Chen Xilian (pronounced [ʈʂʰə̌n ɕíljɛ̌n]; 4 January 1915 – 10 June 1999) was a Chinese military officer and politician, general of the People's Liberation Army. A prominent Maoist, he held very important positions in both military and political spheres.[1]
After Mao's death, Chen was one of Hua Guofeng's most significant supporters, along with Wang Dongxing and Li Xiannian. When Deng Xiaoping gradually rose to power, Chen lost his powerful posts, but was allowed to retire without harm.
On October 19, 1937 he led the 769th Regiment, First Column, against Japanese units defending Yangmingbao airbase, destroying 24 Japanese military aircraft, and killing more than 100 Japanese soldiers, which alleviated the air threat on the Xikou Front.[6] Chen at this time served under Xu Xiangqian with future generals Xu Shiyou, Xu Haidong and Han Xianchu.[7]
In the summer of 1940, Chen’s unit participated in the victorious Hundred Regiments Campaign near Taiyuan, and by September Chen had succeeded the reassigned Xu Shiyou as 385th Brigade Commander; his political commissar at the time was future Public Security Minister Xie Fuzhi, later to become another powerful leftist.[8]
During the Chinese Civil War, Chen was commander of the 3rd Army and distinguished himself in the Huai–Hai and Yangtze campaigns, which were both crushing victories for the Communists. In the spring of 1949, after the fall of Nanjing, Chen's forces moved into Zhejiang, and took part in the capture of Hangzhou and Shanghai, and then of the Southwest.[9]
Early People's Republic
From 1949 to 1950, he was appointed Party First Secretary, Mayor and Military Governor of Chongqing, as well as a member of the Southwest Military and Political Committee, under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, He Long and Liu Bocheng.[10]
From 1950 to 1959, Chen served as Central Commander of the entire PLA Artillery, and President of the Artillery Academy. He worked very closely with Soviet advisers and, like the Soviet Red Army, the PLA would acquire a preference for heavy artillery bombardments. Chen especially distinguished himself during the First Taiwan Strait Crisis, with the PLA capturing the Yijiangshan and Dachen islands. As commander of the artillery, he employed the former Qing Dynasty Manchu imperial prince Zaitao, as a special adviser.[11]
In December 1973, Chen Xilian became Commander of the Beijing Military Region, while remaining a full member of the Politburo.[13] In 1975 he was also named a Vice Premier. During Mao Zedong's last years, Chen was one of his most trusted lieutenants, and Mao even allowed Chen to unofficially take over daily control of the Central Military Commission, something that offended Marshal Ye Jianying, who was previously tasked with this sensitive assignment.
In October 1976 (following the death of Mao in September) Chen was given credit by many for managing the arrest of the Gang of Four, but other sources instead give full credit to Wang Dongxing; in any case, the two were close allies, and both agreed in supporting Hua Guofeng, Mao's designated successor.[14][15]
Hua Guofeng gradually saw power slip from his hands, and Deng Xiaoping's re-emergence spelled the end of Chen's military and political power.[16] He was purged in February 1980 along with three other beneficiaries of the Cultural Revolution: Wu De, Ji Dengkui and Wang Dongxing. Together they were labelled the "Little Gang of Four" by Deng and his followers. However due to Chen's status as a revered war hero, Deng did not disgrace him any further as he previously did with the Gang of Four, allowing him to retain all the privileges of a retired general and attend the military parade celebrating the 35th anniversary of the People's Republic of China with a VIP seat atop the Tiananmen gate on 1 October, 1984.
Chen went on to enjoy a comfortable retirement, and died in Beijing in 1999, at the age of 84.
^The History of the Chinese People's Liberation Army" Compilation Group. The History of the Chinese People's Liberation Army: Volume II. Military Science Press. 2010: p. 247.
^The Biography of Ye Jianying". Biography of Ye Jianying. Beijing: Contemporary China Press. 2006: p. 376.
^Editorial Board, Who’s Who in China: Current Leaders, (Foreign Language Press, Beijing: 1989), p. 59.
^Whitson, William and Huang Chen-hsia, The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927-71 (Praeger, New York: 1973), p. 141
^Lampton, David M., Paths to Power: Elite Mobility in Contemporary China, "Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies No. 55," The University of Michigan (Ann Arbor: 1986), p. 252-253).