Chinese people in Nigeria

Chinese people in Nigeria
Total population
	40,000 (2017)
Regions with significant populations
	Lagos · Kano · Abuja

There is a large population of Chinese people in Nigeria which can include Chinese expatriates and descendants born in Nigeria with Hakka ancestry.

Migration history

In 1930, colonial Nigeria's census showed four Hakka people living there.^[2] Hong Kong investors began opening factories in Nigeria as early as the 1950s.^[3] By 1965 there were perhaps 200 Chinese people in the country. By 1999, that number had grown to 5,800, including 630 from Taiwan and 1,050 from Hong Kong.^[2] The 21st century would be a period of large fluctuations in the Chinese population with both a quick rise and drop. By one estimate the Chinese population reached 100,000 in 2007 according to demography researcher Y.J. Park.^[4] The Chinese Ambassador to Nigeria Zhou Pingjian in 2017 noted the community's numbers were in decline with people returning home and gave the embassy's estimate of 40,000.^[1]

Business and employment

Investors and technical staff

One early Hong Kong company in Nigeria was the Li Group. It grew in scale, and by 2011 Kano trade unionists believed it to be the city's largest private employer, with up to 7,000 employees there and 20,000 nationwide.^[3] There were a number of other early Chinese entrepreneurs in Nigeria as well. Shen Wenbo (沈文伯) arrived in 1959, and began working in a Lebanese-owned ceramics factory. In 1972, he purchased an enamelware factory, sourcing his materials locally and exporting the finished product to Germany. He later began to import Chinese ceramics to Nigeria, making him possibly the first to introduce them on a commercial scale.^[5] He was also the first person of Chinese origin to naturalise as a Nigerian citizen.^[6] Zhu Nanyang (朱南揚), a Shanghai native who moved to Hong Kong and then arrived in Nigeria in the 1960s, would go on to head up the Ikeja Industrial Area, a government-sponsored industrial development project established at Ikeja in 1986.^[2]^[7]

Chinese companies are widely believed to offer worse pay and labour conditions than local or other foreign companies, and to be unwilling to promote locals over Chinese nationals. A scholarly study found corroboration of poor working conditions, with one notorious case being a 2002 fire in a Chinese-owned plastics factory from which 45 workers were unable to escape as they were locked inside by their bosses. However, Chinese companies state that they prefer to recruit and retain local workers as the cost of attracting expatriate talent from China has risen.^[3] The Li Group, for example, has a total of about 500 Chinese employees.^[8] Another large Chinese company, Lagos-based Golden Telecommunications, employs about 300 Chinese staff, and an equal number of locals; wages are not as good as competitors, but their training programmes are superior.^[9]

Small vendors

Lagos's Chinatown (or China Commercial City, 中国商城) was built in 2004.^[10] It was raided in 2006 by Nigerian customs authorities and temporarily shut down.^[11] A Nigerian lawyer connected to the raid claims that Chinese were given impunity to sell copyright violating products. Chinese vendors themselves state that they are minimally profitable or unprofitable, and complain of corruption and theft by customs officials.^[10] Vendors therein formerly a wide range of products including textiles, doors, electronics, shoes, bags, books, and films, but by 2011, many vendors had closed shop and returned to China; the range of products on offer had also shrunk, with traders stating that the only profitable businesses were those selling shirts, jeans, or shoes.^[12]

Other locations with concentrations of Chinese vendors include Old Dragon City (老龙城), New Dragon City (新龙城), and Jinmao Commercial Building (金贸商厦^[13]^[14] As of 2006 there were estimated to be about 250 Chinese trading companies operating in Nigeria, with a total turnover of about US$300 million.^[14] Such vendors also often find themselves the target of robberies and violent crimes.^[15]

Migrant labour

Chinese labourers in Nigeria are the most controversial category of migrants.^[16] They are employed not just by Chinese or other foreign firms, but by indigenous firms as well, including some which proudly advertise their Nigerian roots. One example is Aliko Dangote's Dangote Group, which along with French conglomerate Lafarge attracted protests in Lagos in 2010 for allegedly employing thousands of Chinese workers in semiskilled construction positions.^[8] However most anger in such protests is directed at the employers rather than the Chinese workers themselves; they are perceived to be in a similar situation to Nigerians, forced to take difficult jobs far from home in order to make ends meet, and thus attract sympathy as much as resentment.^[17] However, there have also been cases of kidnapping against Chinese migrant workers in Nigeria, including three incidents totaling sixteen people in 2007.^[18]

Organisations and media

In December 2010, the West Africa and Nigeria Overseas Chinese Joint Association was established in a ceremony in Lagos attended by roughly 100 guests, including representatives of overseas Chinese associations in Senegal, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, and Benin.^[19] Other Chinese community organisations in the country include the Nigeria Chinese Business Association (尼日利亚中国商贸企业协会) and the Nigerian Council for the Promotion of Peaceful Reunification of China.^[20] In 2008, community organisations and Chinese companies jointly organised a karaoke competition, attracting roughly 300 participants.^[21]

The West Africa United Business Weekly, believed to be the first Chinese-language newspaper in west Africa, was established in 2005.^[22] China's official People's Daily also sought to form a partnership with Nigerian national newspaper Thisday in 2006.^[23]

Notable people

Brian Fok, Nigerian-born Hong Kong footballer

Notes

^ ^a ^b "China-Nigeria's trade volume declining very fast –Chinese Ambassador". The Sun. February 20, 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c 華人企業在尼日利亞崛起 [Overseas Chinese enterprises sprout up in Nigeria], Skyline Monthly (in Traditional Chinese), June 2006, archived from the original on 2013-02-02, retrieved 2011-10-06
^ ^a ^b ^c Mohan, Lampert & Chang 2011, p. 9
^ Dollar, David (July 2016). China's Engagement with Africa (PDF). Brookings.
^ 落地生根的非洲华侨华人, Yahoo News (in Simplified Chinese), 2010-08-13, archived from the original on 2011-10-28, retrieved 2011-10-06
^ Zhuang 1995, 沈文伯：第一位尼日利亞籍華人
^ Zhuang 1995, 朱南揚：尼日利亞首位華人酋長
^ ^a ^b Mohan, Lampert & Chang 2011, p. 12
^ Mohan, Lampert & Chang 2011, pp. 10–11
^ ^a ^b "In Nigeria, Chinatown Vendors Struggle For Profits", NPR, 2011-06-15, retrieved 2011-10-01
^ Aziken, Emmanuel (2006-03-09), "Chinatown a Threat to Economy, Says Customs Boss", Vanguard Nigeria, retrieved 2011-10-01
^ Yisa, Jamiu (2011-06-17), "China Town Now Ghost Town", PM News Nigeria, retrieved 2011-10-01
^ "The 'Dragon City' of Nigeria", Medo Publishing, 2010, archived from the original on 2012-04-25, retrieved 2011-10-01
^ ^a ^b 中国民营企业在尼发展状况, International Business Daily (in Chinese (China)), 2006-07-17, retrieved 2011-10-01^{[permanent dead link]}
^ 尼日利亚华人亲历骚乱恐怖最忧"骚乱后遗症", Xinhua News (in Chinese (China)), 2011-05-05, archived from the original on September 30, 2015, retrieved 2011-10-01
^ Mohan, Lampert & Chang 2011, p. 11
^ Mohan, Lampert & Chang 2011, pp. 13–14
^ Makunas, Karl (2007-04-25), "China feels rising cost of interests in Africa", Mail & Guardian Online, retrieved 2011-12-18
^ 西非暨尼日利亚华侨华人联合会在拉各斯成立, People's Daily (in Chinese (China)), 2010-12-06, retrieved 2011-10-01
^ 尼日利亚举行首届华侨华人春节联欢晚会, Qinghai News (in Simplified Chinese), 2010-02-01, retrieved 2011-10-01
^ 尼日利亚华人社区举行歌唱比赛喜迎新年, Sohu News (in Chinese (China)), 2008-01-02, retrieved 2011-10-06
^ 西非地区首张中文报纸正式出版发行, Xinhua News (in Chinese (China)), 2005-08-07, archived from the original on March 4, 2016, retrieved 2011-10-30
^ Nzeshi, Onwuka (2006-10-05), "Largest Chinese Dailyt Seeks Partnership With Thisday", Thisday, retrieved 2011-10-01

Bibliography

Mohan, Giles; Lampert, Ben; Chang, Daphne (September 2011), "Chinese diaspora, African development? Chinese business migrants in Angola, Ghana and Nigeria" (PDF), Rethinking Development in an Age of Scarcity and Uncertainty, University of York, retrieved 2011-10-01
莊炎林 [Zhuang Yanlin], ed. (1995), 世界華人精英傳略：大洋洲與非洲卷 [Biographies of Overseas Chinese Elites: Oceania and Africa] (in Traditional Chinese), 百花洲文藝出版社 [Baihuazhou Literature and Art Publishing House], ISBN 978-7-80579-449-5