since 2017 by transitioning to the more profitable cultivated highbush blueberries.[52]British Columbia produced 93% of the Canadian highbush blueberry crop in 2019.[51]
Regulations
Canada
Canada No. 1 blueberries are all similar in size, shape, weight, and color—the total product can be no more than ten percent off-color and three percent otherwise defective.[53]
^ abc"Canadian blueberries". Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada. August 9, 2018. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
^ abcdBecky Sideman (August 1, 2016). "Growing fruit: Highbush blueberries"(PDF). University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
^National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN978-0-309-48834-1. PMID30844154.
^ ab"Flavonoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. November 2015. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
^Kalt W, Ryan DA, Duy JC, Prior RL, Ehlenfeldt MK, Vander Kloet SP (October 2001). "Interspecific variation in anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity among genotypes of highbush and lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium cyanococcus spp.)". J Agric Food Chem. 49 (10): 4761–7. doi:10.1021/jf010653e. ISSN0021-8561. PMID11600018.
^"Growing Highbush Blueberries"(PDF). University of New Hampshire-Extension. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
^Monte Nesbitt; Jim Kamas; Larry Stein (2013). "Blueberries"(PDF). Texas A&M University, AgriLife Extension Service. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
^ abcHayden RA (2001). "Fertilizing blueberries"(PDF). Purdue University, Department of Horticulture. Archived(PDF) from the original on October 11, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
^David E. Yarborough (February 2015). "Wild Blueberry Culture in Maine". Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries, University of Maine. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
^"State Berry – Wild Blueberry". Secretary of State for Maine, Matthew Dunlap. 2007. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
^"Wild blueberry trivia". Wild Blueberry Producers Associations of Nova Scotia. 2016. Archived from the original on May 24, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
^ abSlav, M.; Hoza, D.; Asănică, A. (2018). "Researches on the presence and aggressivity of the blueberry root rot (Phytophthora cinnamomi) in a Dâmbovița county plantation". Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology. 22 (4): 7–12. ref.15
^"Where blueberries grow". Blueberry.org. U.S. Highbush Blueberry Council. 2019. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
^ ab"Canadian blueberries". Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada. August 9, 2019. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
Not to be confused with Beit Lahia, Lebanon. City in North Gaza, State of PalestineBeit LahiaCityArabic transcription(s) • Arabicبيت لاهيا • LatinBayt Lahiya (official[citation needed]) Municipal Seal of Beit LahiaBeit LahiaLocation of Beit Lahia within PalestineCoordinates: 31°33′N 34°30′E / 31.550°N 34.500°E / 31.550; 34.500Palestine grid102/106State State of PalestineGovernorateNorth GazaControl Israel Defe…
Argentine reality television show MasterChef CelebrityGenreBaking, cookingCreated byFranc RoddamDirected byClaudio CuscuelaPresented by Santiago del Moro Judges Donato De Santis [es] German Martitegui [es] Damián Betular [es] Voices ofClaudia FasoloCountry of originArgentinaOriginal languageSpanishNo. of seasons3No. of episodes162ProductionExecutive producers Gustavo N. Perednik (1st season) Nicolas Malowicki (2nd season) ProducerDiego GuebelProduction loc…
.jmDiperkenalkan24 September 1991Jenis TLDTLD kode negara InternetStatusAktifRegistriUniversity of West IndiesSponsorUniversity of West IndiesPemakaian yang diinginkanEntitas yang terhubung dengan JamaikaPemakaian aktualDigunakan di JamaikaPembatasanTak ada di .com.jm, .net.jm, dan .org.jm [1]StrukturRegistrasi dilakukan di tingkat ketiga, dibawah label tingkat keduaSitus webRegistrar.jm adalah top-level domain kode negara Internet untuk Jamaika. lbsRanah tingkat teratas kode negar…
Artikel ini membahas mengenai bangunan, struktur, infrastruktur, atau kawasan terencana yang sedang dibangun atau akan segera selesai. Informasi di halaman ini bisa berubah setiap saat (tidak jarang perubahan yang besar) seiring dengan penyelesaiannya. The Sheffield TowerInformasi umumStatusDisetujuiLokasiDubai, Uni Emirat ArabPerkiraan rampung2009Data teknisJumlah lantai46Desain dan konstruksiArsitekNational Engineering BureauPengembangNakheel The Sheffield Tower merupakan sebuah menara berting…
Eleanor dari SkotlandiaAdipati Utama AustriaBerkuasa1449 - 1480WangsaStuartAyahJames I dari SkotlandiaIbuJoan BeaufortPasanganSiegmund dari Austria Eleanor dari Skotlandia (1433 – Innsbruck 20 November 1480) merupakan putri James I dari Skotlandia dan Joan Beaufort. Ia adalah seorang Adipati Utama Austria melalui pernikahan dan seorang penerjemah terkenal. Kehidupan awal Eleanor adalah anak keenam James I dari Skotlandia dan Joan Beaufort.[1] James I dikenal karena kecintaannya pada sa…
Antoine Griezmann Antoine Griezmann bersama Prancis pada 2018Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Antoine Griezmann[1]Tanggal lahir 21 Maret 1991 (umur 32)[2]Tempat lahir Mâcon, PrancisTinggi 175 cm (5 ft 9 in)[3]Posisi bermain Penyerang, gelandang serangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Atletico MadridNomor 8Karier junior1997–1999 Entente Charnay et Mâcon1999–2005 Mâcon2005–2009 Real SociedadKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2009–2014 Real Sociedad 18…
Tabir suryaIntervensiTabir surya di punggung dalam keadaan normal dan sinar UVSinonimSun screen, sunblock, sunburn cream, sun cream, block out[1][sunting di Wikidata] Tabir surya adalah ramuan untuk menghalangi pengaruh cahaya matahari yang merusak kulit.[2] Ramuan tersebut dapat berupa losion, semprotan, gel, foam, batang atau produk[3] topikal yang menghindari atau memantulkan sinar radiasi ultraviolet (UV) dari matahari dan sehingga tidak mengalami bakaran matahari…
Disambiguazione – Archetto rimanda qui. Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Archetto (disambigua). Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento strumenti musicali non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Commento: La voce è diventata un miscuglio indistinto di informazioni e opinioni personali. Il risultato è una voce assolutamente non attendibile. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle …
Le informazioni riportate non sono consigli medici e potrebbero non essere accurate. I contenuti hanno solo fine illustrativo e non sostituiscono il parere medico: leggi le avvertenze. Sindrome emolitico-uremica atipicaMalattia rara Cod. esenz. SSNRD0010 SpecialitàNefrologia Classificazione e risorse esterne (EN)ICD-9-CM283.11 ICD-10D59.3 MeSHD065766 Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale La sindrome emolitico-uremica atipica (SEUa o in inglese aHUS) è una patologia sistemica rara, grave e …
Colombian television series The Queen and the ConquerorGenreHistorical period dramaCreated byJohhny OrtizDirected by Camilo Villamizar Juan Carlos Vásquez Country of originColombiaOriginal languageSpanishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes60Original releaseNetworkNetflixRelease20 May 2020 (2020-05-20) The Queen and the Conqueror (Spanish: La reina de Indias y el conquistador), is a Colombian historical drama television series created by Johhny Ortiz, and directed by Camilo Villamizar,…
The Ambassador of India to China is the chief diplomatic representative of the Republic of India to the People's Republic of China. Ambassadors People's Republic of China (1950–present)[1] Name Photo Title Date from Date until K. M. Panikkar Ambassador 20 May 1950 12 September 1952 N. Raghavan Ambassador 13 September 1952 5 November 1955 Ratan Kumar Nehru Ambassador 6 November 1955 27 July 1958 G. Parthasarathi Ambassador 27 July 1958 19 July 1961 P. K. Banerjee Chargés d'affaires en …
Zona di estensione Tundra nella Penisola del Tajmyr (Siberia settentrionale). La tundra è un bioma (o vasta formazione vegetale) proprio delle regioni subpolari e occupa zone dell'emisfero, principalmente boreale, dove la temperatura media annuale è inferiore allo zero. Il suo limite settentrionale sono i ghiacci polari perenni (banchisa polare e calotte glaciali), mentre a sud essa si arresta alle prime formazioni forestali della taiga (foresta boreale). È caratterizzata dalla mancanza di sp…
Koordinat: 31°10′N 83°26′W / 31.167°N 83.433°W / 31.167; -83.433 Cook County, GeorgiaCook County Courthouse in AdelLokasi di negara bagian GeorgiaLokasi negara bagian Georgia di Amerika SerikatDidirikan1918Asal namaPhilip CookSeatAdelKota terbesarAdelWilayah • Keseluruhan233 sq mi (603 km2) • Daratan227 sq mi (588 km2) • Perairan60 sq mi (155 km2), 2.6%Populasi • (2010)17.…
Ethnographic MuseumThe Ethnographic Museum when it was called the National Museum of RwandaFormer nameNational Museum of RwandaEstablished1989LocationHuyeCoordinates2°35′19″S 29°44′42″E / 2.5887°S 29.7451°E / -2.5887; 29.7451TypeEthnographic The Ethnographic Museum (Kinyarwanda: Inzu ndangamurage[1]), formerly the National Museum of Rwanda (French: Musée national du Rwanda, Kinyarwanda: Ingoro y'Umurage w'u Rwanda), is a national museum in Rwanda. It …
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento Voci comuni è ritenuta da controllare. Motivo: La voce dichiaratamente tratta solo il significato in psicologia, però secondo la voce stessa ci sono anche altri significati (psicofisiologico, ecc.) Partecipa alla discussione e/o correggi la voce. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. In psicologia il bisogno è la percezione della mancanza totale o parziale di uno o più elementi che costituiscono il benessere della propria persona. La spin…
Artikel ini memberikan informasi dasar tentang topik kesehatan. Informasi dalam artikel ini hanya boleh digunakan untuk penjelasan ilmiah; bukan untuk diagnosis diri dan tidak dapat menggantikan diagnosis medis. Wikipedia tidak memberikan konsultasi medis. Jika Anda perlu bantuan atau hendak berobat, berkonsultasilah dengan tenaga kesehatan profesional.Lihat pula: Terapi hormon transgender Bagian dari seri mengenaiTransgender Identitas gender Agender / tanpa gender Androgini Bigender Bissu …
Luca ArgenteroArgentero pada 2017Lahir12 April 1978 (umur 45)Torino, ItaliaPekerjaan Pemeran model penyiar televisi Tahun aktif1985-kiniSuami/istriMyriam Catania (m. 2009; bercerai 2016) Luca Argentero (lahir 12 April 1978) adalah seorang pemeran, model dan penyiar televisi asal Italia. Ia tampil dalam lebih dari 18 film sejak 2006. Pranala luar Luca Argentero di IMDb (dalam bahasa Inggris) Pengawasan otoritas Umum Integrated Authorit…
Yashir Pinto Pinto bermain untuk Chili U18 tahun 2009Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Yashir Armando Pinto IslameTanggal lahir 6 Februari 1991 (umur 33)Tempat lahir Santiago, ChiliTinggi 182 m (597 ft 1+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain Gelandang SayapInformasi klubKlub saat ini Barito PuteraNomor 10Karier junior Colo-ColoKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2008–2012 Colo-Colo 14 (0)2010–2011 → Ñublense(pinjaman) 14 (3)2012 → FC Edmonton (pinjaman) 21 (3)2013 Lota Schwager 9 …
Nama ini menggunakan cara penamaan Portugis. Nama keluarga pertama atau maternalnya adalah de Costa dan nama keluarga kedua atau paternalnya adalah Paes. Eduardo Paes Walikota Rio de JaneiroPetahanaMulai menjabat 1 Januari 2021Wakil WalikotaNilton Caldeira PendahuluMarcelo CrivellaPenggantiPetahanaMasa jabatan1 Januari 2009 – 1 Januari 2017Wakil WalikotaCarlos Alberto MunizAdilson Pires PendahuluCesar MaiaPenggantiMarcelo CrivellaSekretaris Pariwisata, Olahraga dan Rekreasi Da…