Bofors

AB Bofors
	Bofors older heraldic logotype, featuring two lions upholding two circles containing the "Bofors arrow" (B-arrow), crowned by a lit grenade
Native name	Aktiebolaget Bofors
Formerly	Bofors-Gullspång Company Ltd.
Industry	Arms industry;
Founded	1646 in Karlskoga, Sweden
Headquarters	Karlskoga, Sweden

AB Bofors (UK: /ˈboʊfərz/ BOH-fərz, US: /ˈboʊfɔːrz/ BOH-forz,^[1]^[2] Swedish: [buːˈfɔʂː])^{[check vowel length]} is a former Swedish arms manufacturer which today is part of the British arms manufacturer BAE Systems. The name has been associated with the iron industry and artillery manufacturing for more than 350 years.^[3]

History

Located in Karlskoga neighborhood of Bofors, Sweden, the company originates from the hammer mill "Boofors", which was founded as a royal state-owned company in 1646 when P. L. Hosman was permitted to erect a forge at the site.^[4] Sigrid Ekehielm, also known as Boås-Beata,^[5] who lived from the 1640s to 1700, at one point owned it.^[6]

The Bofors Works was acquired by Johan Eberhard Geijer (1733–1796) in 1762. It was then acquired by the latter's brother, Emanuel af Geijerstam.^[7]

The modern corporate structure was created in 1873 with the foundation of Aktiebolaget (AB) Bofors-Gullspång. A leading Swedish steel producer by the early 1870s, when steel began to be used for gun manufacture in Sweden, Bofors initially sold cast and forged steel produced by the Siemens-Martin process to Finspång gun works, but soon started to expand into weapons manufacture. The company's first cannon workshop was opened in 1884. Bofors' most famous owner was Alfred Nobel, who owned the company from 1894 until his death in December 1896.^[8]^[9] Nobel played a key role in reshaping the former iron and steel producer to a modern cannon manufacturer and chemical industry participant.^[10]^[11] The powder manufacturer AB Bofors Nobelkrut, later an explosives and general organic-chemical producer, was created in 1898 as a wholly owned subsidiary.

By 1911, AB Bofors-Gullspång had outcompeted, bought and closed down its Finspång Swedish competitor in cannon manufacture. The company's name was shortened to AB Bofors in 1919.^[12]

When the Treaty of Versailles severely limited Germany from developing new artillery and banned its exports, German military companies started to offshore their R&D abroad, and Krupp, prohibited to develop guns under 17 cm in caliber, started to co-operate with Bofors already in 1919 in order to secretly engage in arms design and manufacture:

When, after the end of the war, it became a certainty that, for Krupp, gun production would come to a complete standstill, Krupp concluded an agreement with Aktiebolaget Bofors, a Swedish firm, which made available to Bofors information on Krupp's experiences relative to the production of steel in certain fields, and especially of steel for the manufacture of guns, also a license agreement on the basis of which Bofors was authorized to duplicate some types of Krupp's artillery designs, insofar as they were not classed as secret by the Reich. Krupp combined with this the intention of benefiting by the experience gathered at that end. Bofors pledged itself at Krupp's request to permit Krupp employees admission to its works at all times and to supply them with all desired information.^[13]

Bofors was also able to take over pre-war Dutch and Danish contracts of Krupp in September 1919. Under a 1921 agreement the company agreed not to export any Krupp-derived materiel to the victors of WWI: the UK, US, France, Italy and Japan. The Swedish government fully endorsed all that activity.^[14] Also, since 1920 Krupp held 31.8% of Bofors stock through its Swedish subsidiary AB Boforsintressenter despite a 1916 law prohibiting foreigners from having over 20% stock of a Swedish business. As a result of such a collaboration, Bofors prospered, and by the early 1930s it employed ~2800 people (not counting the supply subsidiaries).^[15]

After Adolf Hitler's rise to power, the German rearmament became public and increased in scale so there was no more need in using front companies abroad, hence German armaments firms returned their R&D to the home turf. The Swedish parliament also banned foreign ownership of military industries in 1935, so Krupp had to liquidate Boforsintressenter and sell off its Bofors shares to Swedish entrepreneur Axel Wenner-Gren, who long had good connections with Krupp.

Karlskoga grew around the Bofors Works, which employed almost 10,000 people by 1970.^[16] The arms industry created numerous job opportunities in the 1900s, contributing to the population boom of the city.

Throughout its history, the works has been linked to several influential Swedish families such as Robsahm, Liljeström, Flygge, and Ekehjelm.^[4]

Present ownership

In 1999, Saab AB^[17] purchased the Celsius Group, the then parent company of Bofors.^[18] In September 2000, United Defense Industries (UDI) of the United States acquired Bofors Weapons Systems (the heavy weapons division), while Saab retained the missile interests.

The British company BAE Systems acquired UDI and its Bofors subsidiary in 2005, and BAE Systems Bofors is now a business unit of the Swedish subdivision BAE Systems AB, while the Swedish unit Saab Bofors Dynamics is part of Saab AB.^[19]

Products

The name Bofors is strongly associated with the Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun used by both sides during World War II. This automatic cannon is often simply called the Bofors gun and saw service on both land and sea. It became so widely known that anti-aircraft guns in general were often referred to as Bofors guns.^[20] Another well-known gun made by the company was the Bofors 37 mm Anti-Tank Gun L/45,^[21] a standard anti-tank weapon used by a variety of armies from the mid 1930s throughout World War II. It was built under licence in a variety of nations such as Finland, The Netherlands and Poland^[22] and used in a variety of tanks and armored vehicles, such as the Vickers 6-ton, M39 Pantserwagen and 7TP, among others.

Guns

(incomplete list)

Missiles

(incomplete list)

Other weapons

(incomplete list)

Bofors 375 mm multi-barrel ASW rocket launcher
Bofors HPM Blackout high-powered microwave weapon system

Scandal in India

In 1986, the Government of India and Bofors signed a US$285 million contract for the supply of 410 155 mm field howitzers.^[23] In 1987, Swedish Radio alleged that Bofors paid illegal commissions of ₹600 million (equivalent to ₹7.5 billion or US$90 million in 2023) to top Indian politicians, members of senior Congress party and key defence officials to seal the deal.^[23] The scandal contributed to the defeat of Rajiv Gandhi's government in the elections three years later.^[24]^[25]

References

Citations

^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
^ Oza, B.M (1997). Bofors : The Ambassador's Evidence. India: Konark Publishers.
^ ^a ^b Jernkontoret 1920, p. 18.
^ Bande, Alf (1996). Bofors och boforsare (in Swedish). Probus. p. 13. ISBN 978-91-87184-36-9.
^ "Sigrid Ekehielm", https://skbl.se/en/article/SigridEkehielm, Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon (SKBL) [Biographical Dictionary of Swedish Women] (article by Sofia Danielsson, translated by Alexia Grosjean), retrieved 2023-09-3.
^ Steckzén 1946, p. 28.
^ Bergengren, Erik (1962). Alfred Nobel: The Man and His Work. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd.
^ Jernkontoret 1920, p. 19.
^ Schück, H (1950). Nobel - The Man and His Prizes. Stockholm: Solhmans Förlag. ISBN 0444001174.
^ "Latter life". Alfred Nobel : Biography. Nobel Prize : Official website. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
^ Subramaniam, Chitra (1993). Bofors: the story behind the news. India: Viking. ISBN 0670845256.
^ Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuernberg, October 1946-April 1949. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1950.
^ Engels, W.; Pohl, H. (6 December 2012). German Yearbook on Business History 1982. Springer. ISBN 9783642687921.
^ Lorenz-Meyer, Martin (2007). Safehaven: The Allied Pursuit of Nazi Assets Abroad. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-6586-9.
^ Fransson, Stig A (2001). "BOFORS – förändringsvindar i gammal tid och nutid" (PDF) (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 November 2022. Bofors är nu som störst och har nästan 10 000 anställda i Karlskoga.
^ AB, aktiebolag, is a joint stock company
^ "Press release". Celsius group. 12 September 2000. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
^ Professor Øyvind Østerud, Professor Janne Haaland Matlary (March 2013). Denationalisation of Defence: Convergence and Diversity. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 152.
^ Gander, Terry (1 January 1986). The Bofors 40mm Gun. Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 12. ISBN 0850598400.
^ Bofors (in German). Karlskoga, Sweden: AB Bofors, Karlskoga (Boforskoncernen). 1936. pp. 30, 31, 32.
^ T Persson, Mats. "37 mm Pansarvärnskanon m/34 & m/38". tfd.chalmers.se. Archived from the original on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ ^a ^b "25 years of India's 'Watergate': The Bofors scandal". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016.
^ Mukherjee, A.P (2012). Unknown Facets of Rajiv Gandhi, Jyoti Basu and Indrajit Gupta. India: Pragun Publications. ISBN 978-81-7049470-6.
^ Subramaniam, Chitra (1993). Bofors: The Story Behind The News. Viking. ISBN 0-67084525-6.

Works cited

Jernkontoret (1920). "Aktiebolaget Bofors". Iron and Steel in Sweden. Jernkontoret. pp. 17–36.
Steckzén, Birger (1946). Bofors historia 1646–1946 (in Swedish). Stockholm.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

[1] Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.

[2] Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.

[3] Oza, B.M (1997). Bofors : The Ambassador's Evidence. India: Konark Publishers.

[FOOTNOTEJernkontoret192018-4] Jernkontoret 1920, p. 18.

[Name:0-5] Bande, Alf (1996). Bofors och boforsare (in Swedish). Probus. p. 13. ISBN 978-91-87184-36-9.

[Sigrid-6] "Sigrid Ekehielm", https://skbl.se/en/article/SigridEkehielm, Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon (SKBL) [Biographical Dictionary of Swedish Women] (article by Sofia Danielsson, translated by Alexia Grosjean), retrieved 2023-09-3.

[FOOTNOTESteckzén194628-7] Steckzén 1946, p. 28.

[8] Bergengren, Erik (1962). Alfred Nobel: The Man and His Work. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd.

[FOOTNOTEJernkontoret192019-9] Jernkontoret 1920, p. 19.

[10] Schück, H (1950). Nobel - The Man and His Prizes. Stockholm: Solhmans Förlag. ISBN 0444001174.

[11] "Latter life". Alfred Nobel : Biography. Nobel Prize : Official website. Retrieved 4 March 2014.

[12] Subramaniam, Chitra (1993). Bofors: the story behind the news. India: Viking. ISBN 0670845256.

[13] Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuernberg, October 1946-April 1949. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1950.

[14] Engels, W.; Pohl, H. (6 December 2012). German Yearbook on Business History 1982. Springer. ISBN 9783642687921.

[15] Lorenz-Meyer, Martin (2007). Safehaven: The Allied Pursuit of Nazi Assets Abroad. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-6586-9.

[16] Fransson, Stig A (2001). "BOFORS – förändringsvindar i gammal tid och nutid" (PDF) (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 November 2022. Bofors är nu som störst och har nästan 10 000 anställda i Karlskoga.

[17] AB, aktiebolag, is a joint stock company

[18] "Press release". Celsius group. 12 September 2000. Retrieved 4 March 2014.

[19] Professor Øyvind Østerud, Professor Janne Haaland Matlary (March 2013). Denationalisation of Defence: Convergence and Diversity. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 152.

[20] Gander, Terry (1 January 1986). The Bofors 40mm Gun. Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 12. ISBN 0850598400.

[Bofors_36-21] Bofors (in German). Karlskoga, Sweden: AB Bofors, Karlskoga (Boforskoncernen). 1936. pp. 30, 31, 32.

[22] T Persson, Mats. "37 mm Pansarvärnskanon m/34 & m/38". tfd.chalmers.se. Archived from the original on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2022.

[bofors-23] "25 years of India's 'Watergate': The Bofors scandal". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016.

[24] Mukherjee, A.P (2012). Unknown Facets of Rajiv Gandhi, Jyoti Basu and Indrajit Gupta. India: Pragun Publications. ISBN 978-81-7049470-6.

[25] Subramaniam, Chitra (1993). Bofors: The Story Behind The News. Viking. ISBN 0-67084525-6.

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Bofors

History

Present ownership

Products

Guns

Missiles

Other weapons

Scandal in India

See also

References

Citations

Works cited

External links

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