Sources diverge on the origin of the Ciales name. Nineteenth-century historian Cayetano Coll y Toste stated that it was named as such by then-governor Gonzalo de Aróstegui Herrera in honor of General Luis de Lacy, who had gone against Ferdinand VII's absolutist wishes.[2] Coll y Toste suggested that the Villa Lacy[3] name came from the anagram "es-la-cy" anagram.[2][4]
Other sources, such as Manuel Álvarez Nazario and Luis Hernández Aquino, put forward the theory that it comes from the plural of cibales, plural form of ciba, meaning "stony place" or "place of stones" in Taíno, which "had undergone loss of the intervocalic -b- and the addition of the Spanish suffix referring to place -al." Lisa Cathleen Green-Douglass, who carried out a study of toponymics in Puerto Rico and compared both theories, believed the latter to be most plausible since Coll y Toste, per Green-Douglass, must have defined an anagram as a reversal of syllables and the resulting "Cial" or "Cyal" would have to then be made plural.[4]
Yet others believe it originates from the Spanishsillar (meaning "carved stones") in reference to the stones carved by the Río Grande de Manatí's currents.[2]
Until its founding on June 24, 1820, by Isidro Rodríguez,[3] it was part of the neighboring Manatí municipality, a process that took four years to achieve.[2]
On 13 August 1898, after the armistice ending the Spanish–American War was signed, Ciales was one of three towns that held uprisings. Led by Ventura Casellas, between three hundred and four hundred individuals proclaimed the Republic of Puerto Rico. However, it has not been determined without a shadow of a doubt whether it was a clear independence-supporting event or a defense of Spanish rule.[5] Edwin Karli Padilla Aponte calls it an "alleged revolutionary uprising" since he finds no official historical record for it, even though it appears in a vignette in the Pueblos Hispanos monthly written by a Gabriel Aracelis, a possible pseudonym for Juan Antonio Corretjer. The column describes the battle, mentions the participants by name and connects it to the Grito de Lares by identifying a Pedro González as a grandson of a Manuel González who allegedly fought in the 1868 revolt, establishing a continuity between both events. Paul G. Miller, Education Commissioner between 1915 and 1921, considered this to be caused by the Seditious Parties (Partidas Sediciosas), gangs of bandits that raided Spaniards' homes in the late-nineteenth century, an idea that Corretjer refuted.[6]
Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico on September 20, 2017, its eye passing through northeastern Ciales,[8] leaving all municipalities without power for months. Ciales received 19.23 inches of rain which caused landslides. An estimated 3,000 homes in Ciales were completely destroyed by Hurricane María.[9] Three months after the hurricane struck, engineers were hoping to have electrical service established, at least for the Ciales barrio-pueblo (downtown) area.[10] The following December, the Federal Emergency Management Agency announced the opening of a disaster recovery center in Ciales to attend the home and business owners, as well as tenants, affected by the hurricane.[11]
Map of landslides
National Guard of NY in Ciales after Hurricane Maria
Energy consortium
An Energy Consortium was signed in late February, 2019 by Villalba, Orocovis, Morovis, Ciales and Barranquitas municipalities. The consortium is the first of its kind for the island. It is intended to have municipalities work together to safeguard and create resilient, and efficient energy networks, with backups for their communities. This is part of the hurricane preparedness plan of these municipalities, which were hit particularly hard by Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017.[12]
Geography
View of homes and mountainside of an area of Ciales from Paseo Lineal Juan Antonio Corretjera lookout point
The northern part of the municipality is located in the Northern Karst zone of Puerto Rico while the southern part is in the Cordillera Central. The highest point in the municipality is Cerro Rosa at 4,143 feet (1,262 m), itself the third highest point in Puerto Rico. Ciales is home to a forest reserve called Toro Negro Forest Reserve and a number of rivers including: Río Cialitos, Río Grande de Manatí, Río Toro Negro, Río Yunes,[13] Pozas, and Barbas.[14] Over 40% of its territory falls within protected areas, ranking as the 6th municipality with the largest portion of protected territory overall.[15] Consequentially, the destruction of 508 native planted trees at the Finca Don Ingenio in the Toro Negro Forest Reserve in August 2021 was caused for an uproar. The trees, which included ceiba and maga specimens, had been planted as part of the Hurricane María recovery by the Puerto Rico Conservation Trust's Para La Naturaleza program.[16]
As part of the karst region, there are many caves, such as Archillas Cave, located in Jaguas Ventana, named after the family that owns it. Since Ciales has a saying "to graduate as a Cialeño, you have to go up to the Archillas,"[a] then-mayor Luis R. Maldonado Rodriguez attempted to acquire it. The cave has been associated with the Arcaicos, though it also holds some Taíno petroglyphs. The cave system was first studied by Alphonse L. Pinart in 1890. Since then several investigations have been carried out that have aided in the identification of silex as the main material used by the Taíno for their carving tools and the discovery of ceramic fragments, as well as the theory that the caves were used for rituals, such as cojoba-induced ceremonies.[17] During his research in the early 1900s, Jesse Walter Fewkes identified the Ciales' caves as some those occupied by the Taíno[18] as well as several of the best preserved sites with their stone-carved implements.[19] One of these caves, La Cohoba Cave, was named after the namesake object found in it.[20] Another notable find, carried out by Carlos M. Ayes Suárez, was of a zoomorphic idol from the Arcaico era in Pesas that "consists of a cobble that presents an engraved representation seemingly zoomorphic in shape" which is considered unique in Puerto Rico and the Antilles.[21]
Due to the mountainous nature of Ciales' topography, landslides occur, such as the rock fall that occurred in June 2021 in Pozas that caused several buildings and fences to be destroyed, road closures and the removal of residents.[22][23]
Barrios
Ciales map with barrio subdivisions
Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Ciales is subdivided into barrios. The municipal buildings, central square and large Catholic church are located in a barrio referred to as "el pueblo".[24][25][26][27]
Barrios (which are like minor civil divisions)[28] are further subdivided into smaller areas called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.[29]
Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico (Special Communities of Puerto Rico) are marginalized communities whose citizens are experiencing a certain amount of social exclusion. A map shows these communities occur in nearly every municipality of the commonwealth. Of the 742 places that were on the list in 2014, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Ciales: Sector El Hoyo in Pozas, Calle Morovis, Comunidad Los Ortega, Cruces-Cialitos, Parcelas Cordillera, Parcelas María, Parcelas Seguí, Santa Clara, and Toro Negro.[30]
When researching the town's parochial baptismal records historian Fernando Picó found that more than half the offspring baptised at the end of the nineteenth century were born out of wedlock.[39]
Tourism
To stimulate local tourism, the Puerto Rico Tourism Company launched the Voy Turistiendo ("I'm Touring") campaign, with a passport book and website. The Ciales page lists Museo Juan Antonio Corretjer, Puente Mata de Plátano, and Cascada Las Delicias, as places of interest.[40]
Young people horse-back riding in Ciales, Puerto Rico
Culture
Festivals and events
Ciales celebrates its patron saint festival in October. The Fiestas Patronales de Nuestra Señora del Rosario y San Jose is a religious and cultural celebration that generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment.[13] The festival has featured live performances by well-known artists such as Sabor Latino.[46]
Other festivals and events celebrated in Ciales include:
Ciales is the home town of Juan "Pachín" Vicens - Puerto Rico's national basketball star, named Best Player in the World at the 1959 World Basketball Championship, Santiago de Chile (a.k.a., Juan "Pachín" Vicens, "Astro del Balón", "El Jeep"; younger brother of Puerto Rico's National Poet, Nimia Vicens, who also hailed from Ciales). Their middle brother, Enrique "Coco" Vicens, a former Puerto Rico Senator, was a track and field athlete in his own right.
Economy
Agriculture
The Ciales economy has always depended heavily on agriculture, especially coffee products, minor fruits (such as lettuce) and dairy production.[2][48]
The municipio has an official flag and coat of arms.[50] On the 150th anniversary of the founding of Ciales, the flag and coat of arms were adopted with Resolution No. 13 Series 1969–1970, sanctioned by Don Ismael Nazario, who was mayor at the time.[51]
Flag
The flag is divided into seven unequal stripes described in sequence: yellow, red, yellow, purple, yellow, red, and yellow.[13][52]
Coat of arms
The coat of arms consists of a gold shield with a lion standing on its rear legs and silver-plated nails grasping a silver coiled parchment between its front claws. The lion also shows a red tongue. Above the lion in the superior part of the shield are located three heraldic roses arranged horizontally with red petals and green leaves. A golden crown of three towers rests on the shield. The three towers are united by walls, simulating masonry blocks. The shield is surrounded by a crown of coffee tree branches with their berries, all in natural colors.[13][52]
Nicknames
Cohoba City (Spanish: Ciudad de la cojoba) for the discover of instruments used by the Taíno in the Cohoba ritual, whereby they inhaled the hallucinogenic powder extracted from the cojoba seeds.[2][17]
Town of the Brave (Pueblo de los valerosos) for the high concentration of independence supports, such as Juan Antonio Corretjer, some of which participated in the Grito de Lares.[2]
Cradle of Poets (Cuna de poetas) due to it being the birthplace of several poets, such as Juan Antonio Corretjer[2] and Nimia Vicéns,[53] both considered Puerto Rico's national poets.[53][54]
Central Cordillera Gate (Puerta de la Cordillera Central) owing to its geographic location on the Cordillera Central mountainous range.[14]
Switzerland of Puerto Rico (Suiza de Puerto Rico) on account of "its similarity to European valleys with abundant vegetation," and the wooden houses that are located in them.[55]
Transportation
Terminal de Carros Públicos Ciales on Calle Palmer
^Spanish: para graduarse de cialeño hay que subir a las Archillas.
References
^"PUERTO RICO: 2020 Census". The United States Census Bureau. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
^Padilla Aponte, Edwin Karli (2006). "La "construcción" de una nación puertorriqueña en la prensa escrita" [The "construction" of a Puerto Rican Nation in the Written Press]. In Castañeda, Antonia I.; Meléndez, A. Gabriel (eds.). Recovering the U. S. Hispanic Literary Heritage, Volume 6 (in Spanish). Arte Público Press. pp. 98, 105. ISBN9781611922677. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021 – via ProQuest.
^ abcde"Ciales Municipality". enciclopediapr.org. Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades (FPH). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
^ abCiales - Puerta de la Cordillera Central - Folleto informativo. Gobierno Municipal de Ciales, Puerto Rico. pp. 3–4.
^Rivera Quintero, Marcia (2014), El vuelo de la esperanza: Proyecto de las Comunidades Especiales Puerto Rico, 1997-2004 (1st ed.), San Juan, Puerto Rico Fundación Sila M. Calderón, p. 273, ISBN978-0-9820806-1-0
^"PUERTO RICO: 2020 Census". The United States Census Bureau. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
^"adopcion.html". Cialespr.net (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
^ ab"CIALES". LexJuris (Leyes y Jurisprudencia) de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). 19 February 2020. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
^Cruz Ríos, Melissa M. (27 January 2021). "See You in Ciales..."The Weekly Journal. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
^"Ciales Bridges". National Bridge Inventory Data. US Dept. of Transportation. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
^"Artesanos de barriles en ciernes" [Budding Barrel Crafters]. Nacional para la Cultura Popular (in Spanish). 7 October 2018. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ abcdTorres Torres, Jaime (27 July 2015). "Plena joven y con espuelas" [Young Plena and with Spurs]. Nacional para la Cultura Popular (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ ab"Celebran el 50º Concurso Nacional de Trovadores" [50th National Troubadour Contest Held]. Fundación Nacional para la Cultura Popular (in Spanish). 18 August 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^"Luis Molina Casanova". Fundación Nacional para la Cultura Popular (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ ab"Tony Vega". Fundación Nacional para la Cultura Popular (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^Villanueva Serrano, Eduardo (20 August 2021). "La pelea de la noche" [The Fight of the Night]. Fundación Nacional para la Cultura Popular (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ abSoto, Edgard (29 March 2015). "Hermanos Sanz enérgicos y 'en pié'" [Sanz brothers energetic and 'standing']. Fundación Nacional para la Cultura Popular (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
