Caballos Formation
Geological formation in Colombia
The Caballos Formation (Spanish : Formación Caballos , KI) is a geological formation of the Upper Magdalena Valley (VSM), Caguán-Putumayo Basin , Central and Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes . The sandstone and shale formation dates to the Middle Cretaceous period; Aptian to Albian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 411 metres (1,348 ft).
Etymology
The formation was defined and named in 1967 by Corrigan after Cerro Caballos, to the west of Olaya Herrera , Tolima .[ 1]
Description
Lithologies
The Caballos Formation has a maximum thickness of 411 metres (1,348 ft) in the Quebrada Bambucá and is characterized by a lower sequence of fine to coarse sandstones , of lithic arenite , quartz arenite and feldspar arenite composition, a middle section of fossiliferous black shales and siltstones , intercalated by micritic limestones and coals and very fine sandstones. The upper part of the formation contains conglomerates and glauconitic sandstones.[ 1]
Stratigraphy and depositional environment
The Caballos Formation in some parts concordantly overlies the Yaví Formation and in other parts rests unconformably on the Saldaña Formation and Ibagué Batholith .[ 2] The formation is overlain by the Hondita Formation . The age has been estimated to be Aptian to Albian . Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Une , Aguardiente , Simijaca , El Peñón , Capotes , Tablazo , Tibú-Mercedes and Pacho Formations .[ 3] The formation has been deposited in a fluvial to estuarine and shallow marine environment .[ 4]
The Caballos Formation is a source , reservoir and seal rock in the Upper Magdalena Valley ,[ 5] [ 6] and a source and reservoir rock in the Caguán-Putumayo Basin .[ 7] [ 8] The Orito and Moqueta Fields of the latter basin produce from Caballos reservoirs.
Fossil content
The formation has provided fossils of Heminautilus etheringtoni ,[ 9] Araucarites sp. , Brachyphyllum sp. , Cladophlebis sp. , and Weichselia sp. ,[ 10] as well as many types of pollen .[ 11]
Outcrops
Type locality of the Caballos Formation in Tolima
The Caballos Formation is apart from its type locality , found in Huila, Tolima and Putumayo Departments.
Regional correlations
Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma
Age
Paleomap
Regional events
Catatumbo
Cordillera
proximal Llanos
distal Llanos
Putumayo
VSM
Environments
Maximum thickness
Petroleum geology
Notes
0.01
Holocene
Holocene volcanismSeismic activity
alluvium
Overburden
1
Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanismAndean orogeny 3Glaciations
Guayabo
Soatá Sabana
Necesidad
Guayabo
Gigante
Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)
550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)
[ 12] [ 13] [ 14] [ 15]
2.6
Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3GABI
Subachoque
5.3
Messinian
Andean orogeny 3Foreland
Marichuela
Caimán
Honda
[ 14] [ 16]
13.5
Langhian
Regional flooding
León
hiatus
Caja
León
Lacustrine (León)
400 m (1,300 ft) (León)
Seal
[ 15] [ 17]
16.2
Burdigalian
Miocene inundationsAndean orogeny 2
C1
Carbonera C1
Ospina
Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)
850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)
Reservoir
[ 16] [ 15]
17.3
C2
Carbonera C2
Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)
Seal
19
C3
Carbonera C3
Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)
Reservoir
21
Early Miocene
Pebas wetlands
C4
Carbonera C4
Barzalosa
Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)
Seal
23
Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1Foredeep
C5
Carbonera C5
Orito
Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)
Reservoir
[ 13] [ 16]
25
C6
Carbonera C6
Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)
Seal
28
Early Oligocene
C7
C7
Pepino
Gualanday
Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)
Reservoir
[ 13] [ 16] [ 18]
32
Oligo-Eocene
C8
Usme
C8
onlap
Marine-deltaic (C8)
Seal Source
[ 18]
35
Late Eocene
Mirador
Mirador
Coastal (Mirador)
240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)
Reservoir
[ 15] [ 19]
40
Middle Eocene
Regadera
hiatus
45
50
Early Eocene
Socha
Los Cuervos
Deltaic (Los Cuervos)
260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)
Seal Source
[ 15] [ 19]
55
Late Paleocene
PETM 2000 ppm CO2
Los Cuervos
Bogotá
Gualanday
60
Early Paleocene
SALMA
Barco
Guaduas
Barco
Rumiyaco
Fluvial (Barco)
225 m (738 ft) (Barco)
Reservoir
[ 12] [ 13] [ 16] [ 15] [ 20]
65
Maastrichtian
KT extinction
Catatumbo
Guadalupe
Monserrate
Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)
750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)
Reservoir
[ 12] [ 15]
72
Campanian
End of rifting
Colón-Mito Juan
[ 15] [ 21]
83
Santonian
Villeta /Güagüaquí
86
Coniacian
89
Turonian
Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event
La Luna
Chipaque
Gachetá
hiatus
Restricted marine (all)
500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)
Source
[ 12] [ 15] [ 22]
93
Cenomanian
Rift 2
100
Albian
Une
Une
Caballos
Deltaic (Une)
500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)
Reservoir
[ 16] [ 22]
113
Aptian
Capacho
Fómeque
Motema
Yaví
Open marine (Fómeque)
800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)
Source (Fóm)
[ 13] [ 15] [ 23]
125
Barremian
High biodiversity
Aguardiente
Paja
Shallow to open marine (Paja)
940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)
Reservoir
[ 12]
129
Hauterivian
Rift 1
Tibú- Mercedes
Las Juntas
hiatus
Deltaic (Las Juntas)
910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)
Reservoir (LJun)
[ 12]
133
Valanginian
Río Negro
Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca
Restricted marine (Macanal)
2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)
Source (Mac)
[ 13] [ 24]
140
Berriasian
Girón
145
Tithonian
Break-up of Pangea
Jordán
Arcabuco
Buenavista
Saldaña
Alluvial , fluvial (Buenavista)
110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)
"Jurassic"
[ 16] [ 25]
150
Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2
La Quinta
Noreán
hiatus
Coastal tuff (La Quinta)
100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)
[ 26]
201
Late Triassic
Mucuchachi
Payandé
[ 16]
235
Early Triassic
Pangea
hiatus
"Paleozoic"
250
Permian
300
Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogeny
Cerro Neiva ()
[ 27]
340
Early Carboniferous
Fossil fish Romer's gap
Cuche (355-385)
Farallones ()
Deltaic , estuarine (Cuche)
900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360
Late Devonian
Passive margin 1
Río Cachirí (360-419)
Ambicá ()
Alluvial -fluvial -reef (Farallones)
2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)
[ 24] [ 28] [ 29] [ 30] [ 31]
390
Early Devonian
High biodiversity
Floresta (387-400)
Shallow marine (Floresta)
600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410
Late Silurian
Silurian mystery
425
Early Silurian
hiatus
440
Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in Bolivia
San Pedro (450-490)
Duda ()
470
Early Ordovician
First fossils
Busbanzá (>470±22 )
Guape ()
Río Nevado ()
[ 32] [ 33] [ 34]
488
Late Cambrian
Regional intrusions
Chicamocha (490-515)
Quetame ()
Ariarí ()
SJ del Guaviare (490-590)
San Isidro ()
[ 35] [ 36]
515
Early Cambrian
Cambrian explosion
[ 34] [ 37]
542
Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodinia
pre-Quetame
post-Parguaza
El Barro ()
Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane ) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province )
Basement
[ 38] [ 39]
600
Neoproterozoic
Cariri Velhos orogeny
Bucaramanga (600-1400)
pre-Guaviare
[ 35]
800
Snowball Earth
[ 40]
1000
Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogeny
Ariarí (1000)
La Urraca (1030-1100)
[ 41] [ 42] [ 43] [ 44]
1300
Rondônia-Juruá orogeny
pre-Ariarí
Parguaza (1300-1400)
Garzón (1180-1550)
[ 45]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga
[ 46]
1600
Paleoproterozoic
Maimachi (1500-1700)
pre-Garzón
[ 47]
1800
Tapajós orogeny
Mitú (1800)
[ 45] [ 47]
1950
Transamazonic orogeny
pre-Mitú
[ 45]
2200
Columbia
2530
Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny
[ 45]
3100
Kenorland
Sources
Legend
group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)[ note 1]
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[ note 2]
See also
Notes
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[ 48] , García González et al. (2009),[ 49] and geological report of Villavicencio[ 50]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[ 48] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[ 51]
References
^ a b Velandia et al., 2001, p.53
^ Velandia et al., 2001, p.34
^ Velandia et al., 2001, p.54
^ Villamil, 2012, p.166
^ ANH, 2007, p.84
^ García González et al., 2009, p.83
^ ANH, 2007, p.57
^ García González et al., 2009, p.16
^ Badouin et al., 2016, p.87
^ Monje et al., 2016, p.38
^ Los Mangos at Fossilworks .org
^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
^ García González et al., 2009
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
^ García González et al., 2009, p.60
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Rodríguez, Gabriel; Zapata, Gilberto; Velázquez, M. (2003), Plancha 389 - Timaná - 1:100,000 , INGEOMINAS , p. 1, retrieved 2017-06-06
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