Castle Howard

Castle Howard
Castle Howard
	South (garden) face of Castle Howard
Type	Stately home
Location	North Yorkshire, England
Coordinates	54°7′17″N 0°54′21″W / 54.12139°N 0.90583°W
OS grid reference	SE 71635 70088
Built	1701–1811
Architects	John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor
Architectural style(s)	English Baroque
Owner	Castle Howard Estate Limited
Website	castlehoward.co.uk
Listed Building – Grade I
Official name	Castle Howard and East Court
Designated	25 January 1954
Reference no.	1316030
National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens
Official name	Castle Howard
Designated	10 May 1984
Reference no.	1001059
	Location of Castle Howard in North Yorkshire

Castle Howard is an English country house in Henderskelfe, North Yorkshire, 15 miles (24 km) north of York. A private residence, it has been the home of the Carlisle branch of the Howard family for more than 300 years. Castle Howard has been used as a filming location in several films and television shows, including in Granada Television's 1981 television adaptation of Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited and in a 2008 film adaptation.

History

In 1577, the 4th Duke of Norfolk's third son, Lord William Howard, married his step-sister Elizabeth Dacre, youngest daughter of the 4th Baron Dacre. She brought with her the sizable estates of Henderskelfe in Yorkshire and Naworth Castle in Cumberland.^[2] Castle Howard was commissioned by the 3rd Earl of Carlisle, who was a male-line descendant of Lord William Howard. The site selected was part of the Henderskelfe estate. The creation of Castle Howard, began in 1699, with the start of design work by John Vanbrugh. It was completed with the decoration of the Long Gallery in 1811.^[3]

The house is surrounded by a large estate which, at the time of the 7th Earl of Carlisle, covered over 13,000 acres (5,300 ha) and included the villages of Welburn, Bulmer, Slingsby, Terrington and Coneysthorpe.^[4] The estate was served by its own railway station, Castle Howard station, from 1845 to the 1950s.^[5] While attending Girton College during the early Edwardian era, Lady Dorothy Georgiana Howard, the daughter of the 9th Earl and "Radical Countess" of Carlisle, befriended six of her fellow students, including the future archaeologist Gisela Richter and future candidate for Roman Catholic Sainthood Anna Abrikosova. All six were invited by Lady Dorothy to Castle Howard as guests during holidays.^[6] After the death of the 9th Earl in 1911, Castle Howard was inherited by his fifth son, Geoffrey Howard, with later earls having Naworth Castle as their northern country house. Henry 'Chips' Channon, the diarist and future Conservative MP, visited Castle Howard in August 1923 and recounted in his diary that 'The house is uncomfortable in the extreme and is badly kept up. Everywhere there are signs of decaying magnificence.' Channon added that 'The galleries are reminiscent of the Vatican with their hundreds of busts and statues of emperors and gods. The great library is an enormous narrow red room the length of the house and is hung with enough paintings to found a museum.'^[7]

In 1952, Castle Howard was opened to the public by its then-owner, Lord Howard of Henderskelfe, a younger son of Geoffrey Howard. It is now owned by a Howard family company, Castle Howard Estate Limited,^[1] and managed by the Hon. Nicholas Howard (the second son of Lord Howard of Henderskelfe) and his wife, Victoria.^[8]

House

A view of John Vanbrugh's complete project for Castle Howard, from the north, published in the third volume of *Vitruvius Britannicus* in 1725. Some details, including the West Wing, were not built. Click on the image for an explanation.

The 3rd Earl of Carlisle first spoke to William Talman, a leading architect, but commissioned Vanbrugh, a fellow member of the Kit-Cat Club, to design the building. Castle Howard was that gentleman-dilettante's first foray into architecture, but he was assisted by Nicholas Hawksmoor.^[3] Vanbrugh's design evolved into a Baroque structure with two symmetrical wings projecting to either side of a north–south axis. The crowning central dome was added to the design at a late stage, after building had begun. Construction began at the east end, with the East Wing constructed from 1701 to 1703, the east end of the Garden Front from 1701 to 1706, the Central Block (including dome) from 1703 to 1706, and the west end of the Garden Front from 1707 to 1709. All are exuberantly decorated in Baroque style, with coronets, cherubs, urns and cyphers, with Roman Doric pilasters on the north front and Corinthian on the south. Many interiors were decorated by Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini.^[3]

The Earl then turned his energies to the surrounding garden and grounds. Although the complete design is shown in the third volume of Colen Campbell's Vitruvius Britannicus, published in 1725, the West Wing was not yet started when Vanbrugh died in 1726, despite his remonstration with the Earl. The house remained incomplete on the death of the 3rd Earl in 1738, but the remaining construction finally started at the direction of the 4th Earl.^[3] Vanbrugh's design was not completed: the West Wing was built in a contrasting Palladian style to a design by the 3rd Earl's son-in-law, Sir Thomas Robinson. The new wing remained incomplete, with no first floor or roof, at the death of the 4th Earl in 1758. Although a roof had been added, the interior remained undecorated by the death of Robinson in 1777. Rooms were completed stage by stage over the following decades, but the whole was not completed until 1811 under Charles Heathcote Tatham.^[3]

A large part of the house was destroyed by a fire on 9 November 1940. The dome, the central hall, the dining room and the staterooms on the east side were entirely destroyed. Antonio Pellegrini's ceiling decoration, the Fall of Phaeton, was lost when the dome collapsed. In total, twenty pictures (including two Tintorettos) and several valuable mirrors were lost. The fire took the Malton and York Fire Brigades eight hours to bring under control.^[9] Some of the devastated rooms have been restored over the following decades. In 1960–61 the dome was rebuilt, and in the following couple of years Pellegrini's Fall of Phaeton was recreated on the underside of the dome.^[3] The East Wing remains a shell, although it has been re-roofed.^[3] In 2009 an underwater ground-source heat recovery system was installed under the castle's lake that halved the heating bill.^[10] According to figures released by the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions, over 269,000 people visited Castle Howard in 2019.^[11]

Gardens

Castle Howard has extensive and diverse gardens.^[12] There is a large formal garden immediately behind (i.e., on the south side of) the house. The house is prominently situated on a ridge and this was exploited in the development of an English landscape park, which adjoins and opens out from the formal garden. The gardens are Grade I listed on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.^[13]

Two major garden buildings are set in this landscape: the Temple of the Four Winds at the end of the garden, and the Mausoleum in the park. There is a lake on either side of the house. There is a woodland garden, Ray Wood (formerly Wray Wood), immediately east of the house, and a walled garden which contains decorative rose and flower gardens. The Ray Wood walls date from the 18th century and were restored in 2007.^[14]

Further buildings outside the preserved gardens include Nicholas Hawksmoor's Pyramid, restored in 2015, an obelisk, and several follies and eyecatchers in the form of fortifications which have been restored in recent years; these include Carrmire Gate and Pyramid Gate. In nearby Pretty Wood, there are two more monuments, The Four Faces and a smaller pyramid by Hawksmoor.^[15]^[16]

Located on the estate, but operating separately from the house and gardens and run by an entirely independent charitable trust, is the 127 acres (51 ha) Yorkshire Arboretum.^[17]

Listed status

The house is Grade I listed^[18] and there are many other listed structures on the estate, several of which are on the Heritage at Risk Register.^[19]

In media

Castle Howard's most famous appearance in film was as Brideshead Castle in both the 1981 TV series and the 2008 film adaptations of Evelyn Waugh's novel Brideshead Revisited.^[20] It has been used as a location in many other TV and film productions including: the 1965 film Lady L;^[21] the 1966 film The Spy with a Cold Nose;^[22] Stanley Kubrick's 1975 film Barry Lyndon;^[23] the 1995 mini-series The Buccaneers;^[21] the 2006 film Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties;^[24] the 2013 TV series Death Comes to Pemberley;^[25] the 2015 Bollywood film Shaandar;^[26] in the 2016 ITV series Victoria;^[21] and the 2020 Netflix series Bridgerton (2020).^[21]

A panorama of Castle Howard's northern facade

Gallery

Monument to the 7th Earl of Carlisle, 1869–70 by Frederick Pepys Cockerell
Temple of the Four Winds 1724–1726 by Vanbrugh
The Pyramid 1728 by Nicholas Hawksmoor
The Atlas Fountain 1850, designed by William Andrews Nesfield, sculpted by John Thomas
The Bridge 1744, by Daniel Garrett
The Pyramid Gate 1719 by Vanbrugh, wings added 1756 by Daniel Garrett
The Mausoleum designed by Hawksmoor in 1728–29, started in 1731 and completed in 1742
Castle Howard Turquoise Drawing Room
Castle Howard The Great Hall by Vanbrugh, paintings by Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini, the dome recreated in 1961 after its destruction by fire in 1940, and repainted by Scott Ackerman Medd
Castle Howard, Lady Georgiana's Dressing Room
Castle Howard, Lady Georgiana's Bedroom
Castle Howard, Crimson Dining Room
Castle Howard Bedroom
Castle Howard Chapel, altered and redecorated in 1875–78 by William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones
Castle Howard Antique Passage by Vanbrugh
The Octagon, in the Long Gallery 1802 by Charles Heathcote Tatham
The Long Gallery 1802 by Charles Heathcote Tatham