For example, the complex numbersC form a CSA over themselves, but not over R (the center is C itself, hence too large to be CSA over R). The finite-dimensional division algebras with center R (that means the dimension over R is finite) are the real numbers and the quaternions by a theorem of Frobenius, while any matrix ring over the reals or quaternions – M(n, R) or M(n, H) – is a CSA over the reals, but not a division algebra (if n > 1).
We obtain an equivalence relation on CSAs over K by the Artin–Wedderburn theorem (Wedderburn's part, in fact), to express any CSA as a M(n, D) for some division algebra D. If we look just at D, that is, if we impose an equivalence relation identifying M(m, D) with M(n, D) for all positive integersm and n, we get the Brauer equivalence relation on CSAs over K. The elements of the Brauer group are the Brauer equivalence classes of CSAs over K.
Given central simple algebras A and B, one can look at their tensor productA ⊗ B as a K-algebra. It turns out that this is always central simple. A slick way to see this is to use a characterization: a central simple algebra A over K is a K-algebra that becomes a matrix ring when we extend the field of scalars to an algebraic closure of K. This result also shows that the dimension of a central simple algebra A as a K-vector space is always a square. The degree of A is defined to be the square root of its dimension.
As a result, the isomorphism classes of CSAs over K form a monoid under tensor product, compatible with Brauer equivalence, and the Brauer classes are all invertible: the inverse of an algebra A is given by its opposite algebra Aop (the opposite ring with the same action by K since the image of K → A is in the center of A). Explicitly, for a CSA A we have A ⊗ Aop = M(n2, K), where n is the degree of A over K.
The Brauer group of any field is a torsion group. In more detail, define the period of a central simple algebra A over K to be its order as an element of the Brauer group. Define the index of A to be the degree of the division algebra that is Brauer equivalent to A. Then the period of A divides the index of A (and hence is finite).[1]
Examples
In the following cases, every finite-dimensional central division algebra over a field K is K itself, so that the Brauer group Br(K) is trivial:
The Brauer group Br R of the real numbers is the cyclic group of order two. There are just two non-isomorphic real division algebras with center R: R itself and the quaternion algebra H.[4] Since H ⊗ H ≅ M(4, R), the class of H has order two in the Brauer group.
Another important interpretation of the Brauer group of a field K is that it classifies the projective varieties over K that become isomorphic to projective space over an algebraic closure of K. Such a variety is called a Severi–Brauer variety, and there is a one-to-one correspondence between the isomorphism classes of Severi–Brauer varieties of dimension n − 1 over K and the central simple algebras of degree n over K.[6]
For example, the Severi–Brauer varieties of dimension 1 are exactly the smoothconics in the projective plane over K. For a field K of characteristic not 2, every conic over K is isomorphic to one of the form ax2 + by2 = z2 for some nonzero elements a and b of K. The corresponding central simple algebra is the quaternion algebra[7]
The conic is isomorphic to the projective line P1 over Kif and only if the corresponding quaternion algebra is isomorphic to the matrix algebra M(2, K).
Cyclic algebras
For a positive integer n, let K be a field in which n is invertible such that K contains a primitiventh root of unity ζ. For nonzero elements a and b of K, the associated cyclic algebra is the central simple algebra of degree n over K defined by
Cyclic algebras are the best-understood central simple algebras. (When n is not invertible in K or K does not have a primitive nth root of unity, a similar construction gives the cyclic algebra (χ, a) associated to a cyclic Z/n-extension χ of K and a nonzero element a of K.[8])
The Merkurjev–Suslin theorem in algebraic K-theory has a strong consequence about the Brauer group. Namely, for a positive integer n, let K be a field in which n is invertible such that K contains a primitive nth root of unity. Then the subgroup of the Brauer group of K killed by n is generated by cyclic algebras of degree n.[9] Equivalently, any division algebra of period dividing n is Brauer equivalent to a tensor product of cyclic algebras of degree n. Even for a prime numberp, there are examples showing that a division algebra of period p need not be actually isomorphic to a tensor product of cyclic algebras of degree p.[10]
It is a major open problem (raised by Albert) whether every division algebra of prime degree over a field is cyclic. This is true if the degree is 2 or 3, but the problem is wide open for primes at least 5. The known results are only for special classes of fields. For example, if K is a global field or local field, then a division algebra of any degree over K is cyclic, by Albert–Brauer–Hasse–Noether.[11] A "higher-dimensional" result in the same direction was proved by Saltman: if K is a field of transcendence degree 1 over the local field Qp, then every division algebra of prime degree l ≠ p over K is cyclic.[12]
The period-index problem
For any central simple algebra A over a field K, the period of A divides the index of A, and the two numbers have the same prime factors.[13] The period-index problem is to bound the index in terms of the period, for fields K of interest. For example, if A is a central simple algebra over a local field or global field, then Albert–Brauer–Hasse–Noether showed that the index of A is equal to the period of A.[11]
For a central simple algebra A over a field K of transcendence degree n over an algebraically closed field, it is conjectured that ind(A) divides per(A)n−1. This is true for n ≤ 2, the case n = 2 being an important advance by de Jong, sharpened in positive characteristic by de Jong–Starr and Lieblich.[14]
The case of a global field K (such as a number field) is addressed by global class field theory. If D is a central simple algebra over K and v is a place of K, then D ⊗ Kv is a central simple algebra over Kv, the completion of K at v. This defines a homomorphism from the Brauer group of K into the Brauer group of Kv. A given central simple algebra D splits for all but finitely many v, so that the image of D under almost all such homomorphisms is 0. The Brauer group Br K fits into an exact sequence constructed by Hasse:[15][16]
where S is the set of all places of K and the right arrow is the sum of the local invariants; the Brauer group of the real numbers is identified with (1/2)Z/Z. The injectivity of the left arrow is the content of the Albert–Brauer–Hasse–Noether theorem.
The fact that the sum of all local invariants of a central simple algebra over K is zero is a typical reciprocity law. For example, applying this to a quaternion algebra (a, b) over Q gives the quadratic reciprocity law.
Galois cohomology
For an arbitrary field K, the Brauer group can be expressed in terms of Galois cohomology as follows:[17]
The isomorphism of the Brauer group with a Galois cohomology group can be described as follows. The automorphism group of the algebra of n-by-nmatrices is the projective linear group PGL(n). Since all central simple algebras over K become isomorphic to the matrix algebra over a separable closure of K, the set of isomorphism classes of central simple algebras of degree n over K can be identified with the Galois cohomology set H1(K, PGL(n)). The class of a central simple algebra in H 2(K, Gm) is the image of its class in H1 under the boundary homomorphism
There are two ways of defining the Brauer group of a scheme X, using either Azumaya algebras over X or projective bundles over X. The second definition involves projective bundles that are locally trivial in the étale topology, not necessarily in the Zariski topology. In particular, a projective bundle is defined to be zero in the Brauer group if and only if it is the projectivization of some vector bundle.
The cohomological Brauer group of a quasi-compact scheme X is defined to be the torsion subgroup of the étale cohomology group H 2(X, Gm). (The whole group H 2(X, Gm) need not be torsion, although it is torsion for regular schemesX.[18]) The Brauer group is always a subgroup of the cohomological Brauer group. Gabber showed that the Brauer group is equal to the cohomological Brauer group for any scheme with an ample line bundle (for example, any quasi-projective scheme over a commutative ring).[19]
The whole group H 2(X, Gm) can be viewed as classifying the gerbes over X with structure group Gm.
For smooth projective varieties over a field, the Brauer group is a birational invariant. It has been fruitful. For example, when X is also rationally connected over the complex numbers, the Brauer group of X is isomorphic to the torsion subgroup of the singular cohomology group H 3(X, Z), which is therefore a birational invariant. Artin and Mumford used this description of the Brauer group to give the first example of a unirational varietyX over C that is not stably rational (that is, no product of X with a projective space is rational).[20]
Relation to the Tate conjecture
Artin conjectured that every proper scheme over the integers has finite Brauer group.[21] This is far from known even in the special case of a smooth projective variety X over a finite field. Indeed, the finiteness of the Brauer group for surfaces in that case is equivalent to the Tate conjecture for divisors on X, one of the main problems in the theory of algebraic cycles.[22]
Let X be a smooth projective variety over a number field K. The Hasse principle would predict that if X has a rational point over all completions Kv of K, then X has a K-rational point. The Hasse principle holds for some special classes of varieties, but not in general. Manin used the Brauer group of X to define the Brauer–Manin obstruction, which can be applied in many cases to show that X has no K-points even when X has points over all completions of K.
Gille, Philippe; Szamuely, Tamás (2006). Central Simple Algebras and Galois Cohomology. Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics. Vol. 101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-86103-9. MR2266528.
Tate, John (1994), "Conjectures on algebraic cycles in l-adic cohomology", Motives, Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, vol. 55, Part 1, American Mathematical Society, pp. 71–83, ISBN0-8218-1636-5, MR1265523